Fundamentals of Qualitative Phenomenological Nursing Research

Fundamentals of Qualitative Phenomenological Nursing Research
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Fundamentals of Qualitative Phenomenological Nursing Research Fundamentals of Qualitative Phenomenological Nursing Research is the first book of its kind to specifically link the findings of qualitative research to evidence-based practice, policy, theory, and theory development. Designed for novice researchers, graduate students, and experienced practitioners alike, this comprehensive resource provides up-to-date coverage of research methods and techniques, the use of data analysis software, phenomenological writing and publishing, and more. The text opens with a general introduction to qualitative research and its components, followed by detailed description of the philosophical, paradigmatic, and conceptual aspects of phenomenological inquiry. Subsequent sections address topics including the practical aspects of phenomenological investigations, the concepts of rigor and validity in qualitative studies, and the methods of phenomenological data, collection, reduction, analysis, interpretation, and presentation. Throughout the book, author Brigitte S. Cypress offers expert guidance and real-world tips regarding the challenges researchers encounter when conducting a qualitative study. Provides simple, straightforward descriptions of qualitative research methods with actual phenomenological examples Features numerous in-depth exemplars of the philosophical and paradigmatic aspects of qualitative research from the author’s own studies Includes practical advice on teamwork, mentoring relationships, data organization, and reporting phenomenological studies Presents approaches for dealing with ethical issues, methods for collecting, recording, and storing data, and techniques for analyzing and interpreting findings Examines the role of computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software Fundamentals of Qualitative Phenomenological Nursing Research is a must-have guide for qualitative researchers from any discipline, academics and faculty members, and undergraduate and graduate nursing students wanting to learn more about phenomenology as a research approach.

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Brigitte S. Cypress. Fundamentals of Qualitative Phenomenological Nursing Research

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Illustrations

Guide

Pages

Fundamentals of Qualitative Phenomenological Nursing Research

About the Author

With a contribution from

Foreword

List of Tables and Figures. Tables

Figures

Preface

Acknowledgments

How to Use this Book

I. Framing Qualitative Phenomenological Research

1 The “What,” “Why,” “Who,” and “How” of Qualitative Research: A Snapshot

1.1 Why Do Qualitative Research?

1.2 Who Does Qualitative Research?

1.3 What Are the Characteristics of Qualitative Research?

1.4 What Are the Methods Frequently Used in Qualitative Research?

1.5 What Is the Process of Conceptualizing and Designing a Qualitative Research Inquiry?

1.6 Conclusion

References

2 Exploring the Philosophical, Paradigmatic, and Conceptual Underpinnings of Qualitative Phenomenological Research

2.1 Nature and Design of a Qualitative Phenomenological Study

2.2 Paradigms and Worldviews

2.3 Phenomenology‐as‐Philosophy

2.3.1 Edmund Husserl's Transcendental Philosophy

2.3.1.1 Intentionality

2.3.1.2 Epoché and Eidetic Reduction

2.3.2 Martin Heidegger's Existential Philosophy

2.3.3 Merleau‐Ponty's Existential‐Embodied Philosophy

2.3.3.1 Exemplar: Using Merleau‐Ponty's Phenomenological Philosophy in Understanding the Lived Experiences of Patients, Family Members, and their Nurses During Critical Illness in the Intensive Care Unit

2.3.3.1.1 Prologue

2.3.3.1.2 The Critically Ill Patient and Lived Body (Embodiment)

2.3.3.1.3 The Critically Ill Patient and Lived Space (Spatiality)

2.3.3.1.4 The Critically Ill Patient and Lived Time (Temporality)

2.3.3.1.5 The Critically Ill Patient and Lived Relation (Relationality)

2.3.3.1.6 Afterthoughts

2.3.4 Descriptive or Hermeneutic/Interpretive Phenomenology?

2.4 Phenomenology‐as‐Qualitative Research

2.4.1 Amedeo Giorgi's Descriptive Phenomenology

2.4.1.1 Formulating the Research Question

2.4.1.2 Sampling

2.4.1.3 Data Collection

2.4.1.4 Data Analysis

2.4.1.5 Exemplar: Applying Giorgi's Descriptive Phenomenology

2.4.2 Max van Manen's Descriptive‐Hermeneutic Phenomenology

2.4.2.1 Formulating a Phenomenological Research Question

2.4.2.2 Data Collection

2.4.2.3 Data Analysis

2.4.2.4 On Saturation

2.4.2.5 Exemplar: Applying van Manen's Approach to the Lived Critical Care Experiences of Patients, Family Members, and Nurses in the Emergency Department

2.4.2.5.1 Research Design

2.4.2.5.2 Setting and Sample

2.4.2.5.3 Data Collection and Analysis

2.4.2.5.4 Findings

2.4.2.5.5 Afterthoughts

2.4.3 Conceptual versus Theoretical Framework

2.5 Conclusion

References

II. Methods of Phenomen‐ological Data Collection, Reduction, Analysis, Interpretation, and Presentation

3 Collecting, Organizing, Analyzing, and PresentingQualitative Data

3.1 Ethical Considerations

3.2 Data Collection Strategies

3.3 Forms of Data. 3.3.1 Interviewing

3.3.1.1 Phenomenological Interviews

3.3.2 Storytelling

3.3.3 Observation

3.4 Data Recording Procedures

3.5 Data Analysis and Presentation

3.5.1 Coding

3.5.2 Triangulation

3.6 Data Collection, Analysis, and Presentation, Challenges, Tips, and the Importance of a Mentor

3.7 Conclusion

References

4 Data Analysis Software in Qualitative Research

4.1 Brief Historical Overview of the Use of Software in Qualitative Research

4.2 To Use or Not to Use Qualitative Data Analysis Software?

4.3 What Is Qualitative Data Analysis Software?

4.4 Computer‐Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software

4.4.1 Advantages. 4.4.1.1 Speed

4.4.1.2 Rigor

4.4.1.3 Team Research

4.4.1.4 Sampling

4.4.2 Disadvantages. 4.4.2.1 Word Processing

4.4.2.2 Narrow Approach to Analysis

4.4.2.3 Small Data Extracts

4.5 Two of the Current Top Mainstream Software Packages

4.5.1 ATLAS.ti

4.5.2 NVivo

4.6 Challenges in the Use of CAQDAS, and the Importance of Training and a Mentor

4.7 Conclusion

References

III. Enhancing the Rigor and Validity of Pheno‐menological Research

5 Rigor or Reliability and Validity in QualitativeResearch: A Reconceptualization

5.1 Rigor versus Trustworthiness

5.2 The Rigor Debates: Trustworthiness or Reliability and Validity?

5.3 Reliability and Validity in QualitativeResearch

5.3.1 Reliability

5.3.2 Validity

5.4 Exemplar: Reliability and Validity as Means of Ensuring the Quality of Findings in a Phenomenological Study in the ICU

5.5 The Rigor Debate Continues: How Do We Move Forward?

5.6 Conclusion

References

IV The Art of Phenomen‐ological Writing, Reporting, and Publishing

6 Qualitative Phenomenological Writing

6.1 Ethical Considerations in Writing

6.2 Approaches in Qualitative Writing. 6.2.1 Getting Started

6.2.2 Reflexivity and Representation

6.2.3 Audience

6.2.4 Encoding

6.2.5 Quotes

6.3 Phenomenological Writing

6.3.1 Strategies

6.3.1.1 Anecdotal or “Story”

6.3.1.2 Use of Metaphor

6.3.1.3 Reflexivity Using Existential Methods

6.3.1.4 Incorporating Visuals

6.3.1.5 Use of Figures, Diagrams, Models, and Tables

6.3.2 Practicing How to Write Phenomenologically

6.4 Writing and Rewriting

6.5 Conclusion

References

7 Publishing Qualitative Phenomenological Research Findings

7.1 Publication of Qualitative Research

7.1.1 Why Publish?

7.2 First Steps: Authorship

7.2.1 Authorship Agreements

7.2.2 Student Authors

7.3 Finding the Right Journal

7.3.1 Personal Goals, Options, and Professional Requirements

7.3.2 Choosing or Selecting a Journal

7.3.3 Solicited Authorship

7.3.4 Predatory Journals and Publishers

7.3.5 Non‐traditional Publishing Formats

7.3.6 Journal Quality and Metrics

7.3.7 Open Access versus Traditional Journals

7.3.8 Editor Query

7.4 Writing, Reviewing, and Revising

7.4.1 Transforming Student Papers

7.4.2 Before Writing Begins: Author Instructions, Resources, Templates, and Guidelines

7.4.3 Types of Publication Guidelines. 7.4.3.1 Journal‐Specific Guidelines

7.4.3.2 Guidelines for Reporting Health Research: The EQUATOR Network and Beyond

7.4.3.3 Qualitative Reporting Guidelines

7.5 Understanding Publishing Contracts

7.6 The Writing Process

7.6.1 Individual Writing Tips

7.6.2 Tips for Specific Sections of the Article

7.6.3 Combating Procrastination, Defeat, Exhaustion, and Other Real‐Life Responsibilities

7.6.4 Things to Remember Before You Submit Your Manuscript

7.7 Submitting the Manuscript

7.8 The Peer Review Process

7.8.1 After Peer Review: A Decision

7.8.2 Revisions and Resubmitting

7.9 The Production Process

7.9.1 Working With Your Editor

7.9.2 How Editors and Publishers Make Decisions

7.10 Dissemination and Marketing

7.11 Conclusion

References

V. Practical Aspects of Qualitative Phenomen-ological Research

8 Challenges and Dilemmas in Phases of Qualitative Research

8.1 Conceptualizing and Starting a New Qualitative Study. 8.1.1 Selecting a Topic

8.1.2 Exploring the Literature

8.1.3 Selecting a Setting and “Getting In”

8.1.4 Ethical Dilemmas

8.1.5 Choosing a Methodology and Research Design

8.1.6 Collecting, Managing, and Analyzing Data

8.2 Combating Dilemmas and the Importance of a Mentor

8.3 Conclusion

References

9 Effective Mentoring Relationships and Teamwork in Qualitative Research

9.1 Mentoring Conceptual Framework

9.2 Defining the Qualities of an Ideal Mentor and Mentee

9.3 What to Expect of a Mentoring Relationship?

9.4 What Is a Successful Mentoring Relationship?

9.5 Exemplar: The Research Mentoring Process

9.5.1 What Type of Qualitative Research Design to Choose?

9.5.2 What are the Questions to Ask?

9.6 Outcomes of the Mentoring Process

9.7 Implications for Research and Formal Mentoring Programs

9.8 Conclusion

References

VI. Phenomenological Outcomes and Applications in Evidence-Based Practice, Policy, and Theory

10 Outcomes of Qualitative Phenomenological Research: Linking Findings to Evidence‐Based Practice, Policy, and Theory. 10.1 Asking “Meaning Questions” in Evidence‐Based Reviews and the Utility of Qualitative Research Findings in Practice

10.1.1 Relevance of Qualitative Evidence‐Based Systematic Reviews

10.1.2 Exemplars: Two Evidenced‐Based Systematic Reviews Using “Meaning Questions”

10.1.2.1 Family Conference in the ICU

10.1.2.2 The Critically Ill Patient and Transfer to the Medical‐Surgical Floor

10.1.3 Other Strategies for Qualitative Research Evidence Synthesis

10.1.4 Utilizing Qualitative Findings

10.1.4.1 Instrumental Utilization

10.1.4.2 Conceptual Utilization

10.1.4.3 Symbolic Utilization

10.1.5 Afterthoughts

10.2 Policy as an Outcome ofPhenomenological Research

10.2.1 Enhancing Health Policy through Qualitative Research

10.2.2 Use of Participatory Action Research in the Development of a Clinical Pharmacy Support Model for Nurses and their Clients in an Australian Home Nursing Service

10.2.3 Female Adolescent Sexuality and the Place of Qualitative Research in Policy‐Making

10.2.4 Policy on Family Presence as a Recommendation from a Phenomenological Study in the ICU

10.2.4.1 Family Presence Policy in the Intensive Care Unit

Definitions

Procedures

10.3 Phenomenological Research and Knowledge and Theory Development

10.3.1 Function of Theory

10.3.2 Synthesis of Qualitative Research and Knowledge Development

10.3.3 The Cochrane Qualitative & Implementation Methods Group

10.3.4 Approaches to Qualitative Evidence Synthesis

10.3.4.1 Integrative/Aggregative/Summative Synthesis

10.3.4.2 Interpretive and Theory‐Generating Synthesis

10.3.5 Metasynthesis and Theory Construction

10.3.6 Family Presence in the ICU and ED: A Metasynthesis

10.4 Conclusion

References

Index

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N

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Brigitte S. Cypress, EdD, RN, CCRN

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Table 4.2 Considerations when choosing a qualitative data analysis software package

Table 5.1 The four criteria of trustworthiness: scientific and naturalistic terms

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