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ОглавлениеPharmacologists
Job Hunting
A Practical Manual for Job-Hunters and Career-Changers
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Copyright
Notice of Rights
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. No Claim to Orig. U.S. Govt. Works.
Notice of Liability
The information in this book is distributed on an As Is basis without warranty. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of the book, neither the author nor the publisher shall have any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the instructions contained in this book or by the products described in it.
Trademarks
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations appear as requested by the owner of the trademark. All other product names and services identified throughout this book are used in editorial fashion only and for the benefit of such companies with no intention of infringement of the trademark. No such use, or the use of any trade name, is intended to convey endorsement or other affiliation with this book.
Good solid advice and great strategies
for getting interviews and landing the Pharmacologists job.
To Prepare for the Job this book tells you:
the training and education needed
earnings
expected job prospects
the job’s activities and responsibilities
working conditions
To Land the Job, it gives you the hands-on and how-to’s insight on
Finding Opportunities - the best places to find them
Writing Unbeatable Resumes and Cover Letters
Acing the Interview
What to Expect From Recruiters
How employers hunt for Job-hunters.... and More
This book offers excellent, insightful advice for everyone from entry-level to senior professionals. None of the other such career guides compare with this one. It stands out because it:
Explains how the people doing the hiring think, so that you can win them over on paper and then in your interview;
Is filled with useful cheat and work-sheets;
Explains every step of the job-hunting process - from little-known ways for finding openings to getting ahead on the job.
This book covers everything. Whether you are trying to get your first Job or move up in the system, you will be glad you got this book.
Contents
FINDING AND APPLYING FOR Pharmacologists JOBS AND EVALUATING OFFERS
Where to Learn About Job Openings
School career planning and placement offices.
State employment service offices.
Job matching and referral.
Services for special groups.
Federal Government.
Community agencies.
Private employment agencies and career consultants.
Internships.
Applying for a Pharmacologists Job
Resumes and application forms.
Gathering information.
Choosing a format.
Resume and KSA (knowledge, skills & abilities) tips:
Cover letters.
Pharmacologists Job Interview Tips
Preparation:
Personal appearance:
The interview:
Information to bring to an interview:
Evaluating a Pharmacologists Job Offer
The organization.
Should you work for a relatively new organization or one that is well established?
The job
Where is the job located?
Does the work match your interests and make good use of your skills?
How important is the job to the company or organization?
What will the hours be?
How long do most people who enter this job stay with the company?
The company should have a training plan for you.
Salaries and benefits.
WHAT TO EXPECT FROM THE OTHER SIDE OF THE TABLE…
THE INTERVIEW AND SELECTION PROCESS
Step 1
Technical Competencies Assessment Guide
Step 2
Determine the Customer Service Focused
Competencies of the Job
Definitions:
Responsible.
Likeable.
Believable.
Outgoing.
Unflappable.
CUSTOMER SERVICE FOCUSED BEHAVIORS ASSESSMENT GUIDE
Step 3
Develop Interview Questions to Assess Both
Technical and Customer Service
Focused Competencies
Step 4
Conducting the Interview
Step 5
Background and Reference Checks
Making a Job Offer
Confirming Job Offer Letter
Informing Unsuccessful Candidates
Retention of Interview Materials
SAMPLE CUSTOMER SERVICE FOCUSED INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
Responsible
Likeable
Believable
Outgoing
Unflappable
INTERVIEWING Pharmacologists
A Practical Guide for Selecting
THE INTERVIEW PROCESS
Planning
Confirming/Scheduling Interview
Conducting the Interview
Closing
Follow Up
TIPS ON INTERVIEWING
Interview Questions To Get You Started
Supervisor and Manager Competencies
Interviewing People With Disabilities
Accommodating Persons With Disabilities For An Interview
Interview Do’s and Don’ts
CHECKING REFERENCES
Which References Should I Check?
Tips for Checking References
The Reference Check Questions To Ask
Prohibited Questions and Practices
RECORDING A PROFILE OF IMPRESSIONS
Supervisory and Managerial Competencies:
Building Coalitions/Communication:
Recruiting Pharmacologists - It Takes More Than A Job Announcement
Before Submitting the Vacancy
When the Vacancy Announcement is Open
Once the Certificate of Eligibles is Received
After The Selection is Made
ASSESSING YOUR RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION PRACTICES
Policies and Procedures
Recruitment Strategies
“There are few, if any, jobs in which ability alone is sufficient. Needed, also, are loyalty, sincerity, enthusiasm and team play.” - William B. Given, Jr.
“When people go to work, they shouldn’t have to leave their hearts at home.” - Betty Bender
“One machine can do the work of fifty ordinary men. No machine can do the work of one extraordinary man.” - Elbert Hubbard
”To find joy in work is to discover the fountain of youth.” - Pearl S. Buck
“One of the symptoms of an approaching nervous breakdown is the belief that one’s work is terribly important.” - Bertrand Russell
“Opportunity is missed by most people because it is dressed in overalls and looks like work.” - Thomas A. Edison
“Far and away the best prize that life offers is the chance to work hard at work worth doing.” - Theodore Roosevelt
“Going to work for a large company is like getting on a train. Are you going sixty miles an hour or is the train going sixty miles an hour and you’re just sitting still?” - J. Paul Getty
“The world is full of willing people, some willing to work, the rest willing to let them.” - Robert Frost
“So much of what we call management consists in making it difficult for people to work.” - Peter Drucker
”Nothing is really work unless you would rather be doing something else.” - James M. Barrie
”I’m a great believer in luck, and I find the harder I work the more I have of it.” - Thomas Jefferson
“Success in business requires training and discipline and hard work. But if you’re not frightened by these things, the opportunities are just as great today as they ever were.” - David Rockefeller
Pharmacologists FACTS:
Summary, What Pharmacologists do, Work Environment, How to become one, Pay, Job Outlook, Similar Occupations and Contacts for More Information.
Medical Scientists
Summary
Medical scientists conduct research with the goal of improving overall human health.
Quick Facts: Medical Scientists
2010 Median Pay $76,700 per year
$36.87 per hour
Entry-Level Education Doctoral or professional degree
Work Experience in a Related Occupation None
On-the-job Training None
Number of Jobs, 2010 100,000
Job Outlook, 2010-20 36% (Much faster than average)
Employment Change, 2010-20 36,400
What Medical Scientists Do
Medical scientists conduct research aimed at improving overall human health. They often use clinical trials and other investigative methods to reach their findings.
Work Environment
Medical scientists work in offices and laboratories. Most work full time.
How to Become a Medical Scientist
Medical scientists typically need a Ph.D., usually in biology or a related life science, from an accredited postsecondary institution. Some also have a medical degree.
Pay
The median annual wage of medical scientists except epidemiologists was $76,700 in May 2010.
Job Outlook
Employment of medical scientists is expected to increase by 36 percent between 2010 and 2020, much faster than the average for all occupations.
Similar Occupations
Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of medical scientists with similar occupations.
O*NET
O*NET provides comprehensive information on key characteristics of workers and occupations.
Contacts for More Information
Learn more about medical scientists by contacting these additional resources.
What Medical Scientists Do
Medical scientists plan and direct studies to investigate human diseases, and methods to prevent and treat them.
Medical scientists conduct research aimed at improving overall human health. They often use clinical trials and other investigative methods to reach their findings.
Duties
Medical scientists typically do the following:
Plan and direct studies to investigate human diseases, preventive methods, and the treatment of disease
Develop methods, instruments, and procedures for medical applications and data analysis
Prepare and analyze medical samples to identify toxicity, bacteria, or microorganisms or to study cell structure
Standardize drug doses and immunization methods for manufacturing drugs and other medicinal compounds
Work with health departments, industry personnel, and physicians to develop programs that improve health safety standards
Prepare research grant proposals to get funding from government agencies
Follow safety procedures to avoid contamination
Many medical scientists, especially in universities, work with little supervision, forming their own hypotheses and developing experiments accordingly. In addition, they often lead teams, technicians, and, sometimes, students who do support tasks. For example, a medical scientist working in a university laboratory may have undergraduate assistants take measurements and observations for the scientist’s research.
Medical scientists study biological systems to understand the causes of diseases and other health problems. For example, medical scientists who do cancer research might put together a combination of drugs that could slow the progress of the disease. They would then study that combination in a clinical trial. Physicians may work with the medical scientists to try the new combination with patients who are willing to participate in the study.
In a clinical trial, patients agree to help find out if a particular drug, or combination of drugs, or other medical intervention works. Without knowing which group they are in, patients in a drug-related clinical trial either receive the trial drug or receive a placebo, a drug that looks like the trial drug but does not have the special ingredients.
Medical scientists analyze the data from all the patients in the clinical trial to see if the trial drug did better than the placebo, for whom it worked better, and to answer other research questions. They then write up and report their findings.
Medical scientists do research both to develop new treatments and to try to prevent health problems. For example, they may study the link between smoking and lung cancer or between alcoholism and liver disease.
Medical scientists who work in private industry usually have less freedom to choose their research topics. Although they may not have the pressure of writing grant proposals to get money for their research, they may have to explain their research plans to nonscientist managers or executives.
Many medical scientists work in the federal government, in research universities, or in private industry.
In the federal government, medical scientists conduct research on human diseases and on exploratory methods of solving medical problems. They spend most of their time carrying out clinical trials or developing experiments on nonhuman subjects. Medical scientists eventually present their findings in medical journals or other publications.
In universities, medical scientists do research and investigate new medicinal methods of improving health. They also write grants, to organizations such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the National Science Foundation (NSF), to secure steady funding for their research.
In addition to doing research, medical scientists in universities and in government who are also medical doctors may see patients, particularly those participating in clinical trials.
In private industry, medical scientists focus on the development of products such as pharmaceutical drugs and medical instruments. Companies place strong emphasis on the development of products, a process that they hope will culminate with approval from a government agency, often the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The approval process can take several years and be very costly, so private companies typically emphasize development over research.
Work Environment
Medical scientists work in offices and laboratories.
Medical scientists held about 100,000 jobs in 2010. The industries employing the largest numbers of medical scientists in 2010 were as follows:
Scientific research and development services 35%
Colleges, universities, and professional schools;
state, local, and private 24
Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing 12
General medical and surgical hospitals;
state, local, and private 11
Drugs and druggists’ sundries merchant wholesalers 2
Medical scientists usually work in offices and laboratories. They spend most of their time studying data and reports in an office or laboratory. Medical scientists sometimes work with inherently unsafe samples, but they take appropriate precautions to ensure that their environment is safe, stable, and sterile.
Most medical scientists work full time.
How to Become a Medical Scientist
Most medical scientists have a Ph.D. in biology or a related life science.
Medical scientists typically need a Ph.D., usually in biology or a related life science, from an accredited postsecondary institution. Some medical scientists get a medical degree instead of a Ph.D. but prefer doing research to practicing as a physician. It is helpful for medical scientists to have both a Ph.D. and a medical degree.
Education
Students planning careers as medical scientists should pursue a bachelor’s degree in a biological science. Undergraduate programs typically include courses in life sciences, as well as chemistry, physics, and mathematics. Humanities courses also are beneficial for developing writing and communication skills, which are necessary for drafting grant proposals and publishing research results.
After students have completed undergraduate studies, there are two main degree paths for prospective medical scientists: either a Ph.D. or a joint M.D.-Ph.D. Students can enroll in a university Ph.D. program in the biological sciences, which typically take about 6 years of study. Ph.D. students specialize in one particular field, such as genetics, pathology, or bioinformatics. For a joint M.D.-Ph.D. program, students enroll at a medical college that typically takes 7 to 8 years of study. Students learn both the clinical skills needed to be a physician and the research skills needed to be a scientist.
Graduate programs place additional emphasis on laboratory work and original research. These programs offer prospective medical scientists the opportunity to develop their experiments and, sometimes, to supervise undergraduates. A Ph.D. culminates in a thesis, which the candidate presents before a committee of professors.
Those who go to medical school spend most of the first 2 years in labs and classrooms, taking courses such as anatomy, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, psychology, microbiology, pathology, medical ethics, and medical law. They also learn to take medical histories, examine patients, and diagnose illnesses. For more information, see the profile on physicians and surgeons.
Medical scientists often continue their education with postdoctoral work at universities or with federal agencies, such as the National Institutes of Health. Postdoctoral work provides valuable lab experience, including in specific processes and techniques such as gene splicing, which is transferable to other research projects. In some institutions, the postdoctoral position leads to a permanent job.
Licenses
Medical scientists who administer drug or gene therapy to human patients, or who otherwise interact medically with patients—drawing blood, excising tissue, or performing other invasive procedures—must be licensed physicians. To be licensed, physicians must graduate from an accredited medical school, pass a licensing examination, and complete 1 to 7 years of graduate medical education.
Important Qualities
Communication skills. Communication is critical because medical scientists must be able to explain their conclusions. Also, communication skills are important when medical scientists write grant proposals, which are often required to continue their research.
Critical-thinking skills. Medical scientists must use their expertise to determine the best method for solving a specific research question.
Data-analysis skills. Medical scientists use statistical techniques so that they can properly quantify and analyze health research questions.
Decision-making skills. Medical scientists must use their expertise and experience to determine what research questions to ask, how best to investigate the questions, and what data to will best answer the questions.
Observation skills. Medical scientists conduct experiments that require precise observation of samples and other health data. Any mistake could lead to inconclusive results.
Pay
Medical Scientists
Median annual wages, May 2010
Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists
$76,700
Life Scientists
$67,400
Total, All Occupations
$33,840
All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
The median annual wage of medical scientists was $76,700 in May 2010. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $41,560, and the top 10 percent earned more than $142,800.
Median annual wages in the industries employing the largest numbers of medical scientists in May 2010 were as follows:
Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing $95,530
Drugs and druggists’ sundries merchant wholesalers 89,730
Scientific research and development services 82,140
General medical and surgical hospitals;
state, local, and private 74,570
Colleges, universities, and professional schools;
state, local, and private 53,470
Most medical scientists work full time.
Job Outlook
Medical Scientists
Percent change in employment, projected 2010-20
Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists
36%
Life Scientists
20%
Total, All Occupations
14%
All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Employment of medical scientists is expected to increase by 36 percent between 2010 and 2020, much faster than the average for all occupations.
Ongoing medical research, as well as an increased reliance on pharmaceuticals, will likely maintain current levels of demand for medical scientists. A growing and aging population also is expected to increase demand for these scientists.
Most employment growth for medical scientists over the next 10 years will likely be in private industry. Demand has increased because medical scientists’ expertise is needed in developing prescription drugs and other biomedical tools. Pharmaceutical companies and other firms whose work is not just in biotechnology have adopted biotechnology techniques in their other work, thus creating employment for medical scientists.
Employment also should grow as a result of an expected expansion in research related to illnesses such as AIDS, Alzheimer’s disease, and cancer. Treatment problems, such as antibiotic resistance, also should spur growth. Moreover, environmental conditions, such as overcrowding and the increasing frequency of international travel, will spread existing diseases and give rise to new ones. Medical scientists will continue to be needed because they contribute to the development of treatments and medicines that improve human health.
The federal government is a major source of funding for medical research. Large budget increases at the National Institutes of Health in the early part of the decade led to increases in federal basic research and development spending, with research grants growing both in number and dollar amount. However, the increase in spending slowed substantially in recent years. Going forward, the level of federal funding will continue to impact competition for winning and renewing research grants.
Employment projections data for medical scientists, 2010-20
Occupational Title SOC Code Employment, 2010 Projected Employment, 2020 Change, 2010-20 Employment by Industry
Percent Numeric
Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists
19-1042 100,000 136,500 36 36,400
Similar Occupations
This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of medical scientists.
OCCUPATION JOB DUTIES ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION MEDIAN ANNUAL PAY, MAY 2010
Biochemists and Biophysicists
Biochemists and biophysicists study the chemical and physical principles of living things and of biological processes such as cell development, growth, and heredity.
Doctoral or professional degree $79,390
Epidemiologists
Epidemiologists investigate the causes of disease and other public health problems to prevent them from spreading or from happening again. They report their findings to public policy officials and to the general public.
Master’s degree $63,010
Health Educators
Health educators teach people about behaviors that promote wellness. They develop programs and materials to encourage people to make healthy decisions.
Bachelor’s degree $45,830
Physicians and Surgeons
Physicians and surgeons diagnose and treat injuries and illnesses in patients. Physicians examine patients, take medical histories, prescribe medications, and order, perform, and interpret diagnostic tests. Surgeons operate on patients to treat injuries, such as broken bones; diseases, such as cancerous tumors; and deformities, such as cleft palates.
Doctoral or professional degree This wage is equal to or greater than $166,400 per year.
Postsecondary Teachers
Postsecondary teachers instruct students in a wide variety of academic and vocational subjects beyond the high school level. They also conduct research and publish scholarly papers and books.
Doctoral or professional degree $62,050
Contacts for More Information
For more information about medical scientists, including careers and schools offering education in medical science, visit
American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
For more information about medical science career requirements in the federal government and for information about the grant application process, visit
National Institutes of Health
This chapter provides clear insight in the current state of Pharmacologists jobs - the next chapter covers how to find and apply for Pharmacologists jobs.
FINDING AND APPLYING FOR Pharmacologists JOBS AND EVALUATING OFFERS
Finding—and getting—a job you want can be a challenging process, but knowing more about job search methods and application techniques can increase your chances of success. And knowing how to judge the job offers you receive makes it more likely that you will end up with the best possible job.
Where to learn About Job Openings
Job Search Methods
Applying for a Job
Job Interview Tips
Evaluating a Job Offer
Where to Learn About Job Openings
Personal contacts
School career planning and placement offices
Employers
Classified ads:
National and local newspapers
Professional journals
Trade magazines
Internet resources
Professional associations
Labor unions
State employment service offices
Federal Government
Community agencies
Private employment agencies and career consultants
Internships
Job Search Methods
Finding a job can take months of time and effort. But you can speed the process by using many methods to find job openings. Data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics suggest that people who use many job search methods find jobs faster than people who use only one or two.
Personal contacts.
Many jobs are never advertised. People get them by talking to friends, family, neighbors, acquaintances, teachers, former coworkers, and others who know of an opening. Be sure to tell people that you are looking for a job because the people you know may be some of the most effective resources for your search. To develop new contacts, join student, community, or professional organizations.
School career planning and placement offices.
High school and college placement offices help their students and alumni find jobs. Some invite recruiters to use their facilities for interviews or career fairs. They also may have lists of open jobs. Most also offer career counseling, career testing, and job search advice. Some have career resource libraries; host workshops on job search strategy, resume writing, letter writing, and effective interviewing; critique drafts of resumes; conduct mock interviews; and sponsor job fairs.
Employers.
Directly contacting employers is one of the most successful means of job hunting. Through library and Internet research, develop a list of potential employers in your desired career field. Then call these employers and check their Web sites for job openings. Web sites and business directories can tell you how to apply for a position or whom to contact. Even if no open positions are posted, do not hesitate to contact the employer: You never know when a job might become available.
Consider asking for an informational interview with people working in the career you want to learn more. Ask them how they got started, what they like and dislike about the work, what type of qualifications are necessary for the job, and what type of personality succeeds in that position. In addition to giving you career information, they may be able to put you in contact with other people who might hire you, and they can keep you in mind if a position opens up.
Classified ads.
The “Help Wanted” ads in newspapers and the Internet list numerous jobs, and many people find work by responding to these ads. But when using classified ads, keep the following in mind:
Follow all leads to find a job; do not rely solely on the classifieds.
Answer ads promptly, because openings may be filled quickly, even before the ad stops appearing in the paper.
Read the ads every day, particularly the Sunday edition, which usually includes the most listings.
Keep a record of all ads to which you have responded, including the specific skills, educational background, and personal qualifications required for the position.
Internet resources.
The Internet includes many job hunting Web sites with job listings. Some job boards provide National listings of all kinds; others are local. Some relate to a specific type of work; others are general. To find good prospects, begin with an Internet search using keywords related to the job you want. Also look for the sites of related professional associations.
Also consider checking Internet forums, also called message boards. These are online discussion groups where anyone may post and read messages. Use forums specific to your profession or to career-related topics to post questions or messages and to read about the job searches or career experiences of other people.
In online job databases, remember that job listings may be posted by field or discipline, so begin your search using keywords. Many Web sites allow job seekers to post their resumes online for free.
Professional associations. Many professions have associations that offer employment information, including career planning, educational programs, job listings, and job placement. To use these services, associations usually require that you be a member; information can be obtained directly from an association through the Internet, by telephone, or by mail.
Labor unions.
Labor unions provide various employment services to members and potential members, including apprenticeship programs that teach a specific trade or skill. Contact the appropriate labor union or State apprenticeship council for more information.
State employment service offices.
