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C. K. Leith. The Economic Aspect of Geology
The Economic Aspect of Geology
Table of Contents
ILLUSTRATIONS
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
SURVEY OF FIELD
ECONOMIC APPLICATIONS OF THE SEVERAL BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY AND OF OTHER SCIENCES
Mineralogy and Petrology
Stratigraphy and Paleontology
Structural Geology
Physiography
Rock Alterations or Metamorphism
Application of Other Sciences
TREATMENT OF THE SUBJECT IN THIS VOLUME
CHAPTER II
THE COMMON ELEMENTS, MINERALS, AND ROCKS OF THE EARTH AND THEIR ORIGINS
RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF THE PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS OF THE LITHOSPHERE
RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF THE PRINCIPAL MINERALS OF THE LITHOSPHERE
RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF THE PRINCIPAL ROCKS OF THE LITHOSPHERE
Soils and Clays
Water (Hydrosphere)
COMPARISON OF LISTS OF MOST ABUNDANT ROCKS AND MINERALS WITH COMMERCIAL ROCKS AND MINERALS
THE ORIGIN OF COMMON ROCKS AND MINERALS
Igneous Processes
Weathering of Igneous Rocks and Veins
Sedimentary Processes
Weathering of Sedimentary Rocks
Consolidation, Cementation, and Other Subsurface Alterations of Rocks
THE METAMORPHIC CYCLE AS AN AID IN STUDYING MINERAL DEPOSITS
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER III
SOME SALIENT FEATURES OF THE GEOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION OF MINERAL DEPOSITS
VARIOUS METHODS OF CLASSIFICATION
NAMES
MINERAL DEPOSITS AS MAGMATIC SEGREGATIONS IN IGNEOUS ROCKS
MINERAL DEPOSITS WITHIN AND ADJACENT TO IGNEOUS ROCKS WHICH WERE FORMED IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE COOLING AND CRYSTALLIZATION OF THE MAGMAS THROUGH THE AGENCY OF HOT MAGMATIC SOLUTIONS
Evidence of Igneous Source
Possible Influence of Meteoric Waters in Deposition of Ores of This Class
Zonal Arrangement of Minerals Related to Igneous Rocks
The Relation of Contact Metamorphism to Ore Bodies of the Foregoing Class
SECONDARY CONCENTRATION IN PLACE OF THE FOREGOING CLASSES OF MINERAL DEPOSITS THROUGH THE AGENCY OF SURFACE SOLUTIONS
RESIDUAL MINERAL DEPOSITS FORMED BY THE WEATHERING OF IGNEOUS ROCKS IN PLACE
MINERAL DEPOSITS FORMED DIRECTLY AS PLACERS AND SEDIMENTS
Mechanically Deposited Minerals
Chemically and Organically Deposited Minerals
SEDIMENTARY MINERAL DEPOSITS WHICH HAVE REQUIRED FURTHER CONCENTRATION TO MAKE THEM COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
ANAMORPHISM OF MINERAL DEPOSITS
CONCLUSION
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER IV
MINERAL RESOURCES—SOME GENERAL QUANTITATIVE CONSIDERATIONS
WORLD ANNUAL PRODUCTION OF MINERALS IN SHORT TONS
WORLD ANNUAL PRODUCTION OF MINERALS IN TERMS OF VALUE
SIGNIFICANCE OF GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF MINERAL PRODUCTION
THE INCREASING RATE OF PRODUCTION
CAPITAL VALUE OF WORLD MINERAL RESERVES
POLITICAL AND COMMERCIAL CONTROL OF MINERAL RESOURCES
RESERVES OF MINERAL RESOURCES
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER V
WATER AS A MINERAL RESOURCE
GENERAL GEOLOGIC RELATIONS
DISTRIBUTION OF UNDERGROUND WATER
Approximate Quantity of Water which will be Absorbed by Soils and Rocks1
MOVEMENT OF UNDERGROUND WATER
WELLS AND SPRINGS
COMPOSITION OF UNDERGROUND WATERS
RELATION OF GEOLOGY TO UNDERGROUND WATER SUPPLY
SURFACE WATER SUPPLIES
UNDERGROUND AND SURFACE WATERS IN RELATION TO EXCAVATION AND CONSTRUCTION
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER VI
THE COMMON ROCKS AND SOILS AS MINERAL RESOURCES
ECONOMIC FEATURES OF THE COMMON ROCKS
Granite
Basalt and Related Types
Limestone, Marl, Chalk
Marble
Sand, Sandstone, Quartzite (and Quartz)
"Sand and Gravel"
Clay, Shale, Slate
The Feldspars
Hydraulic Cement (including Portland, natural, and Puzzolan cements)
GEOLOGIC FEATURES OF THE COMMON ROCKS
Building Stone
Crushed Stone
Stone for Metallurgical Purposes
Clay
Limitations of Geologic Field in Commercial Investigation Of Common Rocks
SOILS AS A MINERAL RESOURCE
Origin of Soils
Composition of Soils and Plant Growth
Use of Geology in Soil Study
CHAPTER VII
THE FERTILIZER GROUP OF MINERALS
GENERAL COMMENTS
NITRATES
Economic Features
Geologic Features
PHOSPHATES
Economic Features
Geologic Features
PYRITE
Economic Features
Geologic Features
SULPHUR
Economic Features
Geologic Features
POTASH
Economic Features
Geologic Features
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER VIII
THE ENERGY RESOURCES—COAL, OIL, GAS (AND ASPHALT)
COAL
Economic Features
Geologic Features
PETROLEUM
Economic Features
Geologic Features
OIL SHALES
NATURAL GAS
Economic Features
Geologic Features
ASPHALT AND BITUMEN
Economic Features
Geologic Features
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER IX
MINERALS USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF IRON AND STEEL (THE FERRO-ALLOY GROUP)
GENERAL FEATURES
IRON ORES
Economic Features
Geologic Features
MANGANESE ORES
Economic Features
Geologic Features
CHROME (OR CHROMITE) ORES
Economic Features
Geologic Features
NICKEL ORES
Economic Features
Geologic Features
TUNGSTEN (WOLFRAM) ORES
Economic Features
Geologic Features
MOLYBDENUM ORES
Economic Features
Geologic Features
VANADIUM ORES
Economic Features
Geologic Features
ZIRCONIUM ORES
Economic Features
Geologic Features
TITANIUM ORES
Economic Features
Geologic Features
MAGNESITE
Economic Features
Geologic Features
FLUORSPAR
Economic Features
Geologic Features
SILICA
Economic Features
Geologic Features
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER X
COPPER, LEAD, AND ZINC MINERALS
COPPER ORES
Economic Features
Geologic Features
LEAD ORES
Economic Features
Geologic Features
ZINC ORES
Economic Features
Geologic Features
CHAPTER XI
GOLD, SILVER, AND PLATINUM MINERALS
GOLD ORES
Economic Features
Geologic Features
SILVER ORES
Economic Features
Geologic Features
PLATINUM ORES
Economic Features
Geologic Features
CHAPTER XII
MISCELLANEOUS METALLIC MINERALS
ALUMINUM ORES
Economic Features
Geologic Features
ANTIMONY ORES
Economic Features
Geologic Features
ARSENIC ORES
Economic Features
Geologic Features
BISMUTH ORES
Economic Features
Geologic Features
CADMIUM ORES
Economic Features
Geologic Features
COBALT ORES
Economic Features
Geologic Features
MERCURY (QUICKSILVER) ORES
Economic Features
Geologic Features
TIN ORES
Economic Features
Geologic Features
URANIUM AND RADIUM ORES
Economic Features
Geologic Features
CHAPTER XIII
MISCELLANEOUS NON-METALLIC MINERALS
NATURAL ABRASIVES
Economic Features
Geologic Features
ASBESTOS
Economic Features
Geologic Features
BARITE (BARYTES)
Economic Features
Geologic Features
BORAX
Economic Features
Geologic Features
BROMINE
Economic Features
Geologic Features
FULLER'S EARTH
Economic Features
Geologic Features
GRAPHITE (PLUMBAGO)
Economic Features
Geologic Features
GYPSUM
Economic Features
Geologic Features
MICA
Economic Features
Geologic Features
MONAZITE (THORIUM AND CERIUM ORES)
Economic Features
Geologic Features
PRECIOUS STONES
Economic Features
Geologic Features
SALT
Economic Features
Geologic Features
TALC AND SOAPSTONE
Economic Features
Geologic Features
CHAPTER XIV
EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT
The General Relations of the Geologist To Exploration And Development
Partly Explored Versus Virgin Territories
The Use of All Available Information
Coöperation in Exploration
Economic Factors in Exploration
Geologic Factors in Exploration
Mineral Provinces and Epochs
Classification of Mineral Lands
Outcrops of Mineral Deposits
Some Illustrative Cases
Topography and Climate As Aids in Searching for Mineral Outcrops
Size and Depth of Ore Bodies As Determined From Outcrop
The Use of Placers in Tracing Mineral Outcrops
The Use of Magnetic Surveys in Tracing Mineral Ledges
The Use of Electrical Conductivity and Other Qualities Of Rocks in Exploration
The Use of Structure and Metamorphism in Exploration
Drilling in Exploration
Quantitative Aspects of Geologic Exploration
Origin of Mineral Deposits As a Factor in Exploration
Lake Superior Iron Ore Exploration As an Illustration
Development and Exploitation of Mineral Deposits
CHAPTER XV
VALUATION AND TAXATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES
POPULAR CONCEPTION OF MINERAL VALUATION
VALUATION AND TAXATION OF MINES
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors in Valuation
Values of Mineral Deposits Not Often Established By Market Transfers
The Ad Valorem Method of Valuation
Other Methods of Mineral Valuation and Taxation
GENERAL COMMENTS ON TAXATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES
CHAPTER XVI
LAWS RELATING TO MINERAL RESOURCES
I
LAWS RELATING TO OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF MINERAL RESOURCES
On Alienated Lands
On the Public Domain
Nationalization of Mineral Resources
Effect of Ownership Laws on Exploration
Use of Geology in Relation To Ownership Laws
II
LAWS RELATING TO EXTRACTION OF MINERAL RESOURCES
III
LAWS RELATING TO DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSPORTATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES
IV
OTHER RELATIONS OF GEOLOGY TO LAW
CHAPTER XVII
CONSERVATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES
THE PROBLEM
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRIVATE AND PUBLIC EFFORTS IN CONSERVATION
THE INTEREST RATE AS A GUIDE IN CONSERVATION
ANTI-CONSERVATIONAL EFFECTS OF WAR
CONSERVATION OF COAL
Measures Introduced or Proposed to Conserve Coal
Division of Responsibility Between Government and Private Interests in the Conservation of Coal
CONSERVATION OF MINERALS OTHER THAN COAL
CHAPTER XVIII
INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF MINERAL RESOURCES
WORLD MOVEMENT OF MINERALS
Movement of Minerals Under Pre-war Conditions of International Trade
Changes During the War
Post-war Condition of the Mineral Trade
TENDENCIES TOWARD INTERNATIONAL COÖPERATION AND POSSIBILITY OF INTERNATIONAL CONTROL[59] OF MINERALS
Methods of International Coöperation
CONSERVATION IN ITS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
EXPLORATION IN ITS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
VALUATION IN ITS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
RELATIVE POSITION OF THE UNITED STATES IN REGARD TO SUPPLIES OF MINERALS
THE COAL AND IRON SITUATION OF WESTERN EUROPE UNDER THE TERMS OF THE PEACE TREATY
CONCLUSION
LITERATURE
CHAPTER XIX
GEOLOGY AND WAR
GEOLOGY BEHIND THE FRONT
GEOLOGY AT THE FRONT[63]
EFFECT OF THE WAR ON THE SCIENCE OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGY
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XX
GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
FOUNDATIONS
SURFACE WATERS
TUNNELS
SLIDES
SUBSIDENCE
RAILWAY BUILDING
ROAD BUILDING
GEOLOGY IN ENGINEERING COURSES
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XXI
THE TRAINING, OPPORTUNITIES, AND ETHICS OF THE ECONOMIC GEOLOGIST
PURE VERSUS APPLIED SCIENCE
COURSE OF STUDY SUGGESTED
Field Work
Specialization in Studies
A Degree of Economic Geology
THE OPPORTUNITIES OF THE ECONOMIC GEOLOGIST
ETHICS OF THE ECONOMIC GEOLOGIST
INDEX
