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C. L. Goodrich. The First Book of Farming
The First Book of Farming
Table of Contents
PREFACE
PART I
General Principles Underlying Plant Culture
PART II
Soil Fertility As Affected By Farm Operations And Farm Practices
Part I
General Principles Underlying Plant Culture
THE FIRST BOOK OF FARMING
Part I
General Principles Underlying Plant Culture
CHAPTER IToC
Introduction to Plants
CHAPTER IIToC
Roots
USES OF ROOTS TO PLANTS
HABIT OF GROWTH OF ROOTS
CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR ROOT GROWTH
CHAPTER IIIToC
Soils
RELATION OF SOIL TO PLANTS
CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS
HOW WERE SOILS MADE?
SOIL TEXTURE
CHAPTER IVToC
Relation of Soils to Water
IMPORTANCE OF WATER TO PLANTS
SOURCES OF SOIL WATER
ATTITUDE OF THE SOILS TOWARDS WATER
THE EFFECT OF WORKING SOILS WHEN WET
CHAPTER VToC
Forms of Soil Water
FREE WATER
CAPILLARY WATER
FILM WATER
CHAPTER VIToC
Loss of Soil Water
LOSS OF SOIL WATER AND MEANS OF CHECKING THE LOSS
CHAPTER VIIToC
Soil Temperature
HOW SOILS ARE WARMED
HOW SOILS LOSE HEAT
CONDITIONS WHICH INFLUENCE SOIL TEMPERATURE
VALUE OF ORGANIC MATTER
CHAPTER VIIIToC
Plant Food in the Soil
CHAPTER IXToC
Seeds
CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR SEEDS TO SPROUT
SEED TESTING
HOW THE SEEDS COME UP
USE OF COTYLEDONS AND ENDOSPERM
CHAPTER XToC
Seed Planting
HOW DEEP SHOULD SEEDS BE PLANTED?
SEED CLASSIFICATION
TRANSPLANTING
CHAPTER XIToC
Spading and Plowing
SPADING THE SOIL
PLOWING
WHY DO WE SPADE AND PLOW?
PARTS OF A PLOW
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD PLOW
THE FURROW SLICE
HOW DEEP SHALL WE PLOW?
BREAKING OUT THE MIDDLES
THROWING THE LAND UP IN RIDGES
TIME TO PLOW
BARE FALLOW
CHAPTER XIIToC
Harrowing and Rolling
HARROWING
HARROWS
ROLLING
CHAPTER XIIIToC
Leaves
FACTS ABOUT LEAVES
THE USES OF LEAVES TO PLANTS
HOW THE WORK OF SOME LEAVES IS INTERFERED WITH
CHAPTER XIVToC
Stems
WHAT ARE STEMS FOR?
HOW THE WORK OF THE STEM MAY BE INTERFERED WITH
CHAPTER XVToC
Flowers
FUNCTION OR USE OF FLOWERS TO PLANTS
PARTS OF A FLOWER
FUNCTIONS OF THE PARTS OF THE FLOWERS
VALUE OF A KNOWLEDGE OF THE FLOWER
FRUIT
Part II
Soil Fertility as Affected by Farm Operations and Farm Practices
CHAPTER XVIToC
A Fertile Soil
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A FERTILE SOIL
BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF A FERTILE SOIL
NITROGEN-FIXING GERMS
NITRIFYING GERMS
DENITRIFYING GERMS
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF A FERTILE SOIL
MAINTENANCE OF FERTILITY
CHAPTER XVIIToC
Soil Water
IMPORTANCE OF SOIL WATER
NECESSITY OF SOIL WATER
SOURCES AND FORMS OF SOIL WATER
TOO MUCH WATER
NOT ENOUGH WATER
LOSS OF SOIL WATER
HOW SOME FARM OPERATIONS INFLUENCE SOIL WATER
HOEING, RAKING, HARROWING, AND CULTIVATING
MANURES AND SOIL WATER
METHODS OF CROPPING AND SOIL WATER
SELECTION OF CROPS WITH REFERENCE TO SOIL WATER
CHAPTER XVIIIToC
THE AFTER-CULTIVATION OF CROPS
LOSS OF WATER BY EVAPORATION
LOSS OF WATER THROUGH WEEDS
SAVING THE WATER
TIME TO CULTIVATE
TOOLS FOR AFTER-CULTIVATION
HILLING AND RIDGING
CHAPTER XIXToC
Farm Manures
FUNCTIONS OF MANURES AND FERTILIZERS
CLASSIFICATION OF MANURES AND FERTILIZERS
IMPORTANCE OF FARM MANURES
BARN OR STABLE MANURE
LOSS OF VALUE
CHECKING THE LOSSES
APPLYING THE MANURE TO THE SOIL
PROPER CONDITION OF MANURE WHEN APPLIED
COMPOSTS
CHAPTER XXToC
Farm Manures—concluded
GREEN-CROP MANURES
BENEFITS
CHARACTER OF BEST PLANTS FOR GREEN CROP MANURING
THE TIME FOR GROWING GREEN MANURE CROPS
LEGUMINOUS GREEN MANURE CROPS
NON-LEGUMINOUS GREEN MANURE PLANTS
CHAPTER XXIToC
Commercial Fertilizers
THE RAW MATERIALS
SOURCES OF NITROGEN
SOURCES OF PHOSPHORIC ACID
SOURCES OF POTASH
LIME
CHAPTER XXIIToC
Commercial Fertilizers—continued
MIXED FERTILIZERS
VALUATION
LOW GRADE MIXTURES
BUY ON THE PLANT FOOD BASIS
CHAPTER XXIIIToC
Commercial Fertilizers—Concluded
THE HOME MIXING OF FERTILIZERS
KIND AND AMOUNT TO BUY
THE CROP
THE SOIL
SYSTEM OF FARMING
TESTING THE SOIL
CHAPTER XXIVToC
The Rotation of Crops
SYSTEMS OF CROPPING
THE ONE CROP SYSTEM
THE ROTATION OF CROPS
BENEFITS DERIVED FROM ROTATION OF CROPS
THE TYPICAL ROTATION
CONDITIONS WHICH MODIFY THE ROTATION
GENERAL RULES
LENGTH OF THE ROTATION
CHAPTER XXVToC
Farm Drainage
HOW SURPLUS WATER AFFECTS FERTILITY
INDICATIONS OF A NEED OF DRAINAGE
DRAINS
INFLUENCE OF COVERED OR UNDER DRAINS ON FERTILITY
LOCATION OF DRAINS
GLOSSARY
INDEX
Отрывок из книги
C. L. Goodrich
Published by Good Press, 2019
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A corn-plant ten days after planting the seed. To show how quickly the roots reach out into the soil. Some of the roots were over 18 inches long.ToList
Experiment.—Procure a wide-mouthed bottle, an egg, a glass tube about three inches long and a quarter-inch in diameter, a candle, and a piece of wire a little longer than the tube. Remove a part of the shell from the large end of the egg without breaking the skin beneath. This is easily done by gently tapping the shell with the handle of a pocket-knife until it is full of small cracks, and then, with the blade of the knife, picking off the small pieces. In this way remove the shell from the space about the size of a nickel. Remove the shell from the small end of the egg over a space about as large as the end of the glass tube. Next, from the lower end of the candle cut a piece about one-half inch long. Bore a hole in this just the size of the glass tube. Now soften one end of the piece of candle with the hole in it and stick it on to the small end of the egg so that the hole in the candle comes over the hole in the egg. Heat the wire, and with it solder the piece of candle more firmly to the egg, making a water-tight joint. Place the glass tube in the hole in the piece of candle, pushing it down till it touches the egg. Then, with the heated wire, solder the tube firmly in place. Now run the wire down the tube and break the skin of the egg just under the end of the tube. Fill the bottle with water till it overflows, and set the egg on the bottle, the large end in contact with the water (Fig. 14). In an hour or so the contents of the egg will be seen rising in the glass tube. This happens because the water is making its way by osmose into the egg through the skin, which has no openings, so far as can be discovered. If the bottle is kept supplied with water as fast as it is taken up by the egg, almost the entire contents of the egg will be forced out of the tube. In this way water in which plant food is dissolved enters the slender root hairs and rises through the plant.
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