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Cameron M. Smith. Anthropology For Dummies
Anthropology For Dummies® To view this book's Cheat Sheet, simply go to www.dummies.com and search for “Anthropology For Dummies Cheat Sheet” in the Search box. Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Introduction
About This Book
Foolish Assumptions
Icons Used in This Book
Beyond the Book
Where to Go from Here
What Is Anthropology?
Human Beings and Being Human: An Overview of Anthropology
Digging Into Anthropology’s History
Getting Acquainted with Anthropology’s Subfields
Physical anthropology
Archaeology
Cultural Anthropology
Linguistics
Making Sense of Anthropology’s Methods
Applied Anthropology: Using the Science in Everyday Life
Looking Into Humanity’s Mirror: Anthropology’s History
Getting to the Heart of Anthropology
Dazed and Confused: What It Is to Be Human
Two types of culture
Two types of modernity
-Isms and the Making of Anthropology
Colonialism
HARSH WORDS FOR EARLY ANTHROPOLOGY
Antiquarianism
OLE WURM AND THE CIRCUS STRONGMAN
Scientism
Holism
Anthropology Today
Actually, Four Mirrors: How Anthropology Is Studied
Physical Anthropology and the Evolutionary Basis of Biology
You say you want an evolution
Replication, variation, and selection
Speciation
WHY BEING HUMAN CAN MAKE EVOLUTION HARD TO UNDERSTAND
More facets of physical anthropology
Primatology
Paleoanthropology
THE KOOBI FORA RESEARCH PROJECT
The biocultural animal
IS THE HUMAN SPECIES STILL EVOLVING?
Archaeology: The Study of Ancient Societies
Archaeology and evolution
CULTURAL EVOLUTION
More facets of archaeology
Prehistoric archaeology
Historic archaeology
Linguistic Anthropology
Nonhuman animal communication
Spoken language
THE BOY WHO CRIED WHORF
Gesture and body language
Cultural Anthropology: The Study of Living Societies
CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY: AN EQUAL-OPPORTUNITY WHISTLE-BLOWER
Putting the culture in cultural anthropology
Attempting to explain why humans do what they do
CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY VERSUS SOCIOLOGY
Participant observation
The emic perspective
The etic perspective
NOTES FROM THE FIELD
Applied anthropology and global culture
Physical Anthropology and Archaeology
The Wildest Family Reunion: Meet the Primates
Monkey Business: Primate Origins
BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
You Look Like an Ape: Primate Species
What’s in a name? General primate characteristics
YOU CAN’T GO HOME AGAIN
Going ape (and prosimian): Primate subgroups
Squirrel-cats: The prosimians
The Old World monkeys
The New World monkeys
Our gang: The apes
Yes, We Have No Bananas: Primate Subsistence
The indiscriminate-eaters: Omnivores
The bug-eaters: Insectivores
The leaf-eaters: Folivores
The fruit-eaters: Frugivores
Monkeying Around: Primate Locomotion
Stand back, Tarzan: The brachiators
Bug-bashers: The vertical-clingers-and-leapers
In the trees: Arboreal quadrupeds
Soldiers beware: Terrestrial quadrupeds
THE GREAT WOMEN OF GREAT APE STUDIES
A group of one: Bipeds
Monkey See, Monkey Do: Primate Social Groups and Behavior
IS THAT A THREAT?
Primates Today (But For How Long?)
CHIMPANZEES AND PEOPLE
My Career Is in Ruins: How Anthropologists Learn about the Past
What, How Old, and Where: It’s All You Need to Know
The significance of where
The significance of when
The significance of artifacts
THE POMPEII PREMISE AND THE STUDY OF TAPHONOMY
Keeping Time: How Archaeologists Date Finds
The deeper, the older: Stratigraphy
Before or after? Relative dating
Absolutely probably 6,344 years old (plus or minus): Radiometric absolute dating
Radiocarbon dating
K-Ar dating
Issues with radiometric dating
Saving Space: How Archaeologists Keep Track of Where Artifacts Are Found
Be there: Provenience
Be square: Site grids
Type Casting: How Archaeologists Classify Their Finds
Types of types: The theory of classification
THE ILLUSION OF FINISHED TOOLS
Unearthing the most common artifact types
Stone
Bone and antler
Pottery
Bones of Contention: The Fossil Evidence for Early Human Evolution
Great Africa: The Earliest Hominins
Stand and Deliver: The Riddles of Bipedalism
Walking upright: Pros and cons
THE AQUATIC APE THEORY
The complexities of early hominin evolution
Trophic levels
Factors and interactions
All the Same from the Neck Down: The Australopithecines
The basic differences and similarities
The crusher: Robust australopithecines
The omnivore: Gracile australopithecines
The Cracked Mirror: Early Homo
Exploring characteristics of early Homo
Dalmatians and cigar smoke: Finds at Olduvai Gorge
A FORCE OF NATURE: THE LIFE OF MARY LEAKEY
Out of Africa: Early dispersals of early Homo
Tool time: The decoupling of behavior from anatomy
The Traveler: The Accomplishments of Homo erectus
Characteristics of Homo erectus
From confrontational scavenging to ambush hunting
The use of fire
Symmetry, watercraft, and the “15-minute culture”
It’s Good to Be Home: Homo sapiens sapiens, Our Biological Species
Distinguishing Modern Homo sapiens sapiens(That’s You!)
Anatomical modernity
BRAIN MATTER MATTERS
Behavioral modernity
Africa: The Cradle of Humanity
Discovering the first AMHss
Exploring behavioral modernity
Out of Africa: An Epic Dispersal
Taking a closer look at Neanderthals
Getting Neanderthals and AMHss together
Multiregional Continuity Theory
Replacement Theory
A theoretical compromise?
A PORTUGUESE HALF-HUMAN? NEANDERTHALS AND YOU
The Origins of Language: The Social Grooming Theory
The Origins of the Modern Mind
The evolution of consciousness: Two models
From episodic to theoretic consciousness: the Donald model
Cognitive fluidity: the Mithen model
The roots of myth
The roots of ritual
The roots of symbolism
Hunting, Fishing, Sailing, and Sledding: The Dispersal of Humanity Worldwide
Dispersal and Survival: The Decoupling of Behavior from Biology
The Earliest Settlement of Australasia
Another Grand Exploration: The Colonization of the New World
Dueling hypotheses: A couple of migration theories
Ice-free corridor hypothesis
Coastal migration hypothesis
Just the facts, ma’am
THE KENNEWICK CONTROVERSY
Igloos, Dogs, and Whalebone Knives: The Colonization of the Arctic
First arrivals
The Thule expansion
A NATIVE ALASKAN WINTER FEAST
The Voyage of Ru and Hina: The Colonization of the Pacific
The tools of the explorers
KAVENGA STAR PATH NAVIGATION
The society of the explorers
High Altitude People: Early Settlement of the Tibetan Plateau
Big-River People: Early Settlement of the Amazon and Congo Basins
Desert People: Early Settlement of the Sahara
Old, Old McDonald: The Origins of Farming
The Principle of Domestication
Cultural selection
Effects of farming on society
Plant domestication
Animal domestication
Principles of Horticulture
Distinctive characteristics of horticulture
Garden horticulture
Slashing and burning
MAORI HORTICULTURE
Limited storage
Principles of Farming
Distinguishing state farming from horticulture
Water control
Animal domestication, farming-style
Massive storage
Farming facilities and tools
Secondary products
PALEOLITHIC TO NEOLITHIC: AN ADVENTURE IN CONFUSING TERMINOLOGY
Looking Back on the Origins of Farming
Why farm in the first place?
In the Near East
THE SUMERIAN FARMER’S ALMANAC
In Africa
In East Asia
HERODOTUS AND EGYPT, “GIFT OF THE NILE”
In the Western Pacific
In the Americas
THE AGRICULTURAL WONDERS OF TENOCHTITLAN
The Early Farming Village
The Making of Man’s Best Friend: the Early Domestication of Dogs
The Development of Civilization
Human Subsistence and Social Organization
Human subsistence
Foraging
Pastoralism
Horticulture
Agriculture
Human social organization
Bands
Tribes
Chiefdoms
States/civilizations
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND SUBSISTENCE AMONG HUMANITY PAST AND PRESENT
A FALSE IMPRESSION: FROM SAVAGERY TO BARBARISM TO CIVILIZATION
The Characteristics of Civilization
Urbanization
Long-distance trade
Social stratification
Durable record-keeping/writing
Standing armies and extended warfare
Money
Slavery
Territorial sovereignty
Vassal tribute
Non-food production specialists
Astronomy and/or mathematics
Monumental architecture
State religion
Taxes
Charting the Rise and Fall of the First Civilizations
Egypt
Chronology and origins
Flourishing
Decline and how it ended
Inca
Chronology and origins
Flourishing
Decline and how it ended
Civilization Today: Will It Fall, Too?
Cultural Anthropology and Linguistics
The Spice of Life: Human Culture
Demystifying the Definition of Culture
What Culture Is and What Culture Isn’t
Culture versus cultured
Why cultures differ
Cultural Universals
EJENGI: THE LIVING FOREST
Having an Out-of-Body Experience
Adaptation and its implications
Behaviors
Values
100 PERCENT AMERICAN
Objects
Language: Passing the baton of culture
Opening Your Human Behavior Owner’s Manual
Culture = software, brain = hardware
Problems with the software/hardware analogy
Getting Your Cultural Education
Life stages
Stages of human learning
From Mop-Tops to Mötley Crüe: What Is Cultural Change?
Diffusion versus assimilation
Innovation
Cultural Evolution
How culture evolves
What cultural evolution doesn’t mean
From Kalahari to Minneapolis: How Cultural Anthropologists Work
Watching Cultural Anthropology Grow Up
Battling ethnocentrism
Getting scientific
Defining their terms
Building a theoretical framework
Promoting objectivity: Etic research
Embodying the etic modernist approach: Bronislaw Malinowski
THE GOLDEN BOUGH: ARMCHAIR ANTHROPOLOGY
Raising the bar for ethnographies
Setting the standards of study
Focusing on how cultures function
Setting the stage for structuralism
WADING THROUGH JARGON
A More Personal Approach: Emic Research
Recognizing how a researcher’s choices influence the results
Realizing that the act of observing affects the results
CULTURAL CRITIQUE, MARGARET MEAD, AND THE IMPORTANCE OF WRITING WELL
Considering Recent Developments
Exploring postmodernism
Keeping pace with cultural change
Striving for Accuracy
Recognizing potential research pitfalls
Individual versus group dynamics
Truth versus lies
Time and space
Motivations (self and informant)
Watching cultural anthropology in action
The Kalahari
Minneapolis
Going into the Field: Getting Prepared for Less-Than-Ideal Conditions
Can We Talk? Communication, Symbols, and Language
Exploring the Complexity of Human Language
Screeching and howling: Non-human animal communications
Chemical
Visual
GESTURE
Audio
Contrasting non-human and human symbolism
Shallow (non-human) symbolism
Deep (human) symbolism
THE ORIGINS OF RITUAL AND RELIGION?
Identifying characteristics of human spoken language
Linking language to the mind: Tapping its true power
STUFF YOU’VE LONG FORGOTTEN: SYNTAX AND GRAMMAR
Ready to Swear: How the Human Mind Is Hard-Wired for Language
First four months
Six to twelve months
12 to 18 months
18 to 24 months
36 months and later
Watching Human Language Evolve
Admitting our uncertainty
Explaining language diversity
Making room for new theories
Social grooming
Representing ideas
Types of Types: Race and Ethnicity
The Kinds of Humanity: Human Physical Variation
The race card: Racial types and physical anthropology
The lowdown: What anthropologists can say for sure about human races
The history of racial typing
BIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM: KNOCKED ON THE CHIN
The grand illusion: Race, turns out, is arbitrary
THE AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION’S POSITION ON RACE
Why Is Everyone Different? Human Cultural Variation
Distinguishing ethnicity from race
A common horror: Ethnic cleansing
A common delight: Ethnic identity
Ethnic group interactions
Pluralism
Assimilation
Legal protection of minorities
Population transfer
Long-term subjugation
Genocide
Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner? Identity, Family, Kinship, and Gender
Am I “Cameron” or “a Smith”? The Scales of Human Identity
Know thyself: Identity
What’s in a name?
A Family Affair
AMERICAN FAMILY DEFINITIONS
Families of origin versus families of procreation
Incest
Marriage
SQUIRMING YET? ETHNOCENTRISM AND RELATIVISM
Kinship
Sex and Gender
The differences between sex and gender
Common gender roles
Kinship and Gender Worldwide and through Time
Among foragers
Among horticulturalists
Among agriculturalists
Age and Stage of Life
Not at the Dinner Table! Religion and Politics
What Is Religion?
Functions of religion
Why religion is so powerful
The Material and Supernatural Worlds
Ritual and Religion
The Organization of Supernatural Knowledge
Shamans
Priests
The Origins of Religion
LUCRETIUS ON THE INVENTION OF RELIGION
Types of Religions
The Relations of Power: Politics
I’ve got the power (and I know how to use it)
Power plays: How various societies apply power
Bands
Tribes
Chiefdoms
States
The Politics of Polarization
So What? Anthropology, the Modern World, and You
Kiss or Kill? Diversity, Conflict, and Culture
The Anthropology of Conflict and Conflict Resolution
Scales and consequences of conflict
Cultural conflict among small-scale societies
Cultural conflict in larger-scale societies
NATURAL-BORN WARRIORS?
Humanity and justice
Globalization and Human Culture
Globalization and ecological justice
Globalization and cultural assimilation
Globalization and nativistic movements
Globalization and forced migration
Looming Disasters? From Overpopulation to Space Debris
The Only Constant Is Change
A PROBLEM OF OUR OWN MAKING: THE SIXTH EXTINCTION
Overpopulation
The road to overpopulation
Hope on the horizon
Climate Change
THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE ON CLIMATE CHANGE
Say What? The Loss of Linguistic Diversity
Food and Water Availability/Famine
Disease
Space Debris
Your New Home on Mars! Issues of Space Settlement
Eve and the Iceman: The Cutting Edge of Physical Anthropology
Molecular Anthropology
How it works
How anthropologists use it
DNA DETECTIVES
Some complications with the molecular clock
DNA and the Mitochondrial Eve
Out of Africa: African diversity and extra-African similarity
The inevitable debates
GENETIC TRAILS
Neanderthals and You: The Neanderthal Genome
The Iceman
Stonehenge and You: Why Archaeology Matters
History Is Written by the Winners: The Importance of Archaeology
NEW YORK’S FORGOTTEN AFRICAN BURIAL GROUND
Historical archaeology and written history
Commoners of ancient Egypt
The archaeology of American slaves
Other important historical archaeology sites
Conversation Stoppers? Archaeology and the Unknown
Why did humanity take up farming?
How did humans go from having leaders to having rulers?
Does history repeat itself?
The Part of Tens
Ten Things to Remember About Anthropology, Whatever Else You Forget
The Use of Tools Separated Behavior from Anatomy
We’re Not Just Like Apes, We ARE Apes
Nobody Knows Why Hominids First Walked Upright (Yet)
Everyone Is in the Human Race
Civilization is Brand-New
There Are Many Ways to be Human
Culture Doesn’t Ride on Genes
Language and Metaphor Are the Keys to Human Success
Absolutely, There Are No Absolutes
There is No Ladder of Progress
THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Ten Great Careers for Anthropology Majors
Academic Anthropology
Cultural/Human Resources
Forensic Anthropology
Crime Scene Investigation
Primate Biology
Primate Ethology
Diplomacy
Museum Work
Library Science
Contract Archaeology
THE AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION ON CAREERS IN ANTHROPOLOGY
Ten (Or So) Great Anthropologically Themed Movies and Books
Cave of Forgotten Dreams
Once We Were Warriors
The Places in Between
Gorillas in the Mist
Neanderthal
Quest for Fire
Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors
Maps and Dreams
Dances of Life
The Top Ten Myths about the Human Past
All Human Societies Evolved in the Same Direction
Prehistoric Life Was Nasty, Brutish, and Short
Ancient People Were Perfectly in Balance with Nature
Farming Is Easier and Better than Foraging
Ancient Monuments Had Just One Purpose
“Primitive Technology” Was Limited
Cave Art Was about Men Hunting Animals
It’s Nature or Nurture
History Repeats Itself
Having Reached a Peak, Human Evolution Has Ended
Index. Numbers
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
About the Author
Dedication
Author’s Acknowledgments
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
