Оглавление
Ceri Davies. Textbook for Orthodontic Therapists
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Textbook for Orthodontic Therapists
Foreword
Acknowledgements
1 History of Orthodontics
1.1 Orthodontics before the Twenty‐First Century
1.2 Standard Edgewise Appliance
1.3 Begg Appliance
1.4 Preadjusted Edgewise Appliance
1.5 Tip Edge Appliance
1.6 Self‐ligating Appliance
1.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of all Types of Buccal Appliances
1.8 Lingual Appliances
2 Patient Assessment
2.1 The Three Planes of Space
2.2 Extra‐Oral Assessment
2.2.1 Antero‐posterior Plane
2.2.2 Vertical Plane
2.2.3 Transverse Plane
2.2.4 Profile Pattern
2.3 Intra‐Oral Assessment
2.3.1 Anterio‐posterior Plane
2.3.2 Vertical Plane
2.3.3 Transverse Plane
2.3.4 Crowding
2.3.5 Spacing
2.3.6 Path of Closure
2.3.7 Teeth Present/Missing
2.3.8 Habits
2.3.9 PPP – Presence, Position, Pathology
2.3.10 SSC – Size, Shape, Colour
2.3.11 Temporal Mandibular Joint
3 Classification of Malocclusion
3.1 Angle’s Classification
3.2 British Standards Institute Classification
3.3 Canine Relationship
3.4 Andrew’s Six Keys
4 Aetiology of Malocclusion
4.1 Skeletal Factors
4.1.1 Anteroposterior Plane (AP)
4.1.2 Vertical Plane
4.1.3 Transverse Plane
4.2 Soft Tissue Factors. 4.2.1 Fullness and Tone of the Lips
4.2.2 Lip Competency
4.2.3 Macroglossia (Large Tongue)
4.2.4 Enlarged Adenoids
4.2.5 Generalised Pathology of Muscles
4.3 Local Factors
4.3.1 Variation in Tooth Number. 4.3.1.1 Hypodontia
4.3.1.2 Supernumerary
4.3.1.3 Early Loss of Deciduous Teeth
4.3.1.4 Extraction of Permanent Tooth
4.3.2 Variation in Tooth Size. 4.3.2.1 Macrodont
4.3.2.2 Microdont
4.3.2.3 Dento‐alveolar Disproportion
4.3.2.4 Bolton Discrepancy
4.3.3 Variation in Tooth Position. 4.3.3.1 Infraocclusion (Ankylosis)
4.3.3.2 Ectopic Tooth
4.3.3.3 Impacted Teeth
4.3.3.4 Transposition
4.3.3.5 Primary Failure of Eruption
4.4 Habit
4.5 Fraenal Attachments. 4.5.1 Upper Labial Fraenum
4.5.2 Lower Labial Fraenum
5 Class I Malocclusion. 5.1 Definition
5.2 Prevalence
5.3 Aetiology of Class I. 5.3.1 Skeletal Factors
5.3.2 Soft Tissue Factors
5.3.3 Local Factors
5.4 Treatment of Class I
5.4.1 No Treatment
5.4.2 Removable Appliance
5.4.3 Fixed Appliance
5.4.4 Headgear
5.4.5 Surgery
6 Class II Div I Malocclusion. 6.1 Definition
6.2 Prevalence
6.3 Aetiology of Class II Div I. 6.3.1 Skeletal Factors
6.3.2 Soft Tissue Factors
6.3.3 Local Factors
6.3.4 Habit
6.4 Treatment of a Class II Div I
6.4.1 No Treatment
6.4.2 Removable Appliance
6.4.3 Functional Appliance
6.4.4 Fixed Appliances
6.4.5 Headgear
6.4.6 Surgery
7 Class II Div II Malocclusion. 7.1 Definition
7.2 Prevalence
7.3 Aetiology of Class II Div II. 7.3.1 Skeletal Factors
7.3.2 Soft Tissue Factors
7.3.3 Local Factors
7.4 Treatment of Class II Div II
7.4.1 No Treatment
7.4.2 Removable Appliance
7.4.3 Functional Appliance
7.4.4 Fixed Appliances
7.4.5 Headgear
7.4.6 Surgery
8 Class III Malocclusion. 8.1 Definition
8.2 Prevalence
8.3 Aetiology of Class III. 8.3.1 Skeletal Factors
8.3.2 Soft Tissue Factors
8.3.3 Local Factors
8.4 Treatment
8.4.1 No Treatment
8.4.2 Removable Appliance
8.4.3 Functional Appliances
8.4.4 Fixed Appliances
8.4.5 Headgear
8.4.6 Surgery
9 Prevalences
10 Hypodontia. 10.1 Definition
10.2 Commonly Missing Teeth
10.3 Prevalence of Hypodontia
10.4 Prevalence of Missing Teeth
10.5 Classifying Hypodontia
10.6 Classifying Missing Teeth as a Whole
10.7 Aetiology of Hypodontia
10.8 Medical Conditions Associated with Hypodontia
10.9 Factors Associated with Hypodontia
10.10 Treatment of Hypodontia in Deciduous Teeth
10.11 Treatment of Hypodontia in Permanent Teeth
10.12 Implant Space Required
10.13 Kesling Set‐up
11 Supernumeraries. 11.1 Definition
11.2 Prevalence of Supernumeraries
11.3 Aetiology of Supernumeraries
11.4 Types of Supernumeraries
11.5 Factors Caused by Supernumerary Teeth
11.6 Clinical Features of Supernumeraries
11.7 Medical Conditions Associated with Supernumeraries
11.8 Management of a Supernumerary
11.9 Types of Supernumeraries
12 Impacted Canines. 12.1 Definition
12.2 Prevalence of Maxillary Canines
12.3 Prevalence of Congenitally Missing Upper and Lower Canines
12.4 Development of the Maxillary Canine
12.5 Eruption of Upper and Lower Canines
12.6 Aetiology of Impacted Canine
12.7 Clinical Signs of an Impacted Canine
12.8 Radiographic Signs of an Impacted Canine
12.9 Parallax Technique for Radiographic Assessment of a Canine’s Position
12.9.1 Horizontal Parallax
12.9.2 Vertical Parallax
12.10 Management of Lingual/Palatal and Buccal Canines. 12.10.1 Lingual/Palatal Canines: Surgical Exposure
12.10.2 Buccal Canines
12.10.3 Surgical Removal
12.10.4 Auto Transplantation
12.11 Dressings for Open Exposure
12.12 Risks of Impacted Canines. 12.12.1 Resorption
12.12.2 Transposition
12.13 Position of Impacted Canines
12.14 Ankylosis
13 Impacted Teeth. 13.1 Definition
13.2 Common Impacted Teeth
13.2.1 Impacted Mandibular Canines
13.2.2 Impacted Maxillary Central Incisors
13.2.3 Impacted Premolars
13.2.4 Impacted First Permanent Molars
13.2.5 Impacted Third Permanent Molars
14 Deepbites. 14.1 Definition
14.2 Classifying Overbites
14.3 Aetiology of a Deepbite. 14.3.1 Skeletal Factors
14.3.2 Soft Tissue Factor
14.3.3 Local Factor
14.4 Treating Deepbites
14.4.1 Removable Appliance
14.4.2 Functional Appliance
14.4.3 Fixed Appliance
14.4.4 Headgear
14.4.5 Surgery
14.5 Stability of a Deepbite
15 Openbites: Anterior and Posterior
15.1 Definition of an AOB
15.2 Prevalence of AOBs
15.3 Classification of AOBs
15.4 Aetiology of an AOB
15.4.1 Skeletal Factors
15.4.2 Soft Tissue Factors
15.4.3 Local Factor
15.4.4 Habit
15.5 Treatment of an AOB
15.5.1 Removable Appliance
15.5.2 Fixed Appliances
15.5.3 Headgear
15.5.4 Surgery
15.6 Factors That May Make Stability of an AOB Poor
15.7 Definition of a POB
15.8 Facts about POBs
15.9 Aetiology of an POB. 15.9.1 Primary Failure of Eruption
15.9.2 Arrest of Eruption
15.9.3 Infraoccluded or Ankylosed Deciduous Teeth
15.9.4 POBs Occurring from Twin Blocks
15.10 Treatment of POBs. 15.10.1 Fixed Appliances
16 Crossbites. 16.1 Definition
16.2 Types of Crossbites
16.3 Prevalence of Crossbites
16.4 Crossbites That Can Occur
16.5 Aetiology of a Crossbite. 16.5.1 Skeletal Factors
16.5.2 Soft Tissue Factor
16.5.3 Local Factors
16.5.4 Habit
16.6 Treatment of Crossbites. 16.6.1 Interceptive (Early) Treatment
16.6.2 Removable Appliances
16.6.3 Functional Appliances
16.6.4 Fixed Appliances
16.6.5 Headgear
16.6.6 Surgery
16.7 Stability of a Crossbite
17 Centreline
17.1 Treatment Options. 17.1.1 Removable Appliance
17.1.2 Functional Appliance
17.1.3 Fixed Appliances
17.1.4 Surgery
18 Overjets
18.1 Treatment Options. 18.1.1 Removable Appliance
18.1.2 Functional Appliance
18.1.3 Fixed Appliance
18.1.4 Surgery
19 Bimaxillary Proclination. 19.1 Definition
19.2 Aetiology
19.3 Relapse
19.4 Retention
20 Growth Rotations
21 Tooth Movement. 21.1 Biomechanics of Tooth Movement. 21.1.1 Centre of Resistance
21.1.2 Force Moment
21.1.3 Force Couple
21.1.4 Force Couple and Moment
21.2 Types of Tooth Movement
21.2.1 Tipping
21.2.2 Bodily Movement
21.2.3 Torque
21.2.4 Rotation
21.2.5 Extrusion
21.2.6 Intrusion
21.3 Biology of Tooth Movement. 21.3.1 Facts of Tooth Movement
21.3.2 Forces Applied to a Tooth
21.3.3 Pressure/Tension Theory
21.3.4 Cellular Responses
21.3.5 Resorption
21.3.6 Factors to Consider for Rate of Tooth Movement
21.3.7 Compression and Tension Areas for Individual Tooth Movements
22 Impressions
22.1 Materials Used for Impression Taking
22.1.1 Constituents of Alginate
22.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Alginate
22.1.3 PVS
22.1.4 Ideal Impression Material
22.2 Technique for Taking an Impression
22.3 Technique for Disinfecting an Impression
23 Study Models
23.1 Production of Study Models
23.2 What Are Study Models Used For?
23.3 Technique for Production of Study Models
24 Radiographs
24.1 When Are Radiographs Taken?
24.2 Types of Radiographs
24.3 Why Do We Take Radiographs?
24.4 Panoramic Radiographs. 24.4.1 What Is a DPT?
24.4.2 Why Do We Take a DPT?
24.4.3 How Does a DPT Help Us?
24.4.4 When Do We Take a DPT?
24.4.5 Locating the Position of Impacted Canines on a DPT
24.5 Upper Standard Occlusal (USO) 24.5.1 What Is a USO?
24.5.2 Why Do We Take a USO?
24.5.3 How Does a USO Help Us?
24.5.4 When Do We Take a USO?
24.6 Parallax Technique
24.6.1 Assessing the Position of the Canine
24.6.2 Horizontal Parallax
24.6.3 Vertical Parallax
24.7 Periapical Radiographs
24.8 Reasons for Taking Radiographs
24.9 Clinical Justification for Taking Radiographs
24.9.1 Ionising Radiation Regulations
24.9.2 Ionising Radiation Medical Exposure Regulations
24.10 General Principles of Radiation
25 Cephalometrics
25.1 The Cephalostat
25.2 Why Do We Take Cephalometrics?
25.3 When Do We Take a Cephalometric Radiograph?
25.4 Evaluating a Cephalometric Radiograph
25.4.1 Hand Tracing
25.4.2 Digitising
25.4.3 Cephalometric Tracing Technique
25.4.3.1 Draw a Soft Tissue Outline
25.4.3.2 Cephalometric Points
25.4.3.3 Cephalometric Planes and Lines
25.4.3.4 Measuring Angles
25.5 Eastman Analysis
25.6 ANB Angle
25.7 Wits Analysis and Ballard Conversion
25.7.1 Wits Analysis
25.7.2 Ballard Conversion
25.8 Vertical Skeletal Pattern
25.9 Angulation of the Incisors
25.10 Prognosis Tracing
25.11 A‐Pogonion Line (Apog)
25.12 Cephalometric Errors
26 Removable Appliances
26.1 Indications
26.2 Components
26.3 Active Components
26.3.1 Springs
26.3.1.1 Equation for Springs
26.3.2 Screws
26.3.3 Active Bows
26.3.4 Elastics
26.3.5 Headgear
26.4 Retentive Components
26.5 Anchorage
26.6 Baseplate
26.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Removable Appliances
26.8 Stages of Removable Appliances
26.9 Instruments Used on a Removable Appliance
26.10 Fitting of a Removable Appliance
27 Functional Appliances
27.1 Timing of Treatment
27.2 Malocclusion Types
27.2.1 Class II Div I
27.2.2 Class II Div II
27.2.3 Class III
27.3 The End Point
27.4 Ten Key Points of Functional Appliances
27.5 Indications for Treatment
27.6 Mode of Action
27.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Functionals
27.8 Types of Functional Appliances
27.8.1 Clark’s Twin Block
27.8.1.1 How Does It Work?
27.8.1.2 Effects of Clark’s Twin Blocks
27.8.1.3 Advantages
27.8.1.4 Disadvantages
27.8.2 Herbst Appliance
27.8.2.1 How Does It Work?
27.8.2.2 Advantages
27.8.2.3 Disadvantages
27.8.3 Medium Opening Activator
27.8.3.1 How Does It Work?
27.8.3.2 Advantages
27.8.3.3 Disadvantages
27.8.4 Bionator Appliance
27.8.4.1 How Does It Work?
27.8.4.2 Advantages
27.8.4.3 Disadvantages
27.8.5 Frankel Appliance
27.8.5.1 How Does It Work?
27.8.5.2 Advantages
27.8.5.3 Disadvantages
27.8.6 Clip‐on Fixed Functional Appliance
27.8.6.1 How Does It Work?
27.8.6.2 Advantages
27.8.6.3 Disadvantages
27.9 Designing a Functional Appliance
27.10 Appointments. 27.10.1 Records Appointment
27.10.2 Fit and Instructions Appointment
27.10.3 Review Appointments
28 Fixed Appliances. 28.1 Definition
28.2 Indications for Fixed Appliances
28.3 Advantages and Disadvantages
28.4 Tooth Movement Achieved with Fixed Appliances
28.5 Mode of Action
28.6 Components of Fixed Appliances
28.6.1 Bands. 28.6.1.1 What Are Bands?
28.6.1.2 Where Are Bands Used?
28.6.1.3 When Can Bands Be Used?
28.6.1.4 Why Are Bands Used?
28.6.1.5 How Are Bands Placed/Bonded?
28.6.1.6 Advantages of Bands
28.6.1.7 Disadvantages of Bands
28.6.1.8 Cementing Bands
28.6.1.9 Failure Rate of Bands
28.6.2 Brackets. 28.6.2.1 What Is a Bracket?
28.6.2.2 Where Are Brackets Used?
28.6.2.3 When Are Brackets Used?
28.6.2.4 Types of Bracket
28.6.2.4.1 Conventional Edgewise Brackets
28.6.2.4.2 Ribbonwise Brackets
28.6.2.4.3 Self‐ligating Brackets
28.6.2.5 Bracket Materials
28.6.2.6 Aesthetic Brackets
28.6.2.6.1 Ceramic Brackets
28.6.2.7 Bracket Manufacturing
28.6.2.8 Bonding Brackets
28.6.2.9 Bracket Orientation
28.6.2.10 Bracket Rules
28.6.3 Archwires. 28.6.3.1 What Are Archwires?
28.6.3.2 What Are Archwires Used For?
28.6.3.3 What Are Archwires Used?
28.6.3.4 Archwire Properties
28.6.3.5 Archwire Materials
28.6.3.5.1 Stainless Steel
28.6.3.5.2 Nickel Titanium
28.6.3.5.3 Titanium Molybdenum Alloy
28.6.3.5.4 Cobalt‐Chromium
28.6.3.6 Archwire Archforms
28.6.3.7 Archwire Shapes and Sizes
28.6.3.8 Degree of Slop
28.6.3.9 Archwire Sequence
28.6.3.9.1 Initial Stage of Treatment
28.6.3.9.2 First Middle Stage of Treatment
28.6.3.9.3 Second Middle Stage of Treatment
28.6.3.9.4 Final Stage of Treatment
28.6.4 Auxiliaries. 28.6.5 What Are Auxiliaries?
28.6.6 When Do We Use Auxiliaries?
28.6.7 Placing Auxiliaries
29 Headgear. 29.1 Definition
29.2 Extra‐Oral Anchorage
29.3 Extra‐Oral Traction
29.4 Biomechanics of Headgear
29.5 Types of Headgear
29.6 Components of Headgear
29.7 Headgear Injuries and Preventative Measures
29.8 Reverse Headgear
29.9 Assessment of Wear
29.10 Measuring Force
30 Instructions for all Appliances. 30.1 Removable Appliances
30.2 Functional Appliances
30.3 Fixed Appliances
30.4 Cleaning Instructions for the Patient
30.5 Headgear
30.6 Retainers
30.7 Bonded Retainers
31 Uncommon Removable Appliances. 31.1 Nudger Appliance
31.2 En Masse Appliance
31.3 ACCO Appliance
31.4 ELSAA
32 Anchorage
32.1 Intra‐oral Anchorage. 32.1.1 Simple Anchorage
32.1.2 Compound Anchorage
32.1.3 Stationary Anchorage
32.1.4 Reciprocal Anchorage
32.2 Extra‐Oral Anchorage
32.3 What Does Anchorage Depend On?
32.4 Reinforcing Anchorage
32.5 Sources of Anchorage
32.6 Anchorage Loss
33 Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN)
33.1 Dental Health Component
33.1.1 Grade 5
33.1.2 Grade 4
33.1.3 Grade 3
33.1.4 Grade 2
33.1.5 Grade 1
33.1.6 RCP and ICP
33.2 Aesthetic Component
34 Peer Assessment Rating (PAR)
34.1 Components of PAR
34.1.1 Upper and Lower Anterior Segments
34.1.2 Right and Left Buccal Segments
34.1.3 Overjet and Reversed Overjet
34.1.4 Overbite and Openbite
34.1.5 Centreline
34.2 Assessment of Improvement in PAR
34.3 Who Uses PAR?
35 Space Analysis
35.1 Crowding
35.2 Incisor Antero‐posterior Change
35.3 Levelling Occlusal Curves
35.4 Arch Expansion
35.5 Creating Space
35.5.1 Extractions
35.5.1.1 Incisors
35.5.1.2 Canines
35.5.1.3 First Premolars
35.5.1.4 Second Premolars
35.5.1.5 First Permanent Molars
35.5.1.6 Second Permanent Molars
35.5.1.7 Third Permanent Molars
35.5.2 Distal Movement of Molars
35.5.3 Enamel Stripping. 35.5.3.1 Interproximal Reduction
35.5.3.2 Air‐Rotor Stripping
35.5.4 Expansion
35.5.5 Proclination of Incisors
36 Cleft Lip and Palate
36.1 Prevalence of Cleft Lip With or Without Cleft Palate
36.2 Prevalence of Isolated Cleft Palate
36.3 Syndromes Associated with Isolated Cleft Palate
36.4 Aetiology
36.5 Development of CLP
36.6 Classifications of CLP
36.7 Clinical Problems in CLP
36.8 CLP Team
36.9 Management of CLP
36.10 Orthodontic Implications of CLP
37 Orthognathic Surgery. 37.1 Definitions
37.2 Indications for Treatment
37.3 Radiographs
37.4 Surgical Procedures
37.4.1 Maxillary Procedures
37.4.1.1 Segmental Procedures
37.4.1.2 Le Fort I
37.4.1.3 Le Fort II
37.4.1.4 Le Fort III
37.4.1.5 Surgical Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion
37.4.2 Mandibular Procedures
37.4.2.1 Segmental Procedures
37.4.2.2 Vertical Subsigmoid Osteotomy
37.4.2.3 Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy
37.4.2.4 Body Osteotomy
37.4.2.5 Genioplasty
37.4.2.6 Post‐Condylar Cartilage Graft
37.4.3 Bimaxillary Surgery
37.4.4 Distraction Osteogenesis
37.5 Sequence of Treatment
37.5.1 Extractions
37.5.2 Pre‐surgical Orthodontics
37.5.3 Surgery
37.5.4 Post‐surgical Orthodontics
37.6 Risks and Benefits
38 Retention and Stability. 38.1 Definitions
38.2 Aetiology of Relapse
38.2.1 Gingival and Periodontal Fibres
38.2.2 Occlusal Factors
38.2.3 Soft Tissue Factors
38.2.4 Growth Factors
38.3 How Common Is Relapse?
38.4 Informed Consent for Retention
38.5 Retainers
38.5.1 Removable Retainers
38.5.2 Fixed Retainers
38.6 Removable Retainers
38.6.1 Hawley Retainer
38.6.2 Vacuum‐Formed Retainer
38.6.3 Begg Retainer
38.6.4 Barrier Retainer
38.7 Fixed Retainers
38.8 Care of Removable and Fixed Retainers
38.9 Enhancing Stability
38.10 Types of Tooth Movement to Be Retained
38.11 General Advice on Retention
38.12 Five Key Points
38.13 Outcome and Follow‐Up After Debonding
39 Interceptive Treatment. 39.1 Definition
39.2 Clinical Interceptive Situations: Early Mixed Dentition. 39.2.1 Increased Overjet
39.2.2 Supernumerary Teeth
39.2.3 Early Loss of Deciduous Teeth: Space Maintenance
39.2.3.1 Removable Appliance
39.2.3.2 Partial Denture (Pontic)
39.2.3.3 Band and Loop
39.2.3.4 Distal Shoe
39.2.3.5 Lingual Arch
39.2.3.6 Transpalatal Arch (TPA) with Nance Button
39.2.3.7 TPA
39.2.4 Delayed Eruption of Maxillary Central Incisor
39.2.5 Impaction of First Permanent Molars
39.2.6 Anterior Crossbite
39.2.7 Posterior Crossbite
39.2.8 Severe Crowding
39.2.9 Digit Sucking Habits
39.3 Clinical Situations: Late Mixed Dentition. 39.3.1 Infraocclusion
39.3.2 Ectopic Maxillary Canines
39.3.3 Hypodontia
39.3.4 Traumatic Overbites
39.3.5 Increased Overjet
39.3.6 Poor‐Quality First Permanent Molars
39.4 Clinical Situations: Early Permanent Dentition. 39.4.1 Hypodontia
39.4.2 Crowding
39.4.3 Impacted Teeth
39.5 Serial Extractions
40 Adult Orthodontics
40.1 Reasons for Adult Orthodontics
40.2 Differences in Treating Adult Patients
40.3 Aesthetic Appliances
41 Orthodontic Materials
41.1 Etch
41.1.1 Using Etch
41.1.2 Acid Etch Technique (37% Phosphoric Acid)
41.1.3 Self‐Etch Primer
41.2 Adhesives
41.2.1 Composites
41.2.2 Cements
41.2.3 Adhesive Pre‐coated (APC) Brackets
41.3 Bonding onto Fillings, Crowns, and Veneers. 41.3.1 Amalgam Fillings and Crowns
41.3.2 Porcelain Fillings/Crowns
42 Archwire Ligation. 42.1 Definition of Archwire Ligation
42.2 Properties of an Ideal Ligation System
42.3 Methods of Ligation
42.3.1 Stainless‐Steel Ligatures
42.3.2 Elastomeric Modules
43 Risks and Benefits of Orthodontic Treatment. 43.1 Risks of Orthodontic Treatment
43.1.1 Extra‐oral Risks
43.1.2 Intra‐oral Risks
43.1.3 General Risks
43.2 Benefits of Orthodontic Treatment
43.2.1 Psychological Benefits
43.2.2 Dental Health Benefits
43.2.3 Functional Benefits
44 Oral Hygiene
44.1 Oral Hygiene: Pre‐treatment
44.2 Clinical Features for Good and Bad Oral Hygiene
44.3 Procedure with Patients Presenting with Bad Oral Hygiene
44.4 Procedure with Patients Who Have Improvement in Oral Hygiene
44.5 Oral Hygiene Advice Given at the Fit Appointment
44.6 Preventing Decalcification
44.7 Oral Hygiene Instructions for Appliances. 44.7.1 Removable Appliance
44.7.2 Functional Appliance
44.7.3 Fixed Appliance
45 Decalcification
45.1 Causes of Decalcification
45.2 Occurrence of Decalcification
45.3 Preventing Decalcification
45.4 Treating Decalcification
46 Fluorosis
46.1 How Can Fluorosis Occur?
46.2 Products That Can Cause Fluorosis
46.3 Treating Fluorosis
46.4 Preventing Fluorosis
47 Fluoride
47.1 Effects of Fluoride
47.2 Toothpaste Ingredients
47.3 Dental Products
47.4 Fluoride Application
47.5 Risks of Fluoride
47.6 Other Causes and Conditions Which Can Affect Enamel Development
48 Hypoplastic Enamel
48.1 Aetiology of Enamel Hypoplasia
49 Hyperplastic Enamel
49.1 Aetiology of Enamel Hyperplasia
50 General Dental Council (GDC)
50.1 Roles of the GDC
50.2 GDC Principles
50.3 Continuing Professional Development
50.4 GDC Register
50.5 Professional Conduct Committee
50.6 Scope of Practice
50.6.1 What Orthodontic Therapists Can Do
50.6.2 What Orthodontic Therapists Cannot Do
50.7 Equality and Diversity
50.7.1 Nine Protected Characteristics
50.7.2 Types of Discrimination
50.7.3 Strategic Objectives for Equality, Diversity, and Inclusion
51 Sharps Injury
51.1 Measures to Take Following a Sharps Injury
51.2 Investigation of Donor and Recipient
52 Health and Safety
52.1 Employer's Duty
52.2 Employee's Duty
52.3 Policies Within the Dental Practice
52.4 Clinical Environment
53 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH)
54 Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences (RIDDOR)
55 Consent
55.1 Types of Consent
55.1.1 Implied Consent. 55.1.1.1 When?
55.1.1.2 How?
55.1.2 Expressed Consent. 55.1.2.1 When?
55.1.2.2 How?
55.1.3 Informed Consent. 55.1.3.1 When?
55.1.3.2 How?
55.2 Why Do We Obtain Consent?
55.3 When Do We Obtain Consent?
55.4 Who Can Give Consent?
55.5 How Can Consent Be Obtained?
56 Pain and Anxiety Control
56.1 Pain Control
56.2 Anxiety Control
56.2.1 Role of the Orthodontic Therapist in Anxiety Control
56.2.2 Bond‐up Appointment
56.2.3 Adjustment Appointments
57 Emergency Care
57.1 Clinical Problems. 57.1.1 Removable Appliances
57.1.2 Functional Appliances
57.1.3 Fixed Appliances. 57.1.3.1 Wires
57.1.3.2 Bands
57.1.3.3 Allergies
57.1.3.4 Nance, Quadhelix, and Transpalatal Arch
57.1.3.5 Teeth
57.1.3.6 Trauma
57.1.3.7 Headgear
57.1.3.8 Bonded Retainers
58 Orthodontic Instruments. 58.1 Adams Spring‐Forming Pliers
58.2 Adams Universal Pliers
58.3 Weingart Pliers
58.4 Bird Beak Pliers
58.5 Distal End Cutters
58.6 Ligature Cutter
58.7 Posterior Band‐Removing Pliers
58.8 Band Pusher
58.9 Band Seater
58.10 Reverse‐Action Bonding Tweezers
58.11 Torquing Turret
58.12 Bracket‐Removing Pliers
58.13 Nylon Bracket‐Removing Pliers
58.14 Angled Bracket‐Removing Pliers
58.15 Dividers
58.16 Boon Gauge
58.17 Micro Etcher
58.18 Flat Plastic
58.19 Tweed Loop‐Forming Pliers
58.20 Mosquitoes
58.21 Mathieu Needle Holders
58.22 Mauns Heavy‐Duty Wire Cutters
58.23 Mitchell's Trimmer
58.24 Separating Pliers
58.25 Cheek Retractors
58.26 Stainless‐Steel Ruler
58.27 Triple‐Beak Pliers
58.28 Tweeds Straight (Torquing) Pliers
58.29 Tucker
58.30 Photographic Cheek Retractors
58.31 Photo Mirrors
58.32 Slow Handpiece
58.33 Debond Burs
58.34 Moore's Mandrel
58.35 Acrylic Bur
59 Medical Emergencies
59.1 Common Medical Emergencies in the Dental Practice
59.2 Choking Patients. 59.2.1 Adults
59.2.2 Children
59.2.3 Babies
59.3 Cardiac Arrest Patients. 59.3.1 Adults
59.3.2 Children
59.3.3 Babies up to 1 Year Old
59.3.4 Pregnant Women
60 Eruption Dates
60.1 Deciduous Teeth
61 Extraction Patterns
61.1 Class I Cases
61.2 Class II Cases
61.3 Class III Cases
61.4 Balancing and Compensating Extractions
62 Tooth Fusion and Gemination
62.1 Treatment
63 Extra Notes
64 Definitions. Molar Relationship
Incisor Relationship
Canine Relationship
Other Definitions
Index. a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
z
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