The History of Hinduism and Buddhism

The History of Hinduism and Buddhism
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"The History of Hinduism and Buddhism" in 3 volumes is a work by Charles Eliot whose aim is to give a sketch of Indian thought or Indian religion, for the two terms are nearly equivalent in the book, and of its history and influence in Asia. As the author pointed out, it is impossible to separate Hinduism from Buddhism, for without it Hinduism could not have assumed its medieval shape and some forms of Buddhism, such as Lamaism, countenance Brahmanic deities and ceremonies, while in Java and Cambodia the two religions were avowedly combined and declared to be the same. Neither is it convenient to separate the fortunes of Buddhism and Hinduism outside India from their history within it, for although the importance of Buddhism depends largely on its foreign conquests, the forms which it assumed in its new territories can be understood only by reference to the religious condition of India at the periods when successive missions were despatched. This carefully edited collection has been designed and formatted to the highest digital standards and adjusted for readability on all devices.

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Charles Eliot. The History of Hinduism and Buddhism

The History of Hinduism and Buddhism

Table of Contents

Volume 1

Table of Contents

PREFACE

BOOK I. INTRODUCTION

1. Influence of Indian Thought in Eastern Asia

2. Origin and Growth of Hinduism

3. The Buddha

4. Asoka

5. Extension of Buddhism and Hinduism beyond India

6. New Forms of Buddhism

7. Revival of Hinduism

8. Later Forms of Hinduism

9. European Influence and Modern Hinduism

10. Change and Permanence in Buddhism

11. Rebirth and the Nature of the Soul

12

13

14. Eastern Pessimism and Renunciation

15. Eastern Polytheism

16. The Extravagance of Hinduism

17. The Hindu and Buddhist Scriptures

18. Morality and Will

19. The Origin of Evil

20. Church and State

21. Public Worship and Ceremonial

22. The Worship of the Reproductive Forces

23. Hinduism in Practice

24. Buddhism in Practice

25. Interest of Indian Thought for Europe

BOOK II. EARLY INDIAN RELIGION. A GENERAL VIEW

CHAPTER I. RELIGIONS OP INDIA AND EASTERN ASIA

CHAPTER II. HISTORICAL

CHAPTER III. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIAN RELIGION

1

2

3

4

CHAPTER IV. VEDIC DEITIES AND SACRIFICES

1

2

3

4

CHAPTER V. ASCETICISM AND KNOWLEDGE

1

2

3

4

CHAPTER VI. RELIGIOUS LIFE IN PRE-BUDDHIST INDIA

2

3

CHAPTER VII. THE JAINS

1[251]

2

3

4

5

6

BOOK III. PALI BUDDHISM

CHAPTER VIII. LIFE OF THE BUDDHA

1

2

3

4

5

CHAPTER IX. THE BUDDHA COMPARED WITH OTHER RELIGIOUS TEACHERS

CHAPTER X. THE TEACHING OF THE BUDDHA

1

2

3

4

5

6

CHAPTER XI. MONKS AND LAYMEN

1

2

CHAPTER XII. ASOKA

1

2

3

CHAPTER XIII. THE CANON

1

2

3

4

5

CHAPTER XIV. MEDITATION

1

2

CHAPTER XV. MYTHOLOGY IN HINDUISM AND BUDDHISM

1

2

3

4

Footnote

Volume 2

Table of Contents

BOOK IV. THE MAHAYANA

CHAPTER XVI. MAIN FEATURES OF THE MAHAYANA

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XVII. BODHISATTVAS

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XVIII. THE BUDDHAS OF MAHAYANISM

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XIX. MAHAYANIST METAPHYSICS

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XX. MAHAYANIST SCRIPTURES

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XXI. CHRONOLOGY OF THE MAHAYANA

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XXII. FROM KANISHKA TO VASUBANDHU

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XXIII. INDIAN BUDDHISM AS SEEN BY THE CHINESE PILGRIMS

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XXIV. DECADENCE OF BUDDHISM IN INDIA

FOOTNOTES:

BOOK V. HINDUISM

CHAPTER XXV. ŚIVA AND VISHṆU

1

2

3

4

5

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XXVI. FEATURES OF HINDUISM: RITUAL, CASTE, SECT, FAITH

1

2

3

4

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XXVII. THE EVOLUTION OF HINDUISM. BHÂGAVATAS AND PÂŚUPATAS

1

2

3

4

5

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XXVIII. ŚANKARA. SIVAISM IN SOUTHERN INDIA. KASHMIR. LINGÂYATS

1

2

3

4

5

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XXIX. VISHNUISM IN SOUTH INDIA

1

2

3

4

5

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XXX. LATER VISHNUISM IN NORTH INDIA

1

2

3

4

5

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XXXI. AMALGAMATION OF HINDUISM AND ISLAM. KABIR AND THE SIKHS

1

2

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XXXII. ŚÂKTISM[680]

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XXXIII. HINDU PHILOSOPHY

2

3

4

5

FOOTNOTES:

Volume 3

Table of Contents

BOOK VI. BUDDHISM OUTSIDE INDIA

CHAPTER XXXIV. EXPANSION OF INDIAN INFLUENCE

INTRODUCTORY

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XXXV. CEYLON

1

2

3

4

5

6

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XXXVI. BURMA

1

2

3

4

5

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XXXVII. SIAM[188]

1

2

3

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XXXVIII. CAMBOJA[242]

1

2

3

4

5

6

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XXXIX. CHAMPA[329]

1

2

3

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XL. JAVA AND THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XLI. CENTRAL ASIA

1

2

3

4

5

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XLII. CHINA

Prefatory note

INTRODUCTORY

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XLIII. CHINA (continued)

History

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XLIV. CHINA (continued)

The Canon

1

2

3

4

5

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XLV. CHINA (continued)

Schools[790] Of Chinese Buddhism

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XLVI. CHINA (continued)

Chinese Buddhism at the Present Day

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XLVII. KOREA[895]

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XLVIII. ANNAM

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XLIX. TIBET

Introductory

CHAPTER L. TIBET (continued)

History

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER LI. TIBET (continued)

The Canon

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER LII. TIBET (continued)

Doctrines of Lamaism

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER LIII. TIBET (continued)

Sects

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER LIV. JAPAN

FOOTNOTES:

BOOK VII. MUTUAL INFLUENCE OF EASTERN AND WESTERN RELIGIONS

CHAPTER LV. INFLUENCE OF CHRISTIANITY IN INDIA

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER LVI. INDIAN INFLUENCE IN THE WESTERN WORLD

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER LVII. PERSIAN INFLUENCE IN INDIA

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER LVIII. MOHAMMEDANISM IN INDIA

FOOTNOTES:

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Charles Eliot

All 3 Volumes

.....

The Buddha was frequently occupied with maintaining peace and order among his disciples. Though the profession of a monk excluded worldly advancement, it was held in great esteem and was hence adopted by ambitious and quarrelsome men who had no true vocation. The troubles which arose in the Sangha are often ascribed in the Vinaya to the Chabbaggiyas, six brethren who became celebrated in tradition as spirits of mischief and who are evidently made the peg on which these old monkish anecdotes are hung. As a rule the intervention of the Buddha was sufficient to restore peace, but one passage[360] indicates resistance to his authority. The brethren quarrelled so often that the people said it was a public scandal. The Buddha endeavoured to calm the disputants, but one of them replied, "Lord, let the Blessed One quietly enjoy the bliss which he has obtained in this life. The responsibility for these quarrels will rest with us alone." This seems a clear hint that the Blessed One had better mind his own business. Renewed injunctions and parables met with no better result. "And the Blessed One thought" says the narrative "'truly these fools are infatuated,' and he rose from his seat and went away."

Other troubles are mentioned but by far the most serious was the schism of Devadatta, represented as occurring in the old age of Gotama when he was about seventy-two. The story as told in the Cullavagga[361] is embellished with supernatural incidents and seems not to observe the natural sequence of events but perhaps three features are historical: namely that Devadatta wished to supersede the Buddha as head of the order, that he was the friend of Ajâtasattu, Crown Prince and afterwards King of Magadha[362], and that he advocated a stricter rule of life than the Buddha chose to enforce. This combination of piety and ambition is perhaps not unnatural. He was a cousin of the Buddha and entered the order at the same time as Ânanda and other young Sâkya nobles. Sprung from that quarrelsome breed he possessed in a distorted form some of Gotama's own ability. He is represented as publicly urging the Master to retire and dwell at ease but met with an absolute refusal. Sâriputta was directed to "proclaim" him in Râjagaha, the proclamation being to the effect that his nature had changed and that all his words and deeds were disowned by the order. Then Devadatta incited the Crown Prince to murder his father, Bimbisâra. The plot was prevented by the ministers but the king told Ajâtasattu that if he wanted the kingdom he could have it and abdicated. But his unnatural son put him to death all the same[363] by starving him slowly in confinement. With the assistance of Ajâtasattu, Devadatta then tried to compass the death of the Buddha. First he hired assassins, but they were converted as soon as they approached the sacred presence. Then he rolled down a rock from the Vulture's peak with the intention of crushing the Buddha, but the mountain itself interfered to stop the sacrilege and only a splinter scratched the Lord's foot. Then he arranged for a mad elephant to be let loose in the road at the time of collecting alms, but the Buddha calmed the furious beast. It is perhaps by some error of arrangement that after committing such unpardonable crimes Devadatta is represented as still a member of the order and endeavouring to provoke a schism by asking for stricter rules. The attempt failed and according to later legends he died on the spot, but the Vinaya merely says that hot blood gushed from his mouth.

.....

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