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Chicago Commission on Race Relations. The Negro in Chicago: A Study of Race Relations and a Race Riot
The Negro in Chicago: A Study of Race Relations and a Race Riot
Table of Contents
LIST OF MAPS
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
THE PROBLEM
CHAPTER I. THE CHICAGO RIOT. July 27-August 2, 1919
CHAPTER II. OTHER OUTBREAKS IN ILLINOIS
I. Minor Clashes in and near Chicago
1. CLASHES IN CHICAGO PRECEDING THE RIOT OF 1919
2. RACIAL OUTBREAK IN WAUKEGAN. May 31 and June 2, 1920
3. THE "ABYSSINIAN" AFFAIR
4. THE BARRETT MURDER
II. The Springfield Riot. August 14–15, 1908
III. East St. Louis Riots. May 28 and July 2, 1917
CHAPTER III. THE MIGRATION OF NEGROES FROM THE SOUTH
I. INTRODUCTION
II. CAUSES OF THE MIGRATION
I. ECONOMIC CAUSES OF THE MIGRATION
A. THE SOUTH
B. THE NORTH
II. SENTIMENTAL CAUSES OF THE MIGRATION
III. BEGINNING AND SPREAD OF MIGRATION
IV. THE ARRIVAL IN CHICAGO
V. ADJUSTMENTS TO CHICAGO LIFE
VI. MIGRANTS IN CHICAGO
VII. EFFORTS TO CHECK MIGRATION
CHAPTER IV. THE NEGRO POPULATION OF CHICAGO
A. DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY
B. NEIGHBORHOODS OF NEGRO RESIDENCE
I. ADJUSTED NEIGHBORHOODS. 1. THE SOUTH SIDE
2. THE WEST SIDE
3. THE NORTH SIDE
II. NON-ADJUSTED NEIGHBORHOODS
1. NEIGHBORHOODS OF UNORGANIZED OPPOSITION
2. NEIGHBORHOODS OF ORGANIZED OPPOSITION
III. BOMBINGS
1. TYPICAL BOMBINGS
2. REACTION OF WHITES IN HYDE PARK
3. REACTION OF NEGROES
4. OTHER MEANS EMPLOYED TO KEEP OUT NEGROES
IV. TREND OF THE NEGRO POPULATION
V. OUTLYING NEIGHBORHOODS
1. MORGAN PARK
2. ROBBINS
C. THE NEGRO COMMUNITY
I. THE BEGINNING OF THE NEGRO COMMUNITY
II. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE NEGRO COMMUNITY
1. COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES
2. ORGANIZATIONS FOR SOCIAL INTERCOURSE
3. RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS
4. SOCIAL AND CIVIC AGENCIES
A. AGENCIES ESPECIALLY FOR NEGROES
B. AGENCIES CONVENIENT FOR NEGROES
C. MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS
D. SUPPORT OF INSTITUTIONS BY NEGROES
CHAPTER V. THE NEGRO HOUSING PROBLEM
A. A STUDY OF NEGRO FAMILIES
I. GENERAL LIVING CONDITIONS
II. WHY NEGROES MOVE
III. THE FAMILY GROUPING
IV. HOW NEGRO FAMILIES LIVE
V. A GROUP OF FAMILY HISTORIES
AN IRON WORKER
A FACTORY HAND
A RAILWAY MAIL CLERK
A MULATTO
A TRANSPLANTED HOUSEHOLD
A BARBER FROM MISSISSIPPI
A STOCK YARDS LABORER
AN OLD SETTLER
A BASEBALL "MAGNATE"
AN OLD RESIDENT
A PHYSICIAN
A NATIVE OF CHICAGO
A MISSOURI FAMILY
AN EMBALMER
A YOUNG PHYSICIAN
A YOUNG LAWYER
A MIGRANT PROFESSIONAL MAN
B. PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF NEGRO HOUSING
I. "TYPE A" HOUSES
II. "TYPE B" HOUSES
III. "TYPE C" HOUSES
IV. "TYPE D" HOUSES
V. NEIGHBORHOOD IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATIONS
VI. EFFORTS OF SOCIAL AGENCIES
VII. EFFORTS OF INDIVIDUAL HOUSEHOLDERS
C. NEGROES AND PROPERTY DEPRECIATION
I. GENERAL FACTORS IN DEPRECIATION OF RESIDENCE PROPERTY
II. DEPRECIATION ON THE SOUTH SIDE
III. DEPRECIATION AFTER THE COMING OF NEGROES
IV. DEPRECIATION IN HYDE PARK
D. FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF NEGRO HOUSING
I. NEGRO PROPERTY CONSIDERED A POOR RISK
II. NEGROES AS HOME OWNERS
III. REAL ESTATE LOANS TO NEGROES
IV. FINANCIAL RESOURCES OF NEGROES
CHAPTER VI. RACIAL CONTACTS
INTRODUCTION
A. LEGAL STATUS OF NEGROES IN ILLINOIS
I. CIVIL RIGHTS IN PUBLIC PLACES
II. DISCRIMINATION IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS
B. CONTACTS IN CHICAGO PUBLIC SCHOOLS
I. PHYSICAL EQUIPMENT OF SCHOOLS
II. SCHOOL CONTACT PROBLEMS
1. ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS
2. HIGH SCHOOLS
3. TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOLS
III. RETARDATION. 1. RETARDATION IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS
2. OPINIONS ON SCHOLARSHIP OF NEGRO CHILDREN
C. CONTACTS IN RECREATION
I. CLASSIFICATION OF FACILITIES
II. DISTRIBUTION OF FACILITIES IN RELATION TO NEGRO AREAS
III. USE OF FACILITIES
IV. CONTACTS
V. TRAINING FOR RECREATION DIRECTORS
VI. SUMMARY
D. CONTACTS IN TRANSPORTATION
I. INTRODUCTION
II. DISTRIBUTION OF NEGRO TRAFFIC
III. CONDUCT RESULTING FROM CONTACTS
E. CONTACTS IN OTHER RELATIONS
I. CONTACTS IN PUBLIC PLACES
II. "BLACK AND TAN" RESORTS
III. CULTURAL CONTACTS
IV. CONTACTS IN CO-OPERATIVE EFFORTS FOR RACE BETTERMENT
CHAPTER VII. CRIME AND VICIOUS ENVIRONMENT
I. GENERAL CRIME SITUATION
II. PREVALENT IMPRESSIONS REGARDING NEGRO CRIME
III. CRIMINAL STATISTICS
IV. THE NEGRO IN THE COURTS
1. JUVENILE COURT
2. BUREAU OF IDENTIFICATION
3. PROBATION AND PAROLE
4. INSTITUTIONAL INQUIRY
5. OTHER CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS
V. NEGRO CRIME AND ENVIRONMENT
VI. VIEWS OF AUTHORITIES ON CRIME AMONG NEGROES
1. FEWER PROFESSIONAL AND BANDED CRIMINALS AMONG NEGROES
2. SEX CRIME AMONG NEGROES AS COMPARED WITH WHITES
3. OFFENSES AGAINST MORALS
4. LYING AND STEALING
5. TYPES OF NEGRO CRIMES
6. MENTAL
7. CHANGE IN CHARACTER OF CRIME OR INCREASE IN CRIME DUE TO MIGRATION
8. LIABILITY OF THE NEGRO TO ARREST
9. DISCRIMINATION IN THE COURTS
10. EASE WITH WHICH NEGROES ARE CONVICTED
11. LEGAL REPRESENTATION FOR NEGRO DEFENDANTS
12. IDENTIFICATION
13. PROBATION ON PAROLE
14. ENVIRONMENT: VICE IN NEGRO RESIDENCE AREAS
15. ECONOMIC AND INDUSTRIAL ASPECTS OF NEGRO CRIME
CHAPTER VIII. THE NEGRO IN INDUSTRY
A. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES AND CONDITIONS
I. INTRODUCTION. 1. NEGRO WORKING POPULATION IN 1920
2. OPPORTUNITIES CREATED BY THE WAR
3. INDUSTRIAL BACKGROUND OF NEGRO WORKERS
II. THE NEGRO IN CHICAGO INDUSTRIES IN 1910 AND 1920
1. METHOD AND SCOPE OF INVESTIGATION
2. NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF NEGRO EMPLOYEES
3. INCREASE IN NEGRO LABOR SINCE 1915
4. CHICAGO EMPLOYERS AND SOUTHERN NEGRO LABOR
5. CLASSIFICATION OF NEGRO WORKERS
6. WAGES OF NEGRO WORKERS
7. WOMEN EMPLOYEES IN INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS
8. HOTEL AND RESTAURANT EMPLOYEES
9. RAILROAD WORKERS
10. DOMESTIC WORKERS
III. EMPLOYERS' EXPERIENCE WITH NEGRO LABOR
1. SOUTHERN AND NORTHERN NEGROES COMPARED
2. NEGRO LABOR SATISFACTORY
3. NEGRO AND WHITE LABOR COMPARED
4. NEGRO WOMEN IN INDUSTRY
IV. INDUSTRY AS THE NEGRO SEES IT. 1. ATTITUDE TOWARD INDUSTRIAL OPPORTUNITIES
2. COMPLAINTS ABOUT CONDITIONS OF WORK
V. INDUSTRIES EXCLUDING THE NEGRO
VI. RELATIONS OF WHITE AND COLORED WORKERS
1. RACE FRICTION AMONG WORKERS
2. WORKERS REFLECT ATTITUDE OF MANAGEMENT
3. USE OF NEGRO LABOR TO UNDERMINE WAGES
4. RELATIONS OF WHITE AND NEGRO WORKERS DURING THE RIOT
VII. FUTURE OF THE NEGRO IN CHICAGO INDUSTRIES
B. ORGANIZED LABOR AND THE NEGRO WORKER
I. INTRODUCTION
II. POLICY OF THE AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR AND OTHER FEDERATIONS
III. POLICY OF NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL UNIONS
1. UNIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR
2. UNIONS NOT AFFILIATED WITH THE AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR
IV. ATTITUDE AND POLICY OF LOCAL UNIONS IN CHICAGO. 1. WHITE AND NEGRO MEMBERSHIP IN CHICAGO LOCAL UNIONS
2. METHODS OF DEALING WITH NEGRO APPLICANTS
A. UNIONS ADMITTING NEGROES TO WHITE LOCALS
B. UNIONS ADMITTING NEGROES TO SEPARATE CO-ORDINATE LOCALS
C. UNIONS ADMITTING NEGROES TO SUBORDINATE OR AUXILIARY LOCALS
D. UNIONS EXCLUDING NEGROES FROM MEMBERSHIP
V. ATTITUDE OF NEGROES TOWARD UNION ORGANIZATION
1. RACIAL LEADERS OUTSIDE OF THE LABOR MOVEMENT
2. NEGROES WITH A SPECIAL INTEREST IN OPPOSING UNIONS
3. NEGRO WORKERS OUTSIDE OF UNIONS
4. NEGRO WORKERS WITHIN THE UNIONS
VI. THE NEGRO AND STRIKES
VII. ATTITUDE AND OPINIONS OF LABOR LEADERS
1. GENERAL PUBLIC HAS RACE PREJUDICE
2. UNIONS FAIRER TO NEGRO THAN ARE OTHER GROUPS
3. UNIONS BLAMED FOR CONDITIONS THEY CANNOT CONTROL
4. EXCLUSION POLICY CONDEMNED
5. UNIONS INSTRUMENTAL IN REMOVING RACE PREJUDICE
CHAPTER IX. PUBLIC OPINION IN RACE RELATIONS
A. OPINIONS OF WHITES AND NEGROES
I. BELIEFS CONCERNING NEGROES
1. PRIMARY BELIEFS
2. SECONDARY BELIEFS
II. BACKGROUND OF PREVAILING BELIEFS CONCERNING NEGROES
III. TYPES OF SENTIMENTS AND ATTITUDES
1. THE EMOTIONAL BACKGROUND
2. SENTIMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS
3. ABSTRACT JUSTICE
4. SENTIMENTS STRONGER THAN RACE PREJUDICE
5. TRADITIONAL SOUTHERN BACKGROUND
6. GROUP SENTIMENTS
7. ATTITUDES DETERMINED BY CONTACTS
IV. SELF-ANALYSIS BY FIFTEEN WHITE CITIZENS
V. PUBLIC OPINION AS EXPRESSED BY NEGROES
1. RACE PROBLEMS
2. THE EMOTIONAL BACKGROUND
3. DEFENSIVE POLICIES
4. RACE CONSCIOUSNESS
VI. OPINIONS OF FIFTEEN NEGROES ON DEFINITE RACIAL PROBLEMS
OPINIONS ON SOLUTION
SOCIAL ADJUSTMENTS
NEGRO PROBLEMS
DEFENSIVE PHILOSOPHY
OPINION-MAKING
CHAPTER X. PUBLIC OPINION IN RACE RELATIONS—Continued B. INSTRUMENTS OF OPINION MAKING
I. THE PRESS
1. GENERAL SURVEY OF CHICAGO NEWSPAPERS
2. INTENSIVE STUDY OF CHICAGO NEWSPAPERS
3. NEWSPAPER POLICY REGARDING NEGRO NEWS
A. EDITORIAL POLICY
B. HANDLING OF NEGRO NEWS
4. THE NEGRO PRESS
A. CLASSIFICATION OF ARTICLES
B. NEGRO NEWSPAPER POLICY
C. NEGRO NEWS SOURCES
II. RUMOR
1. AN IMPRESSION STUDY
2. THE BUBBLY CREEK RUMOR
3. RIOT RUMORS
4. RUMORS PREDICTING RIOTS
5. RUMORS CONCERNING NEGRO RADICALS
6. RUMOR WITHIN THE NEGRO GROUP
7. RUMORS OF ATROCITIES
8. RUMORS AND THE MIGRATION
III. MYTHS
1. THE RAPE MYTH
2. THE SEX MYTH
IV. PROPAGANDA
1. EDUCATIONAL PROPAGANDA
2. RADICAL AND REVOLUTIONARY PROPAGANDA
3. MALICIOUS PROPAGANDA
4. DEFENSIVE PROPAGANDA
V. CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER XI. SUMMARY OF THE REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE COMMISSION
THE SUMMARY
I. The Chicago Riot
1. BACKGROUND
2. STORY OF THE RIOT
3. RUMORS AND THE RIOT
4. CONDUCT OF THE POLICE
5. THE MILITIA
6. RESTORATION OF ORDER
7. THE AFTERMATH
8. OUTSTANDING FEATURES OF THE RIOT
II. The Migration of Negroes from the South
III. The Negro Population of Chicago
1. DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY
2. NEIGHBORHOODS OF NEGRO RESIDENCE
3. THE NEGRO COMMUNITY
IV. Racial Contacts
1. CONTACTS IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS
2. RECREATION
3. CONTACTS IN TRANSPORTATION
4. CRIME AND VICIOUS ENVIRONMENT
V. The Negro in Chicago Industries
1. INCREASE IN NEGRO LABOR
2. CLASSIFICATION OF NEGRO WORKERS
3. EMPLOYERS' EXPERIENCE WITH NEGRO LABOR
4. LABOR TURNOVER
5. NEGRO WOMEN IN INDUSTRY
6. INDUSTRIES EXCLUDING THE NEGRO
7. RELATIONS BETWEEN WHITE AND NEGRO WORKERS
8. THE PERIOD OF INDUSTRIAL DEPRESSION
9. ORGANIZED LABOR AND NEGRO WORKERS
VI. Public Opinion in Race Relations
A. OPINIONS OF WHITES AND NEGROES
1. BELIEFS OF WHITES CONCERNING NEGROES
2. BACKGROUND OF PREVAILING BELIEFS CONCERNING NEGROES
3. NEGRO OPINION
B. FACTORS IN THE MAKING OF PUBLIC OPINION. 1. THE WHITE PRESS OF CHICAGO
2. THE NEGRO PRESS
3. RUMOR
4. MYTHS
5. PROPAGANDA
THE RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE COMMISSION
To the Police, Militia, State's Attorney, and Courts: HANDLING OF RIOTS
BOMBINGS
VICIOUS ENVIRONMENT
POLICING OF PARKS AND BEACHES
"ATHLETIC CLUBS"
THE BARRETT MURDER
To the City Council and Administrative Boards, the Park Boards and the Municipal Bureau of Parks, Playgrounds, and Bathing-Beaches: CONTROL OF FIREARMS
SUPERVISION OF "ATHLETIC CLUBS"
SANITATION
RECREATION CENTERS
To the Board of Education: MORE SCHOOLS IN NEGRO AREAS
NIGHT SCHOOLS AND COMMUNITY CENTERS
COMPULSORY EDUCATION
ATTITUDE OF PRINCIPALS AND TEACHERS
STUDENT ACTIVITIES
To Social and Civic Organizations, Labor Unions, and Churches: PROMOTION OF RACE HARMONY
SOCIAL AGENCIES IN NEGRO COMMUNITIES
OPPORTUNITY FOR RECREATION TRAINING
To the Public: INTERRACIAL TOLERANCE
PERMANENT RACE-RELATIONS BODY
To the White Members of the Public: RACE ADJUSTMENT IN MIXED NEIGHBORHOODS
BETTER NEGRO HOUSING WITHOUT SEGREGATION
DEPRECIATION AND PROPERTY RISKS
ADVANCED RENTS FOR NEGROES CONDEMNED
INFORMATION ABOUT NEGROES
To the Negro Members of the Public: RACIAL DOCTRINES
SUPPORT OF SOCIAL AGENCIES
SPECIAL PROBLEMS
ADJUSTMENT OF MIGRANTS
RACE PRIDE
To Employers and Labor Organizations: ATTITUDE TOWARD NEGRO WORKERS
NEGRO AND WHITE WORKERS
INDUSTRIAL AND BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES FOR NEGROES
TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT OF NEGROES AS STRIKE BREAKERS
NEGRO WOMEN WORKERS
RACIAL PEACE IN INDUSTRY
SEPARATE LABOR UNIONS
To Negro Workers: RELATIONS WITH UNIONS
RELATIONS WITH EMPLOYERS
LEARNING TRADES
To the Street-Car Companies: PROTECTION OF PASSENGERS
OVERCROWDING
To Restaurants, Theaters, Stores, and Other Places of Public Accommodation: EQUAL RIGHTS IN PUBLIC PLACES
To the Press: HANDLING OF NEWS INVOLVING NEGROES
HANDLING OF NEWS INVOLVING NEGROES AND WHITES
APPENDIX
A. BIOGRAPHICAL DATA OF MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION
B. THE STAFF OF THE COMMISSION
INVESTIGATION
PREPARATION OF REPORT
C. EPITOME OF FACTS IN RIOT DEATHS
I. Deaths due to mob violence, and in which the coroners' jury recommended members of the unknown mob be apprehended and held to justice, and in which none of the members were so apprehended. The cases listed in this category do not include all those due to mob violence, but only those qualified as stated:
II. Deaths due to circumstances creating no criminal responsibility:
III. Deaths due to the Angelus riot as to which no recommendations were made by the coroner's jury:
IV. Deaths in circumstances which seemed to involve specific persons named by the coroner's jury for further investigation, but as to which no indictments followed:
V. Deaths for which specific persons were subsequently indicted by the grand jury:
INDEX
FOOTNOTES
