The Negro in Chicago - A Study of Race Relations and a Race Riot

The Negro in Chicago - A Study of Race Relations and a Race Riot
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"The Negro in Chicago" is a sociological study published in 1922 by the University of Chicago Press. The study included a substantial review of the background of the Chicago riots of July and August 1919, the riots themselves, and their aftermath, together with original work and investigation into the relations between and perceptions of the black and white communities in Chicago. At this time, the city experienced a substantial increase of Black migration from the South. World War I had brought industrial jobs to cities in the North but many of these jobs were subject to a color bar and only available to whites. The arrival of black people in northern cities led to an increase in rent in underdeveloped neighborhoods and white flight. Expansion of the ghetto caused friction among white residents, which eventually led to riots.

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Chicago Commission on Race Relations. The Negro in Chicago - A Study of Race Relations and a Race Riot

The Negro in Chicago - A Study of Race Relations and a Race Riot

Table of Contents

FOREWORD

INTRODUCTION

THE PROBLEM

CHAPTER I. THE CHICAGO RIOT. July 27-August 2, 1919

CHAPTER II. OTHER OUTBREAKS IN ILLINOIS

I. Minor Clashes in and near Chicago

1. CLASHES IN CHICAGO PRECEDING THE RIOT OF 1919

2. RACIAL OUTBREAK IN WAUKEGAN. May 31 and June 2, 1920

3. THE "ABYSSINIAN" AFFAIR

4. THE BARRETT MURDER

II. The Springfield Riot. August 14–15, 1908

III. East St. Louis Riots. May 28 and July 2, 1917

CHAPTER III. THE MIGRATION OF NEGROES FROM THE SOUTH

I. INTRODUCTION

II. CAUSES OF THE MIGRATION

I. ECONOMIC CAUSES OF THE MIGRATION

A. THE SOUTH

B. THE NORTH

II. SENTIMENTAL CAUSES OF THE MIGRATION

III. BEGINNING AND SPREAD OF MIGRATION

IV. THE ARRIVAL IN CHICAGO

V. ADJUSTMENTS TO CHICAGO LIFE

VI. MIGRANTS IN CHICAGO

VII. EFFORTS TO CHECK MIGRATION

CHAPTER IV. THE NEGRO POPULATION OF CHICAGO

A. DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY

B. NEIGHBORHOODS OF NEGRO RESIDENCE

I. ADJUSTED NEIGHBORHOODS. 1. THE SOUTH SIDE

2. THE WEST SIDE

3. THE NORTH SIDE

II. NON-ADJUSTED NEIGHBORHOODS

1. NEIGHBORHOODS OF UNORGANIZED OPPOSITION

2. NEIGHBORHOODS OF ORGANIZED OPPOSITION

III. BOMBINGS

1. TYPICAL BOMBINGS

2. REACTION OF WHITES IN HYDE PARK

3. REACTION OF NEGROES

4. OTHER MEANS EMPLOYED TO KEEP OUT NEGROES

IV. TREND OF THE NEGRO POPULATION

V. OUTLYING NEIGHBORHOODS

1. MORGAN PARK

2. ROBBINS

C. THE NEGRO COMMUNITY

I. THE BEGINNING OF THE NEGRO COMMUNITY

II. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE NEGRO COMMUNITY

1. COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES

2. ORGANIZATIONS FOR SOCIAL INTERCOURSE

3. RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS

4. SOCIAL AND CIVIC AGENCIES

A. AGENCIES ESPECIALLY FOR NEGROES

B. AGENCIES CONVENIENT FOR NEGROES

C. MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS

D. SUPPORT OF INSTITUTIONS BY NEGROES

CHAPTER V. THE NEGRO HOUSING PROBLEM

A. A STUDY OF NEGRO FAMILIES

I. GENERAL LIVING CONDITIONS

II. WHY NEGROES MOVE

III. THE FAMILY GROUPING

IV. HOW NEGRO FAMILIES LIVE

V. A GROUP OF FAMILY HISTORIES

AN IRON WORKER

A FACTORY HAND

A RAILWAY MAIL CLERK

A MULATTO

A TRANSPLANTED HOUSEHOLD

A BARBER FROM MISSISSIPPI

A STOCK YARDS LABORER

AN OLD SETTLER

A BASEBALL "MAGNATE"

AN OLD RESIDENT

A PHYSICIAN

A NATIVE OF CHICAGO

A MISSOURI FAMILY

AN EMBALMER

A YOUNG PHYSICIAN

A YOUNG LAWYER

A MIGRANT PROFESSIONAL MAN

B. PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF NEGRO HOUSING

I. "TYPE A" HOUSES

II. "TYPE B" HOUSES

III. "TYPE C" HOUSES

IV. "TYPE D" HOUSES

V. NEIGHBORHOOD IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATIONS

VI. EFFORTS OF SOCIAL AGENCIES

VII. EFFORTS OF INDIVIDUAL HOUSEHOLDERS

C. NEGROES AND PROPERTY DEPRECIATION

I. GENERAL FACTORS IN DEPRECIATION OF RESIDENCE PROPERTY

II. DEPRECIATION ON THE SOUTH SIDE

III. DEPRECIATION AFTER THE COMING OF NEGROES

IV. DEPRECIATION IN HYDE PARK

D. FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF NEGRO HOUSING

I. NEGRO PROPERTY CONSIDERED A POOR RISK

II. NEGROES AS HOME OWNERS

III. REAL ESTATE LOANS TO NEGROES

IV. FINANCIAL RESOURCES OF NEGROES

CHAPTER VI. RACIAL CONTACTS

INTRODUCTION

A. LEGAL STATUS OF NEGROES IN ILLINOIS

I. CIVIL RIGHTS IN PUBLIC PLACES

II. DISCRIMINATION IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS

B. CONTACTS IN CHICAGO PUBLIC SCHOOLS

I. PHYSICAL EQUIPMENT OF SCHOOLS

II. SCHOOL CONTACT PROBLEMS

1. ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS

2. HIGH SCHOOLS

3. TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOLS

III. RETARDATION. 1. RETARDATION IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS

2. OPINIONS ON SCHOLARSHIP OF NEGRO CHILDREN

C. CONTACTS IN RECREATION

I. CLASSIFICATION OF FACILITIES

II. DISTRIBUTION OF FACILITIES IN RELATION TO NEGRO AREAS

III. USE OF FACILITIES

IV. CONTACTS

V. TRAINING FOR RECREATION DIRECTORS

VI. SUMMARY

D. CONTACTS IN TRANSPORTATION

I. INTRODUCTION

II. DISTRIBUTION OF NEGRO TRAFFIC

III. CONDUCT RESULTING FROM CONTACTS

E. CONTACTS IN OTHER RELATIONS

I. CONTACTS IN PUBLIC PLACES

II. "BLACK AND TAN" RESORTS

III. CULTURAL CONTACTS

IV. CONTACTS IN CO-OPERATIVE EFFORTS FOR RACE BETTERMENT

CHAPTER VII. CRIME AND VICIOUS ENVIRONMENT

I. GENERAL CRIME SITUATION

II. PREVALENT IMPRESSIONS REGARDING NEGRO CRIME

III. CRIMINAL STATISTICS

IV. THE NEGRO IN THE COURTS

1. JUVENILE COURT

2. BUREAU OF IDENTIFICATION

3. PROBATION AND PAROLE

4. INSTITUTIONAL INQUIRY

5. OTHER CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS

V. NEGRO CRIME AND ENVIRONMENT

VI. VIEWS OF AUTHORITIES ON CRIME AMONG NEGROES

1. FEWER PROFESSIONAL AND BANDED CRIMINALS AMONG NEGROES

2. SEX CRIME AMONG NEGROES AS COMPARED WITH WHITES

3. OFFENSES AGAINST MORALS

4. LYING AND STEALING

5. TYPES OF NEGRO CRIMES

6. MENTAL

7. CHANGE IN CHARACTER OF CRIME OR INCREASE IN CRIME DUE TO MIGRATION

8. LIABILITY OF THE NEGRO TO ARREST

9. DISCRIMINATION IN THE COURTS

10. EASE WITH WHICH NEGROES ARE CONVICTED

11. LEGAL REPRESENTATION FOR NEGRO DEFENDANTS

12. IDENTIFICATION

13. PROBATION ON PAROLE

14. ENVIRONMENT: VICE IN NEGRO RESIDENCE AREAS

15. ECONOMIC AND INDUSTRIAL ASPECTS OF NEGRO CRIME

CHAPTER VIII. THE NEGRO IN INDUSTRY

A. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES AND CONDITIONS

I. INTRODUCTION. 1. NEGRO WORKING POPULATION IN 1920

2. OPPORTUNITIES CREATED BY THE WAR

3. INDUSTRIAL BACKGROUND OF NEGRO WORKERS

II. THE NEGRO IN CHICAGO INDUSTRIES IN 1910 AND 1920

1. METHOD AND SCOPE OF INVESTIGATION

2. NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF NEGRO EMPLOYEES

3. INCREASE IN NEGRO LABOR SINCE 1915

4. CHICAGO EMPLOYERS AND SOUTHERN NEGRO LABOR

5. CLASSIFICATION OF NEGRO WORKERS

6. WAGES OF NEGRO WORKERS

7. WOMEN EMPLOYEES IN INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS

8. HOTEL AND RESTAURANT EMPLOYEES

9. RAILROAD WORKERS

10. DOMESTIC WORKERS

III. EMPLOYERS' EXPERIENCE WITH NEGRO LABOR

1. SOUTHERN AND NORTHERN NEGROES COMPARED

2. NEGRO LABOR SATISFACTORY

3. NEGRO AND WHITE LABOR COMPARED

4. NEGRO WOMEN IN INDUSTRY

IV. INDUSTRY AS THE NEGRO SEES IT. 1. ATTITUDE TOWARD INDUSTRIAL OPPORTUNITIES

2. COMPLAINTS ABOUT CONDITIONS OF WORK

V. INDUSTRIES EXCLUDING THE NEGRO

VI. RELATIONS OF WHITE AND COLORED WORKERS

1. RACE FRICTION AMONG WORKERS

2. WORKERS REFLECT ATTITUDE OF MANAGEMENT

3. USE OF NEGRO LABOR TO UNDERMINE WAGES

4. RELATIONS OF WHITE AND NEGRO WORKERS DURING THE RIOT

VII. FUTURE OF THE NEGRO IN CHICAGO INDUSTRIES

B. ORGANIZED LABOR AND THE NEGRO WORKER

I. INTRODUCTION

II. POLICY OF THE AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR AND OTHER FEDERATIONS

III. POLICY OF NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL UNIONS

1. UNIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR

2. UNIONS NOT AFFILIATED WITH THE AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR

IV. ATTITUDE AND POLICY OF LOCAL UNIONS IN CHICAGO. 1. WHITE AND NEGRO MEMBERSHIP IN CHICAGO LOCAL UNIONS

2. METHODS OF DEALING WITH NEGRO APPLICANTS

A. UNIONS ADMITTING NEGROES TO WHITE LOCALS

B. UNIONS ADMITTING NEGROES TO SEPARATE CO-ORDINATE LOCALS

C. UNIONS ADMITTING NEGROES TO SUBORDINATE OR AUXILIARY LOCALS

D. UNIONS EXCLUDING NEGROES FROM MEMBERSHIP

V. ATTITUDE OF NEGROES TOWARD UNION ORGANIZATION

1. RACIAL LEADERS OUTSIDE OF THE LABOR MOVEMENT

2. NEGROES WITH A SPECIAL INTEREST IN OPPOSING UNIONS

3. NEGRO WORKERS OUTSIDE OF UNIONS

4. NEGRO WORKERS WITHIN THE UNIONS

VI. THE NEGRO AND STRIKES

VII. ATTITUDE AND OPINIONS OF LABOR LEADERS

1. GENERAL PUBLIC HAS RACE PREJUDICE

2. UNIONS FAIRER TO NEGRO THAN ARE OTHER GROUPS

3. UNIONS BLAMED FOR CONDITIONS THEY CANNOT CONTROL

4. EXCLUSION POLICY CONDEMNED

5. UNIONS INSTRUMENTAL IN REMOVING RACE PREJUDICE

CHAPTER IX. PUBLIC OPINION IN RACE RELATIONS

A. OPINIONS OF WHITES AND NEGROES

I. BELIEFS CONCERNING NEGROES

1. PRIMARY BELIEFS

2. SECONDARY BELIEFS

II. BACKGROUND OF PREVAILING BELIEFS CONCERNING NEGROES

III. TYPES OF SENTIMENTS AND ATTITUDES

1. THE EMOTIONAL BACKGROUND

2. SENTIMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS

3. ABSTRACT JUSTICE

4. SENTIMENTS STRONGER THAN RACE PREJUDICE

5. TRADITIONAL SOUTHERN BACKGROUND

6. GROUP SENTIMENTS

7. ATTITUDES DETERMINED BY CONTACTS

IV. SELF-ANALYSIS BY FIFTEEN WHITE CITIZENS

V. PUBLIC OPINION AS EXPRESSED BY NEGROES

1. RACE PROBLEMS

2. THE EMOTIONAL BACKGROUND

3. DEFENSIVE POLICIES

4. RACE CONSCIOUSNESS

VI. OPINIONS OF FIFTEEN NEGROES ON DEFINITE RACIAL PROBLEMS

OPINIONS ON SOLUTION

SOCIAL ADJUSTMENTS

NEGRO PROBLEMS

DEFENSIVE PHILOSOPHY

OPINION-MAKING

CHAPTER X. PUBLIC OPINION IN RACE RELATIONS—Continued B. INSTRUMENTS OF OPINION MAKING

I. THE PRESS

1. GENERAL SURVEY OF CHICAGO NEWSPAPERS

2. INTENSIVE STUDY OF CHICAGO NEWSPAPERS

3. NEWSPAPER POLICY REGARDING NEGRO NEWS

A. EDITORIAL POLICY

B. HANDLING OF NEGRO NEWS

4. THE NEGRO PRESS

A. CLASSIFICATION OF ARTICLES

B. NEGRO NEWSPAPER POLICY

C. NEGRO NEWS SOURCES

II. RUMOR

1. AN IMPRESSION STUDY

2. THE BUBBLY CREEK RUMOR

3. RIOT RUMORS

4. RUMORS PREDICTING RIOTS

5. RUMORS CONCERNING NEGRO RADICALS

6. RUMOR WITHIN THE NEGRO GROUP

7. RUMORS OF ATROCITIES

8. RUMORS AND THE MIGRATION

III. MYTHS

1. THE RAPE MYTH

2. THE SEX MYTH

IV. PROPAGANDA

1. EDUCATIONAL PROPAGANDA

2. RADICAL AND REVOLUTIONARY PROPAGANDA

3. MALICIOUS PROPAGANDA

4. DEFENSIVE PROPAGANDA

V. CONCLUSIONS

CHAPTER XI. SUMMARY OF THE REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE COMMISSION

THE SUMMARY

I. The Chicago Riot

1. BACKGROUND

2. STORY OF THE RIOT

3. RUMORS AND THE RIOT

4. CONDUCT OF THE POLICE

5. THE MILITIA

6. RESTORATION OF ORDER

7. THE AFTERMATH

8. OUTSTANDING FEATURES OF THE RIOT

II. The Migration of Negroes from the South

III. The Negro Population of Chicago

1. DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY

2. NEIGHBORHOODS OF NEGRO RESIDENCE

3. THE NEGRO COMMUNITY

IV. Racial Contacts

1. CONTACTS IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS

2. RECREATION

3. CONTACTS IN TRANSPORTATION

4. CRIME AND VICIOUS ENVIRONMENT

V. The Negro in Chicago Industries

1. INCREASE IN NEGRO LABOR

2. CLASSIFICATION OF NEGRO WORKERS

3. EMPLOYERS' EXPERIENCE WITH NEGRO LABOR

4. LABOR TURNOVER

5. NEGRO WOMEN IN INDUSTRY

6. INDUSTRIES EXCLUDING THE NEGRO

7. RELATIONS BETWEEN WHITE AND NEGRO WORKERS

8. THE PERIOD OF INDUSTRIAL DEPRESSION

9. ORGANIZED LABOR AND NEGRO WORKERS

VI. Public Opinion in Race Relations

A. OPINIONS OF WHITES AND NEGROES

1. BELIEFS OF WHITES CONCERNING NEGROES

2. BACKGROUND OF PREVAILING BELIEFS CONCERNING NEGROES

3. NEGRO OPINION

B. FACTORS IN THE MAKING OF PUBLIC OPINION. 1. THE WHITE PRESS OF CHICAGO

2. THE NEGRO PRESS

3. RUMOR

4. MYTHS

5. PROPAGANDA

THE RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE COMMISSION

To the Police, Militia, State's Attorney, and Courts: HANDLING OF RIOTS

BOMBINGS

VICIOUS ENVIRONMENT

POLICING OF PARKS AND BEACHES

"ATHLETIC CLUBS"

THE BARRETT MURDER

To the City Council and Administrative Boards, the Park Boards and the Municipal Bureau of Parks, Playgrounds, and Bathing-Beaches: CONTROL OF FIREARMS

SUPERVISION OF "ATHLETIC CLUBS"

SANITATION

RECREATION CENTERS

To the Board of Education: MORE SCHOOLS IN NEGRO AREAS

NIGHT SCHOOLS AND COMMUNITY CENTERS

COMPULSORY EDUCATION

ATTITUDE OF PRINCIPALS AND TEACHERS

STUDENT ACTIVITIES

To Social and Civic Organizations, Labor Unions, and Churches: PROMOTION OF RACE HARMONY

SOCIAL AGENCIES IN NEGRO COMMUNITIES

OPPORTUNITY FOR RECREATION TRAINING

To the Public: INTERRACIAL TOLERANCE

PERMANENT RACE-RELATIONS BODY

To the White Members of the Public: RACE ADJUSTMENT IN MIXED NEIGHBORHOODS

BETTER NEGRO HOUSING WITHOUT SEGREGATION

DEPRECIATION AND PROPERTY RISKS

ADVANCED RENTS FOR NEGROES CONDEMNED

INFORMATION ABOUT NEGROES

To the Negro Members of the Public: RACIAL DOCTRINES

SUPPORT OF SOCIAL AGENCIES

SPECIAL PROBLEMS

ADJUSTMENT OF MIGRANTS

RACE PRIDE

To Employers and Labor Organizations: ATTITUDE TOWARD NEGRO WORKERS

NEGRO AND WHITE WORKERS

INDUSTRIAL AND BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES FOR NEGROES

TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT OF NEGROES AS STRIKE BREAKERS

NEGRO WOMEN WORKERS

RACIAL PEACE IN INDUSTRY

SEPARATE LABOR UNIONS

To Negro Workers: RELATIONS WITH UNIONS

RELATIONS WITH EMPLOYERS

LEARNING TRADES

To the Street-Car Companies: PROTECTION OF PASSENGERS

OVERCROWDING

To Restaurants, Theaters, Stores, and Other Places of Public Accommodation: EQUAL RIGHTS IN PUBLIC PLACES

To the Press: HANDLING OF NEWS INVOLVING NEGROES

HANDLING OF NEWS INVOLVING NEGROES AND WHITES

APPENDIX

A. BIOGRAPHICAL DATA OF MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION

B. THE STAFF OF THE COMMISSION

INVESTIGATION

PREPARATION OF REPORT

C. EPITOME OF FACTS IN RIOT DEATHS

I. Deaths due to mob violence, and in which the coroners' jury recommended members of the unknown mob be apprehended and held to justice, and in which none of the members were so apprehended. The cases listed in this category do not include all those due to mob violence, but only those qualified as stated:

II. Deaths due to circumstances creating no criminal responsibility:

III. Deaths due to the Angelus riot as to which no recommendations were made by the coroner's jury:

IV. Deaths in circumstances which seemed to involve specific persons named by the coroner's jury for further investigation, but as to which no indictments followed:

V. Deaths for which specific persons were subsequently indicted by the grand jury:

INDEX

FOOTNOTES

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Chicago Commission on Race Relations

OK Publishing, 2020

.....

1. Looking for better wages.

2. So I could support my family.

.....

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