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Chris Binns. Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
Preface to Second Edition
Acknowledgments
Introduction to Second Edition
I.1 Incremental Nanotechnology
I.2 Evolutionary Nanotechnology
I.3 Radical Nanotechnology
I.4 Bottom–Up/Top–Down Nanotechnology
References
1 Size Matters. 1.1 The Fundamental Importance of Size
1.2 The Magnetic Behavior of Nanoparticles
Advanced Reading Box 1.1 Atomic Magnetic Moments and the Exchange Interaction
1.3 The Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Materials
1.4 The Chemical Properties of Nanoparticles
1.5 Nanoparticles Interacting with Bacteria and Viruses
Problems
References
Notes
2 Nanoparticles and the Environment
2.1 Nanoparticles in the Atmosphere
Advanced Reading Box 2.1 Terminal Velocity of Aerosol Particles
2.2 Atmospheric Nanoparticles and Health
2.2.1 Entry Via the Lungs
2.2.2 Entry Via the Intestines
2.2.3 Nanoparticles and the Skin
2.2.4 Air Quality Specifications
2.3 Nanoparticles and Clouds
Advanced Reading Box 2.2 Condensation of Water Droplets in a Humid Atmosphere
2.4 Marine Aerosol
2.5 Effect of Cosmic Rays on Atmospheric Aerosol
2.6 Nanoparticles in Space
2.7 Environmental Applications of Nanoparticles
2.7.1 Water Remediation Using Magnetic Nanoparticles
2.7.2 Conversion of Waste Plastics to High‐Grade Materials (Upcycling)
Problems
References
Notes
3 Carbon Nanostructures: Bucky Balls and Nanotubes
3.1 Why Carbon?
3.2 Discovery of the First Fullerene – C60
Advanced Reading Box 3.1 Orbital Hybridization in Carbon Bonding
3.3 Structural Symmetry of the Closed Fullerenes
Advanced Reading Box 3.2 Using Euler’s Theorem to Prove a Fullerene Cage Contains 12 Pentagons
3.4 Smaller Fullerenes and “Shrink‐Wrapping” Atoms
3.5 Larger Fullerenes
Advanced Reading Box 3.3 Evaporation Rate of C2 Pairs from Pentagonal Rings
3.6 Electronic Properties of Individual Fullerenes
Advanced Reading Box 3.4 Van der Waals Forces
3.7 Materials Produced by Assembling Fullerenes (Fullerites and Fullerides)
Advanced Reading Box 3.5 Fermi Level Position in Bandgap of Fullerite
3.8 Discovery of Carbon Nanotubes
3.9 Structure of Single‐Wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWNTs)
3.10 Electronic Properties of SWNTs
Advanced Reading Box 3.6 Electronic Bandstructure of Graphene and Nanotubes
3.11 Electronic Transport in Carbon Nanotubes
3.12 Field Emission from Carbon Nanotubes
3.13 Mechanical Properties of Nanotubes
3.14 Thermal Conductivity of Nanotubes
3.15 Carbon Nanohorns
3.16 Carbon Nanobuds and Pea Pods
Problems
References
Notes
4 Graphene
4.1 Background. 4.1.1 Low‐Dimensional Materials
4.1.2 Discovery of Graphene
4.2 Electrical Properties of Graphene
4.2.1 Electrical Conduction in Normal Metals
Advanced Reading Box 4.1 Quantum States of Electrons in a Box
4.2.2 Electrical Conduction in Semiconductors
4.2.3 Electrical Conduction in Graphene
Advanced Reading Box 4.2 Density of States vs. Gate Voltage
4.3 Graphene as a Testbed for Relativistic Quantum Effects
4.4 Thermal Conductivity of Graphene
4.5 Mechanical Strength of Graphene
4.6 Superconductivity in Graphene Bilayers
4.7 Current Technological Applications of Graphene
4.7.1 Graphene Batteries
4.7.2 Graphene Nanoelectromechanical Systems (NEMS) Accelerometers
4.7.3 Graphene Membranes for Water Desalination
4.8 Summary
Problems
References
5 The Nanotechnology Toolkit
5.1 Making Nanostructures Using Bottom–Up Methods. 5.1.1 Making Nanoparticles Using Supersaturated Vapor
Advanced Reading Box 5.1 Condensation of Particles in a Supersaturated Vapor
Advanced Reading Box 5.2 Log‐Normal Particle Size Distribution
5.1.2 Sources Producing Nanoparticle Beams in Vacuum
5.1.3 Synthesis of Alloy, Core–Shell, and Janus Nanoparticles
5.1.4 Mass Selection of Charged Nanoparticle Beams in Vacuum
5.1.5 Aerodynamic Lensing and Mass Selection of Neutral Nanoparticles
5.1.6 Plasma, Spark and Flame Metal Aerosol Sources
Advanced Reading Box 5.3 Mass‐Filtering Using Aerodynamic Lenses
5.1.7 Size Selection of Nanoparticles in Aerosols
Advanced Reading Box 5.4 Velocity of a Charged Aerosol Particle in an Electric Field
5.1.8 Chemical Synthesis of Nanoparticles in Liquid Suspensions
5.1.9 Biological Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles
5.1.10 Gas‐Phase Synthesis of Hydrosols
5.1.11 Size Determination of Nanoparticles in Liquids
Advanced Reading Box 5.5 Correlation Coefficient
5.1.12 Synthesis of Graphene
5.1.13 Synthesis of Fullerenes
5.1.14 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes
5.1.15 Controlling the Growth of SWNTs
5.2 Making Nanostructures Using Top–Down Methods
5.2.1 Electron‐Beam Lithography
Advanced Reading Box 5.6 Electron Scattering Within Resist and Beam Broadening
5.2.2 Manufacturing Nanostructures Using Focused Ion Beams
5.3 Combining Bottom–up and Top–Down Nanostructures
Advanced Reading Box 5.7 Aharonov–Bohm Oscillations in a Carbon Nanotube
5.4 Imaging, Probing, and Manipulating Nanostructures
5.4.1 Scanning Tunneling Microscope
Advanced Reading Box 5.8 Simple Quantum Theory of Tunneling
5.4.2 Manipulating Atoms and Molecules with STM
5.4.3 Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy (STS)
Advanced Reading Box 5.9 Information Obtained from STS
5.4.4 Atomic Force Microscopy
5.4.5 AFM Imaging of Biological Samples in Liquids
5.4.6 Dip‐Pen Nanolithography
5.4.7 Electron Microscopy
Advanced Reading Box 5.10 Diffraction Limit of Microscopy
Problems
References
Note
6 Single‐Nanoparticles Devices
6.1 Data Storage on Magnetic Nanoparticles
Advanced Reading Box 6.1 Superparamagnetic Limit
6.2 Quantum Dots
Advanced Reading Box 6.2 Exciton States in Bulk Semiconductors and Quantum Dots
6.3 Quantum Dot Solar Cells
6.4 Nanoparticles as Transistors
Advanced Reading Box 6.3 Energy Required to Charge a Nanoparticle
6.5 Carbon Nano‐Electronics. 6.5.1 Fullerene SET
6.5.2 Porphyrin Molecule SET
6.5.3 Carbon Nanotube SET
6.5.4 Limitations of SETs in Applications and Moving to Multiple Transistor Devices
6.6 Carbon Nanotube Light Emitters and Detectors
Problems
References
Notes
7 Hydrosols, Nanobubbles, and Nanoscale Interfaces
7.1 Reynolds Number
7.2 Brownian Motion
Advanced Reading Box 7.1 Derivation of Einstein–Stokes Equation for Brownian Motion
7.3 Stability of Hydrosols
7.4 Nanobubbles. 7.4.1 Fundamental Considerations
Advanced Reading Box 7.2 Derivation of Young–Laplace Equation for a Spherical Surface
7.4.2 Synthesis of Bulk Nanobubbles
7.4.3 Properties of Bulk Nanobubbles
7.4.4 Surface Nanobubbles
7.4.5 Applications of Nanobubbles
7.5 Nanofluidics
Problems
References
8 Magic Beacons and Magic Bullets: The Medical Applications of Functional Nanoparticles
8.1 Nanoparticles Interacting with Living Organisms. 8.1.1 Targeted Nanovectors for Therapy and Diagnosis
8.1.2 Uptake of Nanomaterials by the Body
8.1.3 Types of Core Nanoparticle in Nanovectors
8.1.4 Targeting to Tumors by Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR)
8.1.5 Some Elementary Cell Biology
8.1.5.1 The Outer Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)
8.1.5.2 Membrane Proteins
8.1.5.3 Internal Cell Structure
8.1.5.4 Cytoskeleton
8.1.6 “Trojan horse” Targeting Using Stem Cells and Macrophages
8.1.7 Molecular Targeting
8.1.8 Magnetic Targeting
Advanced Reading Box 8.1 Force on Magnetic Nanoparticles due to a Magnetic Field Gradient
8.2 Treatment of Tumors by Hyperthermia. 8.2.1 Biological Response to Heating
Advanced Reading Box 8.2 Heat Dissipation in Living Tissue
8.2.2 Magnetic Nanoparticle Hyperthermia (MNH)
8.2.2.1 Current State of the art in Clinical Trials
8.2.2.2 Limitations on the Applied RF Magnetic Field
8.2.2.3 Heating Mechanisms of Magnetic Nanoparticles in an AMF
Advanced Reading Box 8.3 Critical Size for Superparamagnetic Behavior
8.2.2.4 New Nanoparticles for MNH
8.2.3 Optical Hyperthermia Using Near‐Infrared Radiation
Advanced Reading Box 8.4 Extinction by the SPR in Au nanoparticles
8.2.4 Hyperthermia with Carbon Nanotubes
8.3 Medical Diagnosis and “Theranostics” using Nanomaterials
8.3.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Contrast Enhancement Using Magnetic Nanoparticles
8.3.2 Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI)
8.3.3 Imaging Using Au Nanoparticles
8.3.4 Imaging Using QDs
8.4 Antibacterial and Antiviral Applications of Nanoparticles
8.4.1 Nanoparticle Delivery Systems for Covid 19 Vaccines
8.4.2 Antibacterial Action of Ag Nanoparticles
8.4.3 Antiviral Action of Nanoparticles
Problems
References
9 Radical Nanotechnology
9.1 Locomotion for Nanobots and Nanofactories
9.1.1 Movement Within the Nanofactory using Kinesin
9.1.2 Moving Small Cargo in the Nanofactory: DNA Walkers
9.1.3 Propulsion for Swimmers
9.2 Onboard Processing for Nanomachines
9.3 Medical Micro/Nanobots
9.4 Molecular Assembly
Problems
References
10. Prodding the Cosmic Fabric
10.1 Zero‐Point Energy of Space
Advanced Reading Box 10.1 Planck Scale
Advanced Reading Box 10.2 Zero‐Point Energy Density of the Electromagnetic Field
10.2 The Casimir Force
10.3 The Casimir Force in Micro‐ and Nanomachines
10.4 Controlling the Casimir Force Using Phase‐Change Materials
10.5 Repulsive Casimir Forces
Problems
References
Glossary
Index. a
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