Black in America

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Christina Jackson. Black in America

CONTENTS

Spotlights on Resistance

Guide

Pages

Black in America. The Paradox of the Color Line

About the Contributors. Authors

Contributing authors to chapters

Introduction: Are We “Post-racial” Yet?

Black in America: Revisiting Martin Luther King Jr.’s Dream

Book Features

Notes

1 How Blacks Became the Problem: American Racism and the Fight for Equality

Defining the Problem: Critical and Conventional Approaches to Race and Racism

Case Study 1Blacks as the Undesirable Population in San Francisco

Racism in an Institution: Education, Jim Crow and the Racial State

Education Denied During Slavery

Education and the Freedmen’s Quest for Advancement During Reconstruction

Disenfranchisement, a Response to Population and Structural Change

Education, Separate and Unequal

Mobility Denied: Education as a Racial Privilege

Education as Destiny: Cementing Blacks as the Problem

A Critical Race Approach to Blacks in America

Conclusion: American Racism and the Black Community

Critical Reflection Questions

Notes

2 Crafting the Racial Frame: Blackness and the Myth of the Monolith

Controlling Images and the Caricature of the Black Family in Popular Media

Defined from Without: The Black Immigrant Experience

Complicating the Racial Frame: Confidence in Blackness

Blackness and its Intersections

Class: Who are the Black 1 Percent?

Sexuality and Gender: What Does It Mean to Be Black and LGBT?

Case Study 2Black Lives Matter Group Grapples with Sexuality

Ethnicity: One Race, Many Cultural Expressions

Disability: The Impermissible Vulnerability of Blackness

Conclusion: The Black Community Pulling Apart

Critical Reflection Questions

Notes

3 Whose Life Matters? Value and Disdain in American Society

“First, Do No Harm”: Eugenics, Medicine and Devaluing Black Life

Understanding Black Resistance

Resistance at the Ballot Box: Pursuing the Party of Equality

The Black Freedom Movement and the Civil Rights Movement

Racializing Religion, Piety and Resistance

The Rise of Black Radicalism

The Era of Black Lives Matter

Case Study 3Defining Black Lives Matter Locally in Atlantic City

Conclusion: The Media and the Future of Black Resistance

Critical Reflection Questions

Notes

4 Staying Inside the Red Line: Housing Segregation and the Rise of the Ghetto

Urban Black Settlement Patterns and the Negro Problem

Urban Segregation and the Creation of the Ghetto

Forms of Residential Segregation

Case Study 4Memories of Living within the Redline

The Institution of the Ghetto

The Origins, Meaning and Usage of the Ghetto

Urban Renewal as Black Removal and Displacement

Racial Attitudes and Gentrification

Conclusion: Toward a Revitalization of the Ghetto

Critical Reflection Questions

5 Who Gets to Work? Understanding the Black Labor Market Experience

Labor and Race-Making in a Historical Perspective

The Battle to Define and Protect White Jobs

Restricting Black Labor in the South

Case Study 5Black Women’s Labor Withdrawal after Emancipation

War and Black Labor

Equal Opportunity Under the Law, Almost a New Day for Black Labor

Working Poverty, Welfare and the Racial Frame

Welfare and the Consequences of Unequal Opportunity

The Origins of Welfare and Black Women’s Exclusion

Contemporary Welfare and the Undeserving Black Woman

Conclusion: Race and Class, Exploring the Prism of Difference

Critical Reflection Questions

Notes

6 Is Justice Blind? Race and the Rise of Mass Incarceration

Policing the Black Body: Race, Surveillance and Mass Criminalization

Connecting the Past and Present: The Sociohistoric Roots of the “Black Crime Problem”

Black Criminality and Racial Threat

“Tough on Crime”

Problem Produced: Caste, Citizenship and other Carceral Creations

Case Study 6Black Men Making Good: Re-entry in the Fillmore Neighborhood

Normalizing Surveillance: Racial Formation and the Forces Driving Mass Incarceration

Conclusion: Becoming Criminal, the Role of the School-to-Prison Pipeline

Critical Reflection Questions

Notes

7 Reifying the Problem: Racism and the Persistence of the Color Line in American Politics

The “Southern Strategy,” the Grand Realignment and the Backlash Against Civil Rights

Racial Appeals and Presidential Politics

Obama and the Mirage of Post-racial Politics

Case Study 7Mobilizing and Forcing Justice: Political Accountability in San Francisco

Racial Politics and Race(d) Policy

Conclusion: Black Protest, the Politics of Representation, and Resistance

Critical Reflection Questions

Notes

Epilogue

Glossary

References

Index

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

U

V

W

Y

Z

POLITY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

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Enobong Hannah Branch

Christina Jackson

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The population and structural change thesis developed by sociologist Hayward Derrick Horton holds that “changes in the relative sizes of the minority and majority populations interact with changes in the social structure to exacerbate racial and ethnic inequality” (1998:9). Racism, Horton argues, is a multi-dimensional system that reacts to population and structural change (1998:11); it is the means through which majority populations respond to changes in the minority population. Majority and minority here do not refer to the absolute population size but to the relative power associated with each group – dominant and subordinate status, respectively. In this historical instance, the creation of a fundamentally inequitable school system that advantaged Whites and disadvantaged Blacks was a racist response to the freed Black population created by the emancipation of slaves. While there are many reasons why Reconstruction as a political project in pursuit of equality for Blacks failed, Fredrickson points to a fundamental ideological rupture, “emancipation could not be carried to completion because it exceeded the capacity of White Americans – in the North as well as the South – to think of Blacks as genuine equals” (Fredrickson 2002:81).

Once slavery ended and White Southerners lost their right to the automatic control of Black slaves, the size of the population of free Blacks relative to the White population became a problem. The Black population that White slave owners bred for profit now needed to be controlled. Horton argues that the question “How do we continue to maintain control over this large and increasing population?” has plagued Whites since emancipation (1998:11). The answer, he argues, has been to “utilize a racist system of oppression to eliminate Blacks as serious competitors in every aspect of American life” (Horton 1998:11).

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