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Christine Barbour. Keeping the Republic
Keeping the Republic
Keeping the Republic
About the Authors. Christine Barbour
Gerald C. Wright
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
What’s New in the Eighth Brief Edition
Digital Resources
Sage Course Outcomes: Measure Results, Track Success
Instructor Resources
Sage Edge for Students
Acknowledgments
To The Student. Suggestions on How to Read This Textbook
1 Power and Citizenship in American Politics
In Your Own Words
What Is Politics?: A peaceful means for determining who gets power and influence in society
Politics and Government
Rules and Institutions
Power, Narratives, and Media
Politics and Economics
Capitalism
Socialism
Social Democracy
Political Systems and the Concept of Citizenship: Competing ideas about power and the social order, different models of governing
Authoritarian Systems
Democracy and Nonauthoritarian Systems
The Role of the People
Democracy in America: Limited participation to limit the impact of a volatile, self-interested citizenry
The Dangers of Democracy
The Evolution of American Citizenship
What to Watch Out For
Who Is a Citizen and Who Is Not?: Native-born and naturalized citizens
On living in the shadows
On the meaning of citizenship
On keeping the republic
What Do American Citizens Believe?: A common culture based on shared values
American Political Culture: Ideas That Unite Us
Democracy
Freedom
Equality
American Ideologies: Ideas That Divide Us
Who Fits Where?
Where Do You Fit?
How to Use the Themes and Features in This Book
Citizenship and Politics: The gap between the democratic narrative and the practice of American politics
Let’s Revisit: What’s at Stake . . . ?
What Is Politics?
Political Systems and the Concept of Citizenship
Democracy in America
Who Is a Citizen and Who Is Not?
What Do American Citizens Believe?
How to Use the Themes and Features in This Book
Descriptions of Images and Figures
2 The Politics of the American Founding
In Your Own Words
The Split From England: Making the transition from British subjects to American citizens
From a 1947 textbook:
And from a 1991 text:
What To Watch Out For
Revolution
The Declaration of Independence
“. . . That All Men Are Created Equal”
African Americans and the Revolution
Native Americans And The Revolution
Women And The Revolution
The Articles of Confederation: Political and economic instability under the nation’s first constitution
The Provisions of the Articles
Some Winners, Some Losers
On why students should study history
On keeping the republic
The Constitutional Convention: Division and compromise over state power and representation
How Strong a Central Government?
Large States, Small States
North and South
The Constitution: Three branches—legislative, executive, and judicial—separate and checked
The Legislative Branch
The Executive Branch
The Norms
The Judicial Branch
The Rules
The Norms
Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances
The Rules
The Norms
Amendability
Ratification: Selling the Constitution to Americans
Federalists Versus Anti-Federalists
The Federalist Papers
The Final Vote
Citizenship and the Founding: New rights bring obligations
Let’s Revisit: What’s at Stake . . . ?
The Split From England
The Articles of Confederation
The Constitutional Convention
The Constitution
Ratification
Descriptions of Images and Figures
3 Federalism
In Your Own Words
What Is Federalism?: Balancing power between national and state governments
What Does the Constitution Say?
Two Views of Federalism
Possible Alternatives to Federalism
Unitary Systems
Confederal Systems
What Difference Does Federalism Make?
American Federalism Over Time: Constitutional ambiguity and the role of the Supreme Court
John Marshall: Strengthening the Constitutional Powers of the National Government
The Civil War: National Domination of the States
The New Deal: National Power Over Business
Civil Rights: National Protection Against State Abuse
Federalism Today: A continuing struggle
The Politics of Contemporary Federalism
On patriotism:
On keeping the republic:
How the National Government Tries to Influence the States
What to Watch Out For
Citizenship and Federalism: Enhanced opportunities for participation and power at the state and local levels
Let’s Revisit: What’s at Stake . . . ?
What Is Federalism?
American Federalism Over Time
Federalism Today
Descriptions of Images and Figures
4 Fundamental American Liberties
In Your Own Words
Rights in a Democracy: Limiting government to empower people
The Bill of Rights and the States: Keeping Congress and the states in check
Why Is a Bill of Rights Valuable?
Applying the Bill of Rights to the States
Freedom of Religion: Limiting Congress to protect both church and state, and the individual’s right to believe
Why Is Religious Freedom Valuable?
The Establishment Clause
The Free Exercise Clause
Freedom of Expression: Checking government by protecting speech and the press
Why Is Freedom of Expression Valuable?
Speech That Criticizes the Government
Symbolic Speech
Freedom of Assembly
Obscenity and Pornography
What to Watch Out For
Fighting Words and Offensive Speech
Freedom of the Press
Prior Restraint
Libel
On patriotism
On keeping the republic
The Right To A Fair Trial
Censorship on the Internet
The Right to Bear Arms: Providing for militias to secure the state or securing an individual right?
Why Is the Right to Bear Arms Valuable?
Legislation and Judicial Decisions
The Rights of Criminal Defendants: Protecting the accused from an arbitrary government
Why Are the Rights of Criminal Defendants Valuable?
Protection Against Unreasonable Searches and Seizures
What’S Reasonable?
The Exclusionary Rule
Protection Against Self-Incrimination
Right to Counsel
Protection Against Cruel and Unusual Punishment
The Right to Privacy: The personal meets the political
Why Is the Right to Privacy Valuable?
Reproductive Rights
Gay Rights
The Right to Die
Citizenship and Civil Liberties: Individual rights yield a collective benefit
Let’s Revisit: What’s at Stake . . . ?
Rights in a Democracy
The Bill of Rights and the States
Freedom of Religion
Freedom of Expression
The Right to Bear Arms
The Rights of Criminal Defendants
The Right to Privacy
Descriptions of Images and Figures
5 The Struggle for Equal Rights
In Your Own Words
The Meaning of Political Inequality: When is different treatment okay?
When Can the Law Treat People Differently?
Different Kinds of Equality
Rights Denied on the Basis of Race: African Americans: The battle to end the legacy of slavery and racism, fought mainly in the courts
The Civil War and Its Aftermath: Winners and Losers
The Long Battle to Overturn Plessy: The NAACP and Its Legal Strategy
The Civil Rights Movement
Two Kinds of Discrimination
Changing the Rules: Fighting De Jure Discrimination
Changing the Outcomes: Fighting De Facto Discrimination
Blacks in Contemporary American Politics
Rights Denied on the Basis of Other Racial and Ethnic Identities: Different paths to equality for Native Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans
Native Americans
Hispanic Americans
Asian Americans
Rights Denied on the Basis of Gender: Fighting the early battles for equality at the state level
The Struggle for Suffrage
The Equal Rights Amendment
Gender Discrimination Today
Women in Contemporary Politics
Rights Denied on Other Bases: Challenging other classifications in the courts
Sexual Orientation
On patriotism
On keeping the republic
Age
Disability
Citizenship and Civil Rights Today: The power of group action
Let’s Revisit: What’s at Stake . . . ?
The Meaning of Political Inequality
Rights Denied on the Basis of Race: African Americans
Rights Denied on the Basis of Other Racial and Ethnic Identities
Rights Denied on the Basis of Gender
Rights Denied on Other Bases
Descriptions of Images and Figures
6 Congress
In Your Own Words
Understanding Congress: The essential tensions among representation, lawmaking, and partisanship
Representation
National Lawmaking
Partisanship
Congressional Powers and Responsibilities: Expansive powers held in check by the Constitution
Differences Between the House and the Senate
Congressional Checks and Balances
Congressional Elections: Political calculations to define districts and determine who will run
The Politics of Defining Congressional Districts
Deciding to Run
Congressional Organization: The key role of political parties and congressional committees
The Central Role of Party
The Leadership
On the importance of service
On keeping the republic
The Committee System
What Committees Do
Types Of Committees
Committee Assignments
Committee Chairs
Congressional Resources
How Congress Works: An already complex process, complicated further by external and internal forces
The Context of Congressional Policymaking
How a Bill Becomes a Law—Some of the Time
Setting The Agenda
Legislative Process
A Bill Becomes A Law
Citizenship and Congress
Let’s Revisit: What’s at Stake . . . ?
Understanding Congress
Congressional Powers and Responsibilities
Congressional Elections
Congressional Organization
How Congress Works
Descriptions of Images and Figures
7 The Presidency
In Your Own Words
The Presidential Job Description: The founders’ notion of a limited executive
Head of State vs. Head of Government
Qualifications and Conditions of Office
The Constitutional Powers of the President
Executive Powers
Legislative Powers
Judicial Powers
The Evolution of the American Presidency: From restrained administrator to energetic problem solver
The Traditional Presidency
The Modern Presidency
The Battle Over Executive Authority Today
The Trump Presidency
Presidential Politics: The struggle for power in a constitutionally limited office
The Expectations Gap and the Need for Persuasive Power
Going Public
Working With Congress
Managing the Presidential Establishment: The challenges of supervising an unwieldy bureaucracy
The Cabinet
Executive Office of the President
White House Staff
The Vice President
On the importance of confidence
On keeping the republic
The First Spouse
The Presidential Personality: Translating leadership style and image into presidential power
Citizenship and the Presidency: The critical role of public opinion
Let’s Revisit: What’s at Stake . . . ?
The Presidential Job Description
The Evolution of the American Presidency
Presidential Politics
Managing the Presidential Establishment
The Presidential Personality
Descriptions of Images and Figures
8 The Bureaucracy
In Your Own Words
What Is Bureaucracy?: A top-down organizational system aiming for competence and fairness
Bureaucracy and Democracy
Accountability and Rules
The American Federal Bureaucracy: A patchwork of agencies and commissions to meet growing public demands
The Spoils System
Evolution of the Federal Bureaucracy
Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy
Departments
Independent Agencies
Independent Regulatory Boards And Commissions
Government Corporations
Roles of the Federal Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy As Administrator
Bureaucracy As Rule Maker
Bureaucracy As Judge
Who Are the Federal Bureaucrats?
Politics Inside the Bureaucracy: Power struggles between political appointees and professional bureaucrats, constrained by cultural norms
Bureaucratic Culture
Presidential Appointees and the Career Civil Service
External Bureaucratic Politics: Turf wars among agencies and with the three branches of government
Interagency Politics
About government service she says
And on keeping the republic
The Bureaucracy and the President
The Bureaucracy and Congress
The Bureaucracy and the Courts
What to Watch Out For
Citizenship and the Bureaucracy: The tension between transparency and efficiency
Let’s Revisit: What’s at Stake . . . ?
What Is Bureaucracy?
The American Federal Bureaucracy
Politics Inside the Bureaucracy
External Bureaucratic Politics
Descriptions of Images and Figures
9 The American Legal System and the Courts
In Your Own Words
Law and the American Legal System: Rules of the game that make collective living possible
The American Legal Tradition
Kinds of Law
Constitutional Provisions and the Development of Judicial Review: The role of Congress and the Constitution in establishing the judiciary
The Least Dangerous Branch
John Marshall and Judicial Review
Federalism and the American Courts: The structure and organization of the dual court system
Understanding Jurisdiction
State Courts
Federal Courts
The Supreme Court: A political institution
How Members of the Court Are Selected
Merit
Political Ideology
Reward
Representation
Confirmation By The Senate
How the Court Makes Decisions
Choosing Which Cases To Hear
Deciding Cases
On how one person can make a difference
On keeping the republic
Writing Opinions
The Political Effects of Judicial Decisions
Citizenship and the Courts: Equal treatment and equal access?
Equal Treatment by the Criminal Justice System
Equal Access to the Civil Justice System
Let’s Revisit: What’s at Stake . . . ?
Law and the American Legal System
Constitutional Provisions and the Development of Judicial Review
Federalism and the American Courts
The Supreme Court
Descriptions of Images and Figures
10 Public Opinion
In Your Own Words
The Role of Public Opinion in a Democracy: Keeping the government of the people informed by the people
Why Public Opinion Should Matter
Why Public Opinion Does Matter
Citizen Values: American reality far from the ideal
What Influences Our Opinions About Politics?: Sources of differing opinions in the American public
Mechanisms of Early Political Socialization: How We Learn Shared Narratives About the Rules of the Game
Differences in Public Opinion
Race And Ethnicity
Gender
Stages Of Life
Partisanship And Ideology
Education
Economic Self-Interest
Religion
Geographic Region
Measuring and Tracking Public Opinion: Using science to discover what people are thinking about political issues
The Quality of Opinion Polling Today
New Technologies and Challenges in Polling
Types of Polls
National Polls
Campaign Polls
On patriotism
On keeping the republic
Pseudo-Polls
Survey Experiments
How Accurate Are Polls?
Citizenship and Public Opinion: Informational shortcuts that save democracy from our lack of care and attention
Shortcuts to Political Knowledge
The Rational Electorate
Let’s Revisit: What’s at Stake . . . ?
The Role of Public Opinion in a Democracy
Citizen Values
What Influences Our Opinions About Politics?
Measuring and Tracking Public Opinion
Descriptions of Images and Figures
11 Parties and Interest Groups
In Your Own Words
What Are Political Parties?: Organizations seeking to influence policy by controlling the apparatus of government
The Role of Political Parties in a Democracy
Party Organization
Party-In-Government
Party-In-The-Electorate
The Responsible Party Model
The American Party System: From party machines to effective political organizations
The History of Parties in America
Realignment
The Parties Today
What Do the American Parties Stand For?
Forces Drawing the Parties Apart and Pushing Them Together
What to Watch Out For
Characteristics of the American Party System
Two Parties
Increasing Ideological Polarization
Decentralized Party Organizations
Changes In Party Discipline Over Time
The Roles, Formation, and Types of Interest Groups: Organizing around common political goals to influence policy from outside the apparatus of government
Roles of Interest Groups
Why Do Interest Groups Form?
Types of Interest Groups
Interest Group Politics: Different strategies for influencing different branches of government
Direct Lobbying
Lobbying Congress
Lobbying The President, The Bureaucracy, And The Courts
Indirect Lobbying
“Astroturf” Political Campaigns: Democratic or Elite Driven?
Interest Group Resources: Using money, leadership, membership, and information to make their voices heard
Money
Leadership
Membership: Size and Intensity
Information and Communication
Citizenship and Political Groups: Power in numbers
On the positive side of lobbying
On keeping the republic
Let’s Revisit: What’s at Stake . . . ?
What Are Political Parties?
The American Party System
The Roles, Formation, and Types of Interest Groups
Interest Group Politics
Interest Group Resources
Descriptions of Images and Figures
12 Voting, Campaigns, and Elections
In Your Own Words
Exercising the Right to Vote in America: Easy for some; difficult or impossible for others
Regulating the Electorate
How Easy Should Voting Be? A Partisan Divide
State Control Of Elections And The Role Of The Supreme Court
Who Votes and Who Doesn’t?
What If We Don’t Vote?
Consequences For Election Outcomes
Consequences For Democracy
How America Decides: Making the choice about whether and how to vote
Deciding Whether to Vote
Attitude Changes
Voter Mobilization
Decrease In Social Connectedness
Costs And Benefits Of Voting
Deciding Whom to Vote For
Partisanship And Social Group Membership
Gender, Race, And Ethnicity
Issues And Policy
The Candidates
Presidential Campaigns: The long, expensive road to the White House
Getting Nominated
The Pre-Primary Season
Primaries And Caucuses
The Convention
The General Election Campaign
The Electoral College
Who Runs The Campaign?
Presenting The Candidate
The Issues
On patriotism
On keeping the republic
The Media
What to Watch Out For
Presidential Debates
Money
Getting Out The Vote
Interpreting Elections
Citizenship and Elections: Do too many informed voters lead to too much conflict?
Let’s Revisit: What’s at Stake . . . ?
Exercising the Right to Vote in America
How America Decides
Presidential Campaigns
Descriptions of Images and Figures
13 Media, Power, and Political Communication
In Your Own Words
Where Do We Get Our Information?: A hybrid of traditional and interactive sources
The Mass Media Today
The Demise of the Print Media
Radio and Television
The Internet
On patriotism
On keeping the republic
How Does Media Ownership Affect Control of the Narrative?
Who Owns the Media?
How Does Media Ownership Impact the News We Get?
Alternatives to the Corporate Media
Regulation of the Media
What to Watch Out For
Spinning Political Narratives: The stories we tell that legitimize or delegitimize power
The Fact Gatherers
The Analysts
The Revolving Door
The Role Of The Pundit
The Creation of Political Narratives
Agenda Setting
Framing
Persuasion By Professional Communicators
Reduction Of Politics To Sound And Fury
The Power of the Mainstream Media’s Narrative
Politics as Public Relations: Waging the permanent campaign
News Management
News Management Techniques
News Management Since Nixon
Reduction in Political Accountability
Citizenship and the Media: Growing citizen access increases engagement but blurs lines of journalism
Let’s Revisit: What’s at Stake . . . ?
Where Do We Get Our Information?
How Does Media Ownership Affect Control of the Narrative?
Spinning Political Narratives
Politics as Public Relations
Descriptions of Images and Figures
14 Domestic and Foreign Policy
In Your Own Words
Making Public Policy: How government attempts to solve collective problems
Solving Public Problems
Difficulties in Solving Public Problems
Types of Public Policy
Who Makes Policy?
Steps in the Policymaking Process
Social Policy: Government efforts to improve citizens’ lives
Social Security
Welfare Policy in the United States
Health Care
Middle-Class and Corporate Welfare
Economic Policy: Promoting the nation’s financial stability
Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy
What to Watch Out For
Tax Policy
On public versus private service
On keeping the republic
Economic Regulatory Policy
Foreign Policy: Dealing with issues that cross national borders
Understanding Foreign Policy
The Post–Cold War Setting of American Foreign Policy
Who Makes Foreign Policy?
The President And The Executive Branch
Congress
How Do We Define a Foreign Policy Problem?
Citizenship and Policy: The influence of the public’s opinions on policymaking
Let’s Revisit: What’s at Stake . . . ?
Making Public Policy
Social Policy
Economic Policy
Foreign Policy
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Appendix Material. Contents
1 Articles of Confederation
Article I
Article II
Article III
Article IV
Article V
Article VI
Article VII
Article VIII
Article IX
Article X
Article XI
Article XII
Article XIII
2 Declaration of Independence
3 Constitution of the United States
Article I
Article II
Article III
Article IV
Article V
Article VI
Article VII
Amendments. Amendment I
Amendment II
Amendment III
Amendment IV
Amendment V
Amendment VI
Amendment VII
Amendment VIII
Amendment IX
Amendment X
Amendment XI (Ratified February 7, 1795)
Amendment XII (Ratified June 15, 1804)
Amendment XIII (Ratified December 6, 1865)
Amendment XIV (Ratified July 9, 1868)
Amendment XV (Ratified February 3, 1870)
Amendment XVI (Ratified February 3, 1913)
Amendment XVII (Ratified April 8, 1913)
Amendment XVIII (Ratified January 16, 1919)
Amendment XIX (Ratified August 18, 1920)
Amendment XX (Ratified January 23, 1933)
Amendment XXI (Ratified December 5, 1933)
Amendment XXII (Ratified February 27, 1951)
Amendment XXIII (Ratified March 29, 1961)
Amendment XXIV (Ratified January 23, 1964)
Amendment XXV (Ratified February 10, 1967)
Amendment XXVI (Ratified July 1, 1971)
Amendment XXVII (Ratified May 7, 1992)
Notes
Notes. Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Glossary
Index
