The Invisible Gorilla: And Other Ways Our Intuition Deceives Us
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Christopher Chabris. The Invisible Gorilla: And Other Ways Our Intuition Deceives Us
The Invisible Gorilla. And Other Ways Our Intuition Deceives Us. Christopher Chabris & Daniel Simons
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION everyday illusions
CHAPTER 1 “i think i would have seen that”
Gorillas in Our Midst
Kenny Conley’s Invisible Gorilla
The Nuclear Submarine and the Fishing Boat
Ben Roethlisberger’s Worst Interception
A Hard Landing
Hold All Calls, Please
For Whom Does Bell Toil?
Who Notices the Unexpected?
How Many Doctors Does It Take…
What Can We Do About the Illusion of Attention?
Attention Writ Large
CHAPTER 2 the coach who choked
How We Think About Memory
Memories in Conflict
Didn’t They Just Shoot Up His Windshield?
Professional Change Detectors
Do You Have Any Idea Who You’re Talking To?
“I Sat Next to Captain Picard”
Forgetting a Life-and-Death Matter
Where Were You on 9/11?
Memories That Are Too Good to Be True
Can We Ever Trust Our Memories?
CHAPTER 3 what smart chess players and stupid criminals have in common
Where Everyone Thinks They Are Underrated
“Unskilled and Unaware of It”
A Crisis of Confidence
Sometimes the Cream Doesn’t Rise to the Top
The Trait of Confidence
Why David Took on Goliath
The Fault Lies Not in Our Confidence, But in Our Love of Confidence
Her Confidence and His Convictions
CHAPTER 4 should you be more like a weather forecaster or a hedge fund manager?
The Virtue of Being Like an Annoying Child
The Best-Laid Plans…
“Every Time You Think You Know… Something Else Happens”
Illusory Knowledge and a Real Crisis
Sometimes More Is Less
The Power of Familiarity
Neurobabble and Brain Porn
There’s a 50 Percent Chance the Weather Will Be Great, Sort of Wish You Were Here
Why Does the Illusion of Knowledge Persist?
CHAPTER 5 jumping to conclusions
Seeing the God in Everything
Causes and Symptoms
Beware of Belief Becoming “Because”
And Then What Happened?
“I Want to Buy Your Rock”
The Vaccination Hypothesis
What Mother Teresa, Quentin Tarantino, and Jenny McCarthy All Know
CHAPTER 6 get smart quick!
“The Magic Genius of Mozart”
The Media and the Aftermath
What Lies Beneath
Subliminal Pseudoscience
Training Your Brain?
The Real Way to Unlock Your Potential
Get Your Head in the Game
Give Your Brain a Real Workout
conclusion the myth of intuition
When First Impressions Are Wrong Impressions
Picking Preserves and Recognizing Robbers
Technology to the Rescue?
Look for Invisible Gorillas
NOTES
INDEX
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Acknowledgments
More Praise for the INVISIBLE GORILLA
Copyright
About the Publisher
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Cover Page
Title Page
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We did not always realize this ourselves. When we first designed the gorilla experiment, we assumed that making the “gorilla” more distinctive would lead to greater detection—of course people would notice a bright red gorilla. Given the rarity of red gorilla suits, we and our colleagues Steve Most (then a graduate student in Dan’s lab and now a professor at the University of Delaware) and Brian Scholl (then a postdoctoral fellow in the psychology department and now a professor at Yale) created a computerized version of the “gorilla” video in which the players were replaced by letters and the gorilla was replaced by a red cross (+) that unexpectedly traversed the display.27 Subjects counted how many times the white letters touched the sides of the display window while ignoring the black letters.
Even jaded researchers like us were surprised by the result: 30 percent of viewers missed the bright red cross, even though it was the only cross, the only colored object, and the only object that moved in a straight path through the display. We thought the gorilla had gone unnoticed, at least in part, because it didn’t really stand out: It was dark-colored, like the players wearing black. Our belief that a distinctive object should “pop out” overrode our knowledge of the phenomenon of inattentional blindness. This “red gorilla” experiment shows that when something is unexpected, distinctiveness does not at all guarantee that we will notice it.
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