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DESIGNING AGENTIVE TECHNOLOGY
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK. Who Should Read This Book?
What’s in This Book?
What Comes with This Book?
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS. How do you pronounce “agentive”?
Did you invent this kind of technology?
What’s the most accessible example of agentive technology you can give me?
I have an agentive project beginning. How can you help me start it out right?
Why didn’t you go into depth about interfaces?
You’re just another cheerleader for the future, blithely bringing artificial intelligence doom down on us all! Wake up, sheeple!
Aren’t you that sci-fi interfaces guy?
If you could wave your hands and make anything an agent, what would it be?
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
Seeing
The Thermostat That Evolved
Tools for Temperature
Drebbel’s Incubator
Then the Nest Learning Thermostat
Fait Accompli: Agentive Tech Is Here
Reducing Physical Work
Reducing Information Work
Putting Physical and Information Work Together to Become Agentive
The Problem of Writing
The Problem of Music Playback
The Problem of Search
Getting to a Working Definition of “Agentive”
The Notion of Narrow Artificial Intelligence
Acting on Behalf of Its User
How Different Are Agents?
Drawing a Boundary Around Agentive Technology
It’s Not Assistive Technology
It’s Not Conversational Agents
It’s Not Robots
It’s Not Service by Software
It’s Not Automation
Hey Wait—Isn’t Every Technology an Agent?
Agentive Tech Can Change the World
They Move Us from Moments to Interests
Google Alerts: General Interest
iTunes Follow: Music Interests
eBay Followed Searches: Interests in Stuff
They’ll Do the Work You’re Not Good At
Autohelm Steers the Boat
Autoflight Pilots the Plane
Autodrive Drives the Car
They’ll Do the Things We’re Unwilling to Do
They’ll Do the Embarrassing Things
They Will Allow Play . .
. . . and They Will Encourage Discovery Through Drift
They Help Achieve Goals with Minimal Effort
The Scenario Is—a Lifetime
There May Be an Arms Race of Competing Agents
It’s Going to Be Big Enough to Affect Our Infrastructure
Places and Objects Will Need Them
They Will Help Us Overcome Some Human Foibles
Using Them, People Will Program the World
Our Species’ Future May Well Depend on Them
Six Takeaways from the History of Agentive Thinking
It’s as Old as Myth
Yes, Virginia, Computers Can Take Initiative
Automation Doesn’t Work Like You Think
Humans Are Better At
Machines Are Better At
It’s About the Feedback
Agency Is Fluid
The Agentive/Assistive Line Will Be Blurry
Doing
A Modified Frame for Interaction
A New See-Think-Do Loop
Setting Up the Agent
Seeing What the Agent Is Doing
Having or Helping the Agent Do Stuff
Disengaging from the Agent
Rules and Exceptions, Triggers and Behaviors
New Technologies to Consider
Seeing
Thinking
Doing
Handling a Range of Complexity
Ramping Up with an Agent
Conveying Capability
Conveying Limitations
Getting Goals, Preferences, and Permissions
Smart Defaults
Implicitly
Explicitly
Test Driving
Launch
Everything Running Smoothly
Pause and Restart
Monitoring
Let Me Play, Anyway
Notifications
Completion
Suggestions
Routine Contact/Performance
Concern
Problems
Handling Exceptions
Where Do These Interfaces Go?
A Nod to the Looping, Careening Rollercoaster of Trust
Limited Resources
Simple Manipulations
Tuning Triggers
Refine False Positives
Skip This Case for Now
Changing the Trigger
Request Review
Add to a Blacklist
Add or Modify a Rule
Constrained Natural Language Builder
Expose False Negatives
Add to a Whitelist
Add or Modify a Rule
Tuning Behaviors
Tuning Goals
Tuning Methods
Physical: Do It Like This
Virtual: Let Me Tell You
A Menu of Options
Sharing an Example: Do It Like That
Modifying Linguistic Rules
Handoff and Takeback
Disengagement and Death
Handoff and Takeback
Does This Mean No AI?
Just 30 Minutes of Vigilance
Decreasing Expertise
Handing Off to Intermediates
Handing Off to the User
Actual Practice
High-Fidelity Virtual Practice
Interface Considerations
Trending Monitors
High-Information Alarms
Persistent Maps with Highlights
Assistive Cues
Emergency-Affordance Controls and Visuals
Takeback
Signaling Readiness
Agreement
Making Sure Everything Is Cool
Evaluating Agents
Does This Mean No UI?
Methods
For In-Progress Agents
For Live Agents
Traditional Usability for the Traditional Parts
Heuristic Evaluation for the Agentive Parts
The Results
User Confidence
Perceived Value
Measured Value
Thinking
How Will Our Practice Evolve?
First, We’ll Be Selling the Concept
Then We’ll Be Working on Making Agents Smarter
Hopefully, We’ll Work on Having Them Fade Away
Utopia, Dystopia, and Cat Videos
The Tyranny of the Light Bulb
But Will the Internet Save Us?
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Agent
Ethics++
The Academic Trolley
Will Smarts Turn Machines into Slaves?
An Uncanny Breach
Delivering Strict Services to the 99%
Disenfranchisement Without It
Planned Robobsolescence
How Many Agents Are Too Many Agents?
Will We Lose the Skills We Hand Over to Agents?
Are We Setting Ourselves Up as Dependents?
Do They Let Us Blind Ourselves?
Will We Lose Our Jobs to Agents?
What Will Agents Do to Our Self-Perception?
Is This as Close as We Ought to Come to General AI?
Your Mission, Should You Choose to Accept It
Consolidated Touchpoints
A List of Referenced Agentive Technology
Chapter 1. Cornelis Drebbel’s Incubator (c. 1597)
Albert Butz’s “Damper Flapper” (1885)
Jewell Thermostat (1907)
T-86 Round Thermostat (1953)
Nest Learning Thermostat (2011)
Chapter 2. Semi-Automatic Spell Correction (c. 2007)
x.ai (2016)
Pandora (2000)
Spotify (2006)
Google Alerts (2003)
Naïve Bayesian Spam Filters (c. 1998)
Chapter 3. iTunes Follow (2015)
eBay Followed Search Feature (2013)
Raymarine Evolution Autopilot (1984)
ShotSpotter (1996)
Kitestring (2002)
IBM Chef Watson (2014)
Narrative Clip (2012)
iRobot Roomba Vacuum Cleaner (2002)
Betterment Roboinvestor (2010)
GOBI Library Solutions Collection Manager (c. 2000)
Waze (2008)
IFTTT (If This Then That) (2010)
NASA Remote Agent Architecture (1998)
Chapter 5. Garden Defense Electronic Owl (2012)
Chapter 8. Prospero: The Robot Farmer (2011)
Volvo Self-Braking Trucks (2013)
Orbit Yard Enforcer (2012)
Furuno NavPilot Autohelm (2011)
Chapter 11. Apple Time Machine (2007)
Facebook Year in Review (2012)
Chapter 12. Charlie (2016)
INDEX
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
FOOTNOTES. Introduction
Chapter 1: The Thermostat That Evolved
Chapter 3: Agentive Tech Can Change the World
Chapter 5: A Modified Frame for Interaction
Chapter 8: Handling Exceptions
Chapter 9: Handoff and Takeback
Chapter 11: How Will Our Practice Evolve?
Chapter 12: Utopia, Dystopia, and Cat Videos
AI THAT WORKS FOR PEOPLE
Christopher Noessel
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Recap: Ramping Up Is Often the Tedious Part
Agentive Gardening with Mr. McGregor
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