Оглавление
Clotilde Coron. Technological Change
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Technological Change
Introduction
I.1. First definitions
I.1.1. Technical, technological and technical objects
I.1.2. How can we address technological change? First elements
I.1.2.1. Technocentrism: the primacy of the technical object
Box I.1.Computer generations from a techno-centric perspective
I.1.2.2. The romantic perspective: the inventor and his creation
Box I.2.Technological change as a succession of uses
I.1.2.3. The anthropotechnical perspective: towards a sociotechnical coupling
Box I.3.A history of enterprise computing centered on usage
I.2 Technology, a social science. I.2.1. Three pillars
I.2.1.1 First pillar: the acceptance of plural points of view
I.2.1.2 Second pillar: the contextualization of the technical object
I.2.1.3 Third pillar: taking into account the interaction between the human system and the technical system
I.2.2. Contributions of the human and social sciences (HSS)
I.2.2.1 History
I.2.2.2 Philosophy
I.2.2.3 Anthropology
I.2.2.4 Sociology
I.2.2.5 Economic sciences
I.2.2.6 Psychology
I.2.2.7 Multidisciplinary authors and interdisciplinary human and social sciences
I.3. Structure of the book
1. The Human and Social Sciences in the Face of Technological Change
1.1. Approaches to technological change
1.1.1. Technological determinism
1.1.1.1. Technology as an element in determining social behavior
Box 1.1.The effects of the invention of radio (source: Ogburn, 1933)
1.1.1.2. Technology, which holds promise
Box 1.2.Transhumanism to help the environment (source: Liao et al., 2012)
1.1.1.3. Technology, the cause of many harmful effects
Box 1.3.Neo-Luddism today
1.1.1.3.1. Fear of job destruction
Box 1.4.The horse, the human and the tractor (source: Simon, 1980)
1.1.1.3.2. Criticism of technicist ideology
Box 1.5.The technological bluff theory (source: comments collected by Vincent Remy - Télérama no. 3205)
1.1.1.3.3. The rejection of technical domination and the risk of dehumanization
1.1.1.4. Contributions and limitations of technological determinism
1.1.2. Social constructivism
1.1.2.1. Technology, always subordinated to society
Box 1.6.A controversy over integrated management systems (source: Gilbert and Leclair, 2004)
1.1.2.2. A moderate version: in the face of technicism, the interplay of social actors
Box 1.7.The differential effects of ICT on the organization (source: Greenan et al., 2012)
1.1.2.3. A radical version: the metaphor of ventriloquism
1.1.2.4. Contributions and limitations of social constructivism
1.1.3. Joint structuring of technical and social aspects
1.1.3.1. The anthropotechnical1perspective: moving beyond the two determinisms
1.1.3.2. Sociology of translation and model of seamless fabric
Box 1.8.An analysis in terms of a socio-technical network (source: Latour, 1992)
1.1.3.3. Activity theory: no technical objects outside the activity system
1.1.3.4. Structuration theory and duality of the structural
1.1.4. Limitation of established distinctions
1.2. A brief history of technological change
1.2.1. How can we tell the story?
1.2.2. At the origins of the Industrial Revolution (from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance)
1.2.3. The First Industrial Revolution (end of the 18th Century)
1.2.4. The Second Industrial Revolution (late 19th Century to the 1910s)
1.2.5. The Computer Revolution (from the late 1960s to the 1990s)
1.2.6. The Digital Revolution (early 21st Century)
2. Technological Change and Society
2.1. Powers, institutions and technological change
2.1.1. Fundamentals of political analysis and technology
2.1.2. The role of the State
2.1.2.1. The role of the State upstream of technological change
2.1.2.2. Technological democracy. 2.1.2.2.1. Citizen participation in major debates on technological change
Box 2.1.The debate on nuclear energy: from scientists’ expertise to community mobilization (source: Topçu, 2006, p. 249)
2.1.2.2.2. E-democracy in action?
Box 2.2.The great national debate in France: an experience of e-democracy1
2.1.3. Technological change in the age of globalization
Box 2.3.Renault-Nissan Kwid, a reverse innovation (source: Midler, Julien and Lung, 2017)
2.1.4. The dark side of technology
2.1.4.1. Technological stress
2.1.4.2. Technology and war
Box 2.4.The “infantryman system” of the future (source: Chareyron, 2011)
2.1.4.3. Technology and crime
Box 2.5.The global fight against cybercrime, from the statement by Yury Fedotov, Executive Director of UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime), October 23, 2017
2.2. Ethics in the face of technology
2.2.1. Ethical evaluation of technology. 2.2.1.1. Towards an ethics of technology
2.2.1.2. Technicizing the human versus humanizing the technology
2.2.2. Three ethical issues under discussion
2.2.2.1. Nanotechnology
Box 2.6.Armed resistance against nanotechnologies (source: Phillips, 2012)
2.2.2.2. Bioethics
2.2.2.3. Ethical reflection on digital technology and its problems. 2.2.2.3.1. Beginning of the reflection
Box 2.7.The 10 commandments of computer ethics (source: Rinaldi, 1996)
2.2.2.3.2. Personal data protection
Box 2.8.The Cambridge Analytica scandal (source: Granville, 2018)
2.2.2.3.3. The uses of biometrics
2.2.2.3.4. Social robots and android robotics
2.3. Technological change and diversity
2.3.1. Inclusive technology/exclusive technology
2.3.1.1. Technology at the service of a more egalitarian society? 2.3.1.1.1. Technology and health
Box 2.9.Technology and accessibility (source: Thoumie, 2004)
Box 2.10.Some examples of how technological change has contributed to medicine (sources: Mayer-Schönberger and Cukier, 2014; Harari, 2018)
2.3.1.1.2. Technology and gender equality
Box 2.11.Technology to reduce the time women spend on domestic tasks in France (source: Brousse, 2015)
2.3.1.2. An exclusive and discriminating technology
Box 2.12.Algorithms and discrimination (source: O’Neil, 2016)
2.3.2. Technologies that reflect their designers
2.3.2.1. From the gender segregation of training courses to the lower presence of women in technical occupations
2.3.2.2. Technologies poorly adapted to certain populations?
2.4. Technological change and ecology
2.4.1. Technology, an answer to ecological challenges?
2.4.1.1. Producing more with fewer resources or renewable resources, a major challenge of the 21st Century
Box 2.13.Biotechnologies, a hope for ecology? (source: Bournigal et al., 2015)
2.4.1.2. Technological innovations to correct the effects of older technologies
Box 2.14.The automotive industry and the ecological issue (sources: Harari, 2018; Demoli, 2015)
2.4.2. Technology as a source of ecological degradation?
2.4.2.1. Technological change and development towards more resource-intensive lifestyles
Box 2.15.“Communicating objects” and changing lifestyles (source: Caron, 2010)
2.4.2.2. Technological change and nature control
3. Technological Change and Organization
3.1. Omnipresence of the technical object in work activities
3.1.1. The R&D function in the lead1
3.1.2. Marketing challenged by digital transformation
3.1.3. Factory 4.0
3.1.4. e-HR
3.2. The interaction of technological and organizational systems
3.2.1. Technological change and organizational structure
Box 3.1.Edison and the industrial strategy for research development (source: Hughes, 1989)
Box 3.2.The importance of the creation of internal laboratories in technological change (sources: Chandler, 1992; Caron, 2010)
Box 3.3.Computer-aided design (source: Cadix and Pointet, 2002)
3.2.2. Technological change, and financial and human resources for innovation
Box 3.4.The operation of the research tax credit in France (sources: departmental websites)
Box 3.5.Orange and employee innovation (source: Orange corporate website)
Box 3.6.Intrapreneurship at Crédit Agricole (source: Village by CA website)
3.3. Technology as a liberator and control agent
3.3.1. Prescriptive and assistive technologies
3.3.1.1. Prescriptive technologies
Box 3.7.Amazon and prescriptive technology (sources: reports and various websites5)
3.3.1.2. Technologies to assist in decision-making or implementation
Box 3.8.IBM and decision support technology (sources: Watson official website, official documents6)
Box 3.9.Google and data processing technologies as a decision-making tool (source: Garvin, 2014)
3.3.2. Technological ambivalence: the same technology for empowerment and control purposes
Box 3.10.Corporate social networks, between empowerment and control (sources: Hauptmann and Steger, 2013; Dudezert, 2018)
3.4. Technological change as a social process
3.4.1. Changes in the social entity and management methods
3.4.1.1. The organization, a social system and not only technological
3.4.1.2. The introduction of a new technology into a social system
Box 3.11.Support for the implementation of social networks (sources: Hauptmann and Steger, 2013; Dudezert, 2018)
3.4.1.3. The appropriation of technological change by employees
3.4.1.3.1. Three “perspectives” on appropriation
Box 3.12.The appropriation of a new information system by users (source: De Vaujany, 2005)
3.4.1.3.2. Technological polyphony
Box 3.13.Examples of misuse of computer tools (source: Pichault, 1990)
3.4.2. Support for employees whose activities are threatened by technological change
3.4.2.1. Changing professions. 3.4.2.1.1. Job transformation
Box 3.14.The job of secretary or executive assistant, constantly evolving under the effect of technological changes (sources: Gardey, 1995, 2008)
3.4.2.1.2. Support for the employees concerned
Box 3.15.Supporting employees in anticipating change: learning expedition approaches (source: Chaintreuil, 2015)
3.4.2.2. Declining professions
3.4.2.2.1. The disappearance of certain jobs
3.4.2.2.2. The employability of the employees concerned
3.4.3. The actors of technological change in organizations
3.4.3.1. Technological actors
3.4.3.2. Decision-making actors
3.4.3.3. Trade union actors
Box 3.16.Agreements on the right to disconnect and digital technology in France
3.4.3.4. Employees
3.4.3.5. External actors
3.4.3.6. A multiplicity of actors
4. Technological Change and the Individual
4.1. Activity and technical object
4.1.1. The technical object in the activity system
4.1.2. The technical object and its mediations. 4.1.2.1. From the tool to the instrument
4.1.2.2. A triple mediation. 4.1.2.2.1. Pragmatic mediation
4.1.2.2.2. Epistemic mediation
4.1.2.2.3. Political mediation
Box 4.1.Ideology of transparency and internal communication (source: Fleury et al., 2018, p. 129)
4.1.2.2.4. Sources of tension
4.2. The encounter between the individual and the technical object
4.2.1. The individual in the design phase. 4.2.1.1. From creator to innovator
Box 4.2.The design of a video game: an industrial activity? (source: interview with the HRD of a video game studio)
4.2.1.2. A design shared between humans and machines?
4.2.2. The individual in the adoption phase3. 4.2.2.1. The diffusionist point of view
4.2.2.2. The acceptance model
4.2.3. The individual in the use phase
4.2.3.1. The located acceptance
4.2.3.2. Towards a unified model of acceptance and use?
Box 4.3.The use of a corporate digital social network (source: Barville-Deromas et al., 2018)
4.2.3.3. The symbiotic approach
Box 4.4.Entourage, a local social network for mutual assistance (source: Charlier et al., 2019)
4.2.4. The individual between subject and object. 4.2.4.1. The notion of the technical individual according to Simondon
4.2.4.2. Reviewing resistance to change in the light of the “technical individual”
Box 4.5.SAP: a technical individual’s resistance to change (source: Gilbert and Leclair, 2004)
4.3. Beyond the content of activities, a transformation of working structures
4.3.1. Variable effects depending on the technological equipment
4.3.2. The emergence of new work characteristics
Box 4.6.Changes in the structure of tasks in a banking back-office (source: Brangier and Valléry, 2004, p. 218)
4.3.3. The growth of telework
4.4. Technological changes and individual skills
4.4.1. Skills and their production. 4.4.1.1. Definition and the stakes of skills
4.4.1.2. Acquisition and development of digital skills
4.4.1.3. Digital training and training using digital technology
4.4.2. Digital skills as frames of reference
Box 4.7.Digcomp, a European reference framework for e-skills (source: Kluzer and Priego, 2018)
4.4.3. No digital skills outside the activity
5. Experiencing Technological Change
5.1. Threats and opportunities associated with technological change in organizations
5.1.1. Overview of threats and opportunities associated with technological change
5.1.2. Threats and opportunities also concerning work organizations
Box 5.1.The implementation of a tool aimed at efficiency gains, forgetting the associated difficulties
Box 5.2.Hacking into personal data files held by commercial organizations
5.2. Reconciling technical and social issues
5.2.1. Social or responsible innovations: definitions and examples
5.2.1.1. The social innovation process
Box 5.3.Example of social innovation in the field of sustainable development and professional integration
Box 5.4.Fairphone, an innovation that combines social and technical dimensions
5.2.1.2. The actors of social or responsible innovation
Box 5.5.École 42
Box 5.6.Free software and code
5.2.1.3. Responsible technological innovation, a response to the criticisms and threats associated with technological change?
5.2.2. Responsible technological innovations within organizations
5.2.2.1. Organizations as places of production for responsible technological innovations
Box 5.7.The social and solidarity economy sector in France and Europe (sources: ministerial websites1; Stokkink and Perard, 2016)
5.2.2.2. Responsible technological innovation, a vector for democratizing organizations?
Box 5.8.Social dialogue and social innovation on digital tools (source: Oosterlynck and Moulaert, 2014)
Box 5.9.Examples of social intrapreneurship
5.3. Managing responsible technological change
5.3.1. Organizational change management
5.3.1.1. A prescriptive model for change management
5.3.1.2. Contingency factors for change management
Box 5.10.An inappropriate strategy in view of the scale of change: the example of France Télécom
Box 5.11.When employees define the facets of change: the example of Poult (sources: press articles; Gilbert, Raulet-Croset and Teglborg, 2017)
Box 5.12.The ideology of change within organizations (source: Perret, 2009)
Box 5.13.Mintzberg and change management (source: Mintzberg, 1979)
5.3.2. The specificities of technological change
5.3.2.1. Managing unlearning and skills acquisition
Box 5.14.An innovation that comes up against established habits: the Dvorak keyboard
Box 5.15.The introduction of a new documentation tool in a hospital structure (sources: Davis, 1993; Ammenwerth, Iller and Mahler, 2006)
5.3.2.2. What kind of skills management?
Box 5.16.Hackathons, useful for recruiting developers?
Box 5.17.The implementation of a new work tool
Box 5.18.Reverse mentoring in different organizations
Box 5.19.A network of digital ambassadors
5.3.2.3. Strategies for managing technological change
5.3.3. An integrative scheme for the management of responsible technological change
References
Index. A, B, C
D, E, G
H, I, J, L
M, N, P, R
S, T, U, V
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