Оглавление
Daniel W. Barrett. Social Psychology
Dedication
Social Psychology
Brief Contents
Detailed Contents
Preface: Why Another Social Psychology Textbook?
Thematic Highlights. Grounding in Life’s Fundamental Questions
Basic Principles of Social Psychology
Social Neuroscience and the Social Brain
Emerging Trends
Pedagogical Highlights
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Chapter 1 Introducing Social Psychology
Learning Objectives
The Mystery of Romantic Attraction
Think Ahead!
Social Psychology Matters: Defining The Field
Why Social Psychology?
Think Again!
Social Psychology Is Unique
Think Again!
Social Psychology And The Quest For Human Nature
Free Will
Independence
Rationality
Self-Reflection 1.1. Do You Think You Have Free Will? (Part 1)
Self-Reflection 1.2. Do You Think You Have Free Will? (Part 2)
The Self
Sociality
Morality
Think Again!
The Evolving Nature Of Social Psychology: Yesterday, Today, And Tomorrow. Early Social Psychological Studies
The First Textbooks
A Creative Synthesis: The Mutual Influences of the Person and the Situation
Further Developments: The Multiple Causes of Social Behavior
Evolutionary Factors
Contextual Influences
Individual Factors
Social Psychology in Europe
Emerging Trends
Integrating Explanations
Think Again!
Principle Matters: Social Psychology’s Guiding Principles
Principle 1: Social Behavior Is Purposive
Principle 2: Social Behavior Stems From Both Dispositional and Situational Influences
Principle 3: Social Behavior Is Influenced by How People Construe Situations
Principle 4: Social Behavior Is Cultural
Think Again!
Science Matters: Social Psychology Is A Science
Hindsight Bias
Think Again!
Science Is Not What You Think
Doing Research: An Introduction To Research Methods. Research Matters: Beyond Lay Theories
Questions Matter: Good Questions and Good Hypotheses
Theory Matters: What Are Theories For?
Think Again!
Final Thoughts: Social Psychology and Human Nature Revisited
Core Concepts
Key Terms
Think Further!
Suggested Readings
Chapter 2 The Social Brain
Learning Objectives
The Case Of Phineas Gage
Think Ahead!
What Is The Brain?
Think Again!
Origins of the Social Brain
Think Again!
Self-Reflection 2.1. When a Picture IS Worth 1,000 Words (Part 1)
Self-Reflection 2.2. When a Picture IS Worth 1,000 Words (Part 2)
Anatomy Of The Brain. What Is a Neuron?
Think Again!
Structures of the Brain
Prefrontal Cortex
Limbic System
Insula
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Think Again!
Research Box 2.1. Moral Disgust and the Insula Hypothesis: The Perception of Disgust
Chromosomes, Genes, And DNA
Think Again!
Doing Research: Methods Of Social Neuroscience
Galvanic Skin Response
Electromyography
Electroencephalography (EEG) and Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Other Methods
Multimethods
Think Again!
Social Neuroscience And The Fundamental Questions
Free Will
Applying Social Neuroscience to Law. Can fMRI Detect Lies?
Independence
Rationality
Self
Sociality
Morality
Think Again!
Final Thoughts: Evolution, Brain Plasticity, and Culture
Core Concepts
Key Terms
Think Further!
Suggested Readings
Chapter 3 Social Cognition
Learning Objectives
Believing Is Seeing
Think Ahead!
The Psychology Of Social Thinking
Are People Different Than Things? The “Social” in Social Cognition
Think Again!
The Nature Of Social Cognition
Understanding Is Believing: How You Cannot NOT Believe
Think Again!
The Dual Mind: Automatic And Controlled Processing
Priming: Thinking and Doing Without Knowing
Self-Reflection 3.1. How Do You Feel About Robots? (Part 1)
Self-Reflection 3.2. How Do You Feel About Robots? (Part 2)
Think Again!
Free Will and the Dual Mind
HEURISTICS: MENTAL SHORTCUTS
Availability
Representativeness
Anchoring and Adjustment
Research Box 3.1. Anchoring and Adjustment
Think Again!
Doing Research: Reliability And Validity
Motivated Reasoning
Belief Perseverance: Believing When There Is No Evidence
Considering the Opposite
Think Again!
Confirmation Bias
Biased Evaluation of Information
Think Again!
Culture And Cognition
Social Psychology Applied To Health. Stress And Coping
Think Again!
Final Thoughts: Free Will and Rationality Revisited
Core Concepts
Key Terms
Think Further!
Suggested Readings
Chapter 4 What Is the Self?
Learning Objectives
The Many “Me’S” Of The Self
Think Ahead!
What Is The Self: The Self As Thinker And The Thought. Knowing Oneself: The Self-Concept
Self-Discrepancy Theory and Possible Selves
Think Again!
Knowing Who We Are: Introspection And Self-Perception
Introspection
Self-Perception
Think Again!
Doing Research: Questioning Self-Reports And Surveys
Think Again!
Evaluating How We Are Doing. Self-Esteem
Self-Enhancement
Self-Reflection 4.1. Measuring Your Self-Esteem (Part 1)
Self-Reflection 4.2. Measuring Your Self-Esteem (Part 2)
Social Comparison: Looking Up and Looking Down
False Consensus and False Uniqueness
Self-Serving Judgments
Research Box 4.1. The Better-Than-Average Effect
The Bias Blind Spot: Being Biased About Being Biased
Think Again!
SELF-PRESENTATION: DISPLAYING ONESELF
Self-Monitoring
The Spotlight Effect and the Illusion of Transparency
Getting Them to Like Me: Ingratiation
Getting Them to Appreciate Me: Self-Promotion
Social Psychology Applied To Work. Managing Impressions
I Failed But I Am Still Competent! Self-Handicapping
Think Again!
SELF-REGULATION: CONTROLLING ONESELF
Self-Control Failure and Ironic Processes
Think Again!
Confirming the Self: Self-Verification
A Clash of Motives?
Final Thoughts: The Paradox of The Self
Core Concepts
Key Terms
Think Further!
Suggested Readings
Chapter 5 Social Perception
Learning Objectives
“NICE TO MEET YOU. YOU’RE HIRED!” JOB INTERVIEWS IN SECONDS
Think Ahead!
Impression Formation. Early Research
Think Again!
Forming First Impressions
Thin Slices
Biases In Social Perception
Electronic Person Perception: What Your Online Presentation Says About You
Research Box 5.1. Implicit Personality Theories
Nonverbal Communication And Emotional Expressions
Emotional Expressions: Universal or Culturally Specific?
Recognizing Happiness
Emotion Blends and Dialects
Think Again!
Doing Research: The Challenges Of Cross-Cultural Studies
Language
Experimental equivalence
Response styles
Sampling
Self-Reflection 5.1. Measuring Individualism/Collectivism (Part 1)
Self-Reflection 5.2. Measuring Individualism/Collectivism (Part 2)
Detecting Deception
How Observations Can Fail Us: Four Cognitive Illusions: Control, Gambling, Shooting Streaks, And Imagined Associations
Illusion of Control
Social Psychology Applied to Law. Catching Liars
Gambler’s Fallacy and the Hot Hand Illusion
Illusory Correlation
Think Again!
ATTRIBUTIONS: DETERMINING THE CAUSES OF BEHAVIOR
Final Thoughts: Sex Categorization and Free Will
Core Concepts
Key Terms
Think Further!
Suggested Readings
Chapter 6 Social Influence
Learning Objectives
Good People Turning Bad
Think Ahead!
Types Of Social Influence
Six Principles Of Interpersonal Influence
Think Again!
The Principle Of Reciprocity
Think Again!
Conformity And The Social Validation Principle
Two Types of Social Norms
Research Box 6.1. Reciprocity and Culture
Social Norms and Conformity
Think Again!
Conformity Across Cultures
Other Factors Influencing Conformity
Neuroscience and Conformity
The Neuroscience of Conformity
Obedience And The Authority Principle
Self-Reflection 6.1. Attitudes Toward Torture (Part 1)
Self-Reflection 6.2. Attitudes Toward Torture (Part 2)
Social Psychology Applied To Law. Coerced Confessions
Think Again!
Doing Research: Deception And Ethics In Research
Need for Deception
Obedience In The 21St Century: Milgram Revisited
Factors Influencing the Power of Authority
The Power of the Situation Revisited: Culture, Gender, Personality
Think Again!
Final Thoughts: The Upsides of Compliance, Obedience, and Conformity
Core Concepts
Key Terms
Think Further!
Suggested Readings
Chapter 7 Attitudes and Persuasion
Learning Objectives
When Prophecies Fail
Think Ahead!
The Nature Of Attitudes
Implicit and Explicit Attitudes
General Versus Specific Attitudes
Think Again!
Attitude Structure
Think Again!
The Origins Of Attitudes
Individual Experiences
Contextual Influences
Biological Factors
Think Again!
Two Routes To Persuasion
Central and Peripheral Processing
Think Again!
Heuristic-Systematic Model
Elements Of Persuasion
Source Factors. Credibility
Other Factors
Message Factors
Fear Appeals
Negative Messages
Message Sidedness
Audience Factors
Self-Monitoring
Need for Cognition
Other Audience Factors
Age
Think Again!
The Effects Of Attitudes On Behavior. The Reasoned Action Approach
Doing Research: Measuring Attitudes
Direct Self-Report Methods. Closed-Ended Items
Social Psychology Applied to Health. Predicting Behavior Change
Open-Ended Items
Bogus Pipeline
Indirect Methods
Think Again!
Factors That Impact the Relationship Between Attitudes and Behavior
Cognitive Consistency And The Effects Of Behavior On Attitudes
Balance Theory
Insufficient Justification
Counter Attitudinal Advocacy
Post-Decisional Dissonance
Advances in Dissonance Theory
Role of the Self
Research Box 7.1. The Neuroscience of Cognitive Dissonance
Hypocrisy Induction
Self-Affirmation
The New Look
Culture
Summary
Think Again!
Self-Reflection 7.1. Preference for Consistency (Part 1)
Self-Reflection 7.2. Preference for Consistency (Part 2)
Final Thoughts: Resisting Persuasion
Core Concepts
Key Terms
Think Further!
Suggested Readings
Chapter 8 Helping
Learning Objectives
The Nature Of Helping Behavior
Think Ahead!
Why We Help
Origins Of Helping Behavior. Kin Selection
Heritability
Group Selection
Reciprocity
Individual Experiences
Think Again!
Research Box 8.1. Prosocial Videos Games and Helping
When Do We Help? Time Pressure
Location
Mood
Negative State Relief Model
Weighing the Costs and Benefits of Helping
Think Again!
Helping in Emergencies
Characteristics of Emergencies
Failure to Help
Notice the Event
Interpret the Event as an Emergency
Assume Personal Responsibility
Choose How to Help and Then Implement It
Recent Research
Think Again!
Doing Research: Safeguarding Research Participants
Social Psychology Applied to Work. Organizational Citizenship on the Job
Think Again!
The Empathy-Altruism Relationship
Neuroscience of Empathy
Egoism Versus Altruism Revisited
Think Again!
Person Factors Affecting Helping. Altruistic Personality
Gender and Helping: Who Helps More?
Self-Reflection 8.1. How Prosocial Are You? (Part 1)
Self-Reflection 8.2. How Prosocial Are You? (Part 2)
Think Again!
Who Gets Helped?
Helping Across Cultures
Think Again!
Final Thoughts: A Broader View of Helping
Core Concepts
Key Terms
Think Further!
Suggested Readings
Chapter 9 Aggression
Learning Objectives
Mass Shootings
Think Ahead!
The Nature Of Aggression. What Is Aggression?
Forms of Aggression
Think Again!
The Origins Of Aggression
Evolutionary Influences
Genetics
Testosterone
Serotonin
Brain Structures and Executive Function
Think Again!
Individual Experiences
Media Influence
Criticisms of the Media Violence Hypothesis
Violent Pornography and Sexual Violence
Think Again!
When Do We Aggress? Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
Cognitive Neoassociationist Theory
Contextual Factors. Unpleasant Events
Aggressive Cues
Think Again!
Interpersonal Factors
Social Rejection
Provocation
Cultural Influences
Culture of Honor
Think Again!
The General Aggression Model
Doing Research: Archival Studies Of Historical Aggression
Person Factors Affecting Aggression
Gender
Personality
Alcohol
Self-Reflection 9.1. How Aggressive Are You? (Part 1)
Self-Reflection 9.2. How Aggressive Are You? (Part 2)
Think Again!
Research Box 9.1. Can Alcohol Primes Increase Aggression?
The Route to Aggression: From Inputs to Outputs
Outputs: Appraisals, Decisions, and Actions
Reducing Aggression
Social Psychology Applied to Work. Bullying on the Job
Think Again!
Final Thoughts: The Multiple Causes of Aggression
Core Concepts
Key Terms
Think Further!
Suggested Readings
Chapter 10 Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination
Learning Objectives
ANTI-IMMIGRANT ATTITUDES AROUND THE GLOBE
Think Ahead!
The Nature Of Prejudice, Stereotyping, And Discrimination
The Three Waves Of Research On Racism
Types of Racism
Think Again!
The Origins Of Prejudice, Stereotyping, And Discrimination. Evolutionary Influences
Brain Structure and Process
Individual Experiences
Research Box 10.1. Facial Structure and Prejudice
Social Identity Theory
Think Again!
Contextual Factors. Automatic Activation of Stereotypes
Realistic Group Conflict Theory
Intergroup Threat Theory
Scapegoating
Cultural Influences
Think Again!
Doing Research: Measuring Implicit Attitudes
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
Affective or Evaluative Priming
Person Factors. Cognitive Biases
Self-Reflection 10.1. How Egalitarian Are You? (Part 1)
Self-Reflection 10.2. How Egalitarian Are You? (Part 2)
Individual Differences
Think Again!
The Content of Prejudice and Stereotypes. Stereotype Content Model
Specific Types Of Intergroup Bias. Sexism
Other Forms
Accuracy of Stereotypes
Think Again!
The Effects Of Prejudice, Stereotyping, And Discrimination. Discriminatory Practices
Social Psychology Applied to Work. Microaggressions
Threats to Self-Esteem and Performance. Stigma
Stereotype Threat
Threats to Physical Well-Being
Think Again!
Overcoming Prejudice, Stereotyping, And Discrimination
Final Thoughts: The Changing Landscape of Prejudice
Core Concepts
Key Terms
Think Further!
Suggested Readings
Chapter 11 Affiliation and Love
Learning Objectives
Friends With Benefits
Think Ahead!
The Nature Of Affiliation And Love
Social Psychology Applied To Health. The Importance of Being Social
Think Again!
Contextual Factors. Liking
Proximity
Research Box 11.1. Sharing, Liking, and Group Membership
Familiarity
Similarity
Think Again!
Who Is Attractive? The Components of Attractiveness
Perceived Benefits of Physical Attractiveness
Actual Benefits of Physical Attractiveness
Think Again!
Evolutionary Perspective On Mate Selection
Further Considerations on Mate Selection
Sexual Selectivity and Sexual Behavior
Romantic Jealousy
Think Again!
What Is Love?
Passionate and Companionate Love
Triangular Theory of Love
Two-Factor Theory
Self-Reflection 11.1. How Passionate Is Your Relationship? (Part 1)
Self-Reflection 11.2. How Passionate Is Your Relationship? (Part 2)
An Evolutionary Perspective
Think Again!
Love on the Brain
Same-Sex Attraction
Attachment Style
Doing Research: Examining Interpersonal Relationships
Think Again!
Relationship Satisfaction
Positive Illusions
Self-Disclosure
Attributions
Satisfaction Over Time
Dating In The Virtual World
Think Again!
Final Thoughts: Does Facebook Make You Lonely?
Core Concepts
Key Terms
Think Further!
Suggested Readings
Chapter 12 Group Processes
Learning Objectives
SPORTS-RELATED RIOTS
Think Ahead!
The Nature Of Groups. What Is a Group?
Why We Join Groups
Think Again!
Key Features Of Groups. Types of Groups
Cohesiveness
Entitativity
Social Norms
Roles
Think Again!
Groups And Behavior. Groups Can Improve Performance: Social Facilitation
Explaining Social Facilitation
Groups Can Degrade Performance: Social Loafing and Free Riding
Research Box 12.1. Social Facilitation in the Virtual World
Solutions to Social Loafing and Free Riding
Social Loafing Across Cultures
Self-Reflection 12.1. How Much Do You Like Group Work? (Part 1)
Self-Reflection 12.2. How Much Do You Like Group Work? (Part 2)
Think Again!
Losing Oneself In The Group: Deindividuation
Think Again!
Group Decision-Making
Shortcomings in Group Decisions: Groupthink
Examples of Groupthink
Antecedents and Symptoms of Groupthink
Evaluation of the Groupthink Model
Preventing Groupthink
Think Again!
Group Polarization
Think Again!
Brainstorming
Doing Research: Case Studies
Minority Influence
Social Psychology Applied To Law. Jury Decision-Making
Think Again!
Leadership
Types of Leaders
Theories of Leadership. Great Person Theories
Contingency Model
Transactional and Transformational Leaders
Social Identity Theory
Gender and Leadership
Think Again!
Final Thoughts: Crowd Wisdom and Smart Mobs
Core Concepts
Key Terms
Think Further!
Suggested Readings
Chapter 13 Three Emerging TrendsThe Social Psychology of Happiness, Religion, and Sustainability
Learning Objectives
The Intersection Of Happiness, Religion, And Sustainability
Think Ahead!
The Social Psychology Of Happiness
The Nature Of Happiness
Self-Reflection 13.1. Measuring Life Satisfaction (Part 1)
Self-Reflection 13.2. Measuring Life Satisfaction (Part 2)
Think Again!
The Antecedents And Benefits Of Happiness. Contextual Factors
Social Relationships
Children
Personal Wealth
Culture and Subjective Well-being
Person Factors
Think Again!
Benefits of Happiness
Improving Your Happiness
Doing Research: Generalizing To The Real World
The Social Psychology Of Religion
The Nature Of Religious Belief. Religiousness
Religious Orientation
Think Again!
The Functions of Religion
Origins And Benefits Of Religious Belief. Evolutionary Origins
Individual Experiences
Cultural Influences
Prosociality and Prejudice. Prosociality
Prejudice
Religion, Mental Health, and Happiness
Social Psychology Applied To Health. Does Religion Make You Healthy?
Think Again!
The Social Psychology Of Sustainability. Our Environmental Crisis and How Social Psychology Can Help
Research Box 13.1. Meditation, Mindfulness, and Life Satisfaction
How the Environment Affects Well-Being
Think Again!
Social Dilemmas as Social Traps
One-Person Trap
Missing-Hero Trap
Collective Trap
Tackling the Problem
Think Again!
Psychological Barriers to Implementing Solutions
Regulation
Education
Changing Reinforcements and Punishments
Inducing Dissonance and Hypocrisy Induction
Norm-Based Interventions
Think Again!
Final Thoughts: Subjective Well-Being and Sustainability
Core Concepts
Key Terms
Think Further!
Suggested Readings
Glossary
References
Author Index
Subject Index
