Оглавление
Danton Inc. O'Day. Human Developmental Biology
Chapter 1. An Introduction and Overview
Overview of Development
Chapter 2. Saga of the Sex Cells
What are Primordial Germ Cells (PGCs)?
What is Germ Plasm?
The Journey of the Germ Cells
Germ Cell Markers
How Do the PGCs Know Where to Go?
Teratomas
Germ Cell Formation in Mammals
Mosaic versus Regulative Development
BMP and DAZ Genes and Human Germ Cell Formation
Chapter 3. Life and Death in the Ovary
Development of the External Genitalia
Female Genital Tract
The Ovary and Follicle Development
Sequence of Events in Oogenesis
Changes in Germ Cell Numbers
Apoptosis: The Major Events
A Cascade of Caspases Cleaves Proteins
Apoptosis is Induced by the Intrinsic or Extrinsic Pathway
The Intrinsic Pathway: Cell Death Starts Inside
Death Receptors and the Extrinsic Pathway
Chapter 4. Egg Differentiation and Genetic Abnormalities
The Egg is a Differentiated Cell
Meiotic Divisions
Meiosis and Genetic Abnormalities: Non-Disjunction
Trisomy 21—Down Syndrome
Down Syndrome at the Molecular Level
Non-Disjunction: Monosomy—Turner Syndrome
The Life of the Human Egg
Chapter 5. Male Anatomy and Spermatogenesis
Development of the External Male Genitalia
The Foreskin and HIV Receptors
TDF and Sexual Determination
The Urogenital System of the Human Male
From the Testes to Ejaculation
The Organization of the Testes
The Testis and Spermatogenesis
Sertoli Cell Functions
The Human Sperm Cell
Major Components of Sperm Cells and their General Functions
The Four Phases of Gametogenesis
The Events of Spermatogenesis
The Events of Spermiogenesis
Chapter 6. Sperm Cell Differentiation
Sperm Cell Differentiation
Sperm Membrane is specialized for Fertilization
Macromolecular Synthesis during Spermatogenesis
Nuclear Morphogenesis
The Histone-Protamine Shift
The Histone-Protamine Shift Affects Chromatin Packaging
Male Pronucleus Formation Involves the Re-Establishment of Nucleosomal Structure
Microtubules in the Sperm Tail
Microtubule-Organizing Center
Kartagener’s Syndrome
Structure of the Normal Sperm Axoneme
Sperm Axoneme: Normal vs. Kartagener’s Syndrome
Chapter 7. Fertilization
Sperm Transport in Males
Sperm Transport in Females
Capacitation of Human Sperm
Major Changes Occur during Capacitation
Sperm Chemotaxis
Some Major Acrosomal Enzymes
Human Acrosin
Cortical Granules
Sequence of Events in Fertilization
Pronuclear Events
Parthenogenesis
Zona Pellucida (ZP)
The Acrosome Reaction: Morphological events
The Acrosome Reaction: Galactosyltransferase binding
ZP3 and the Acrosome Reaction
Calcium and the Acrosome Reaction
Blocks to Polyspermy
The Cortical Reaction
Calcium and the Cortical Reaction
Chapter 8. The “ART” of Making Babies
Infertility Causes for ART Users
Types of ART Procedures
ART Procedures Used in the US
Harvesting Eggs
Assessing Sperm/Semen Quality
Problems in Studies on Sperm Loss in Males
Successful ART - Sequence of Events
Pregnancy and ART
What Percentage of Pregnancies Result in Live Births?
Female Age versus ART Success Rate
Sperm Storage: Bad and Good News
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
Selecting Sperm: Choosing the Sex of Your Baby
Chapter 9. Cleavage
The Timing of Early Development
Cleavage: Functions and Events
Mitotic vs. Normal Cell Cycle
The Purposes of Cleavage
The Stages of Early Cleavage
Cleavage, Compaction, Blastocyst Formation and Hatching
Compaction
What is E-Cadherin?
Cadherin and the Embryo
Formation of the Blastocyst
Hatching of the Blastocyst
Chapter 10. Early Embryonic Development
Implantation of the Embryo
Implantation: The Sequence of Events
Cell Adhesion Molecules and Implantation
The Fetal/Maternal Interface
Origin of the Cell Lineages
Extraembryonic Cell Lineages
Extraembryonic Membranes
Amniocentesis
Twinning and the Blastocyst
Chapter 11. Gastrulation
The Timing of Gastrulation and Subsequent Events
Formation of the Epiblast and Hypoblast
The Role of Gastrulation
Human Gastrulation: How Do We Know How it Works?
Gastrulation in Human Embryo
Cell Movements and Rearrangements during Embryonic Development
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transformation
Mammalian Pattern and Polarity
Chapter 12. Neurulation
The Primary Germ Layers
Notochord Formation
The Events of Neurulation
Induction of Neural Tissue by Chordamesoderm
The Node Induces the Neural Axis
Genes and Head Development
Embryonic Cell Lineages at the Neurula Stage
The Late Neurula
Nerve Cell Differentiation
Neurotrophic Factors
Effects of NGF on Sympathetic Ganglia
Differentiation Factors
Chapter 13. The Neural Crest
Transcription Factors Mediate Neural Crest Delamination
Losing Contact and Finding Their Way Home
SEM of Neural Crest
Neural Crest Cells Migrate Through the Embryo
Major Derivatives of the Neural Crest
Migration of the Neural Crest
Immunoglobulin Superfamily: N-CAM
Factors That Guide Neural Crest Cells
Regulation of Neural Crest Cell Fate
Differentiation of Trunk Neural Crest Cells
Neural Crest and Abnormal Development
Chapter 14. Critical Periods in Development
The Formation of Tissues
Critical Periods in Development
Teratogens Affect the Critical Periods
Some Genetic Mutations Lead to Abnormal Development
Chemical Teratogens Cause Birth Defects in Humans
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
FAS and Retinoic Acid
Viruses, Bacteria and Protozoa Can Cause Birth Defects
Timing of Teratogen Action
Folic Acid and Neural Tube Defects
Chapter 15. Development of the Eye
Development of the Human Eye
Induction and Eye Development: Early Experiments
A Chain of Inductions Mediates Eye Development
Sonic Hedgehog and Eye Development
Lens Differentiation and Crystallin Proteins
Differentiation Factors Regulate Lens Cell Differentiation
Manipulating Gene Expression
Genes Involved in Eye Development
Chapter 16. Limb Development
Structure of the Limb Bud
Cells that Contribute to Mesoderm of the Limb Bud
SEM of the Apical Ectodermal Ridge
The Organization and Polarity of the Developing Limb Bud
Early Limb Development
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interactions during Limb Development
ZPA and Retinoic Acid
Lysosomes and Cell Death in Normal Development
Retinoic Acid: A Developmental Morphogen
Signal Transduction and Limb Formation
Understanding Thalidomide and Limb Development
Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) and Limb Formation
Homeobox (Hox) Genes: Master Developmental Genes
Human HOX Genes
Hox Gene Expression in the Mammalian Limb
Hox Gene Knockouts in Mice Lead to Limb Defects
Hox Gene Mutation in a Michigan Family
Chapter 17. Late Inductions: Hair, Teeth and Glands
Late Inductive Interactions and Resulting Structures
Communication Mediated by the Extracellular Matrix
Secretory Gland Morphogenesis
Mammary Gland Development
The Regulation of Mammary Gland Branching
Evidence for the Role of ECM in Tissue Morphogenesis
MMPs and ECM
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interactions
Morphogenesis Redux
Selected References. Saga of the Sex Cells
Egg Differentiation
Male Anatomy and Spermatogenesis
Fertilization
Early Development
Gastrulation and Neurulation
Neural Crest
Critical Periods
Eye Development
Late Inductions
