Оглавление
David A. McEntire. Disaster Response and Recovery
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Disaster Response and Recovery. Strategies and Tactics for Resilience
About the Author
Foreword
Preface
Learning and Teaching Aids
Acknowledgments
About the Companion Website
1 Knowing What to Expect: Hazards, Vulnerability, and Disasters. STARTING POINT
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Occurrence of Disasters
1.1.1 Important Concepts
1.1.2 Preview of Disaster Response and Recovery
Self‐Check
1.2 Types of Hazards
1.2.1 Natural Hazards
1.2.2 Atmospheric Hazards
For Example
For Example
For Example
1.2.3 Hydrologic Hazards
For Example
For Example
1.2.4 Geologic Hazards
1.2.5 Seismic and Volcanic Hazards
For Example
1.2.6 Wildfire Hazards
For Example
1.2.7 Biological Hazards
For Example
Self‐Check
1.3 Technological Hazards
1.3.1 Industrial Hazards
1.3.2 Environmental Hazards
For Example
For Example
1.3.3 Nuclear Hazards
1.3.4 Structural Fire Hazards
1.3.5 Structural Collapse Hazards
1.3.6 Transportation Hazards
For Example
For Example
Self‐Check
1.4 Civil/Conflict Hazards
1.4.1 Panic Flight
For Example
1.4.2 Riots
1.4.3 Mass Shootings
For Example
1.4.4 Terrorism
For Example
1.4.5 War
Self‐Check
1.5 The Complexity of Disasters
For Example
1.5.1 The Impact of Disasters
For Example
1.5.2 Changes Associated with Disasters
1.5.3 The Need for Response and Recovery Operations
Self‐Check
SUMMARY
KEY TERMS
ASSESS YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Summary Questions
Review Questions
Applying This Chapter
YOU TRY IT. How Can I Get Information About Hazards?
What Would I Do?
The Interaction of Hazards
Disasters and Change
Meeting Demands
References
2 Understanding the Actors: Roles and Responsibilities of Relevant Stakeholders. STARTING POINT
INTRODUCTION
2.1 The Public Sector
2.1.1 Local Government
2.1.2 County and Regional Governments
2.1.3 State Government
For Example
2.1.4 Federal Government
For Example
For Example
2.1.5 Tribal Government
For Example
Self‐Check
2.2 The Private Sector
2.2.1 Business Continuity, Disaster Recovery and Risk Management
2.2.2 Transportation
2.2.3 Sheltering and Housing
2.2.4 Emergency and Long‐Term Medical Care
2.2.5 Media Reporting
2.2.6 Volunteers and Donations
2.2.7 Insurance Provision and Claim Settlement
2.2.8 Utility Restoration and Community Reconstruction
For Example
2.2.9 Vending of Goods and Services
Self‐Check
2.3 The Nonprofit Sector
2.3.1 The Red Cross
For Example
2.3.2 Faith‐Based Organizations
2.3.3 Community Groups
CASE STUDY
Self‐Check
2.4 Emergent Groups
For Example
Self‐Check
2.5 Working with All Partners and the Whole Community
For Example
For Example
Self‐Check
SUMMARY
KEY TERMS
ASSESS YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Summary Questions
Review Questions
Applying This Chapter
YOU TRY IT
References
3 Anticipating Attitudes and Behavior in Disasters: Myths, Exaggerations, and Realities. STARTING POINT
INTRODUCTION
3.1 General Disaster Attitudes and the Case of Covid‐19
Self‐Check
3.2 The Impact of Hollywood and The Media
3.2.1 Hollywood’s Portrayal of Disasters
3.2.2 The Media’s Role in Perpetuating Misconceptions
For Example
Self‐Check
3.3 Research on Myths
For Example
Self‐Check
3.4 Evidence of Exaggeration
For Example
For Example
Self‐Check
3.5 Realities about Response and Recovery
For Example
For Example
Self‐Check
3.6 The Importance of Understanding Behavior Correctly
For Example
For Example
Self‐Check
SUMMARY
KEY TERMS
ASSESS YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Summary Questions
Review Questions
Applying This Chapter
YOU TRY IT
References
4 Applying Alternative Management Approaches: Disaster Response and Recovery Theory. STARTING POINT
INTRODUCTION
4.1 The Traditional Model
4.1.1 Features of the Traditional Model
For Example
4.1.2 Strengths of Traditional Model
For Example
4.1.3 Drawbacks of the Traditional Model
For Example
Self‐Check
4.2 The Professional Model
4.2.1 Characteristics of the Professional Model
4.2.2 Benefits of the Professional Model
For Example
4.2.3 Weaknesses of Professional Model
Self‐Check
4.3 Comparison of The Models
For Example
Self‐Check
SUMMARY
KEY TERMS
ASSESS YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Summary Questions
Review Questions
Applying This Chapter
YOU TRY IT
References
5 Implementing Initial Response Measures: Hazard Detection, Warning, Evacuation and Sheltering. STARTING POINT
INTRODUCTION
5.1 Hazard Detection
5.1.1 Initial Steps
5.1.1.1 Seeking Additional Information
5.1.1.2 Notifying and Communicating with Others
5.1.1.3 Implementing the Emergency Operations Plan
5.1.1.4 Activating the EOC
For Example
Self‐Check
5.2 Issuing Warnings
For Example
5.2.1 Types of Warning Systems
5.2.1.1 Sirens
5.2.1.2 Media
5.2.1.3 Emergency Alert System
5.2.1.4 Reverse 911
5.2.1.5 Intercoms, Teletype Writers and Strobe Lights
For Example
5.2.1.6 Loud‐Speakers, Door‐to‐Door Notification and Weather Radios
5.2.1.7 Cell Phones/Smart Phones/Texting
5.2.1.8 Social Media
For Example
5.2.2 Warning Considerations
For Example
Self‐Check
5.3 Evacuation
5.3.1 Means of Evacuation
5.3.2 Evacuation Behavior
5.3.2.1 Reasons Why People Do Not Evacuate
For Example
5.3.3 Evacuation Considerations
For Example
For Example
5.3.4 Evacuation Procedures
Self‐Check
5.4 Sheltering
5.4.1 Sheltering Types
For Example
5.4.2 Shelter Use and Characteristics
For Example
5.4.3 Working with Others to Establish and Manage Shelters
For Example
Self‐Check
SUMMARY
KEY TERMS
ASSESS YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Summary Questions
Review Questions
Applying This Chapter
YOU TRY IT
References
6 Caring for the Injured, Dead, and Distraught: Overcoming Physical and Emotional Impacts. STARTING POINT
INTRODUCTION
6.1 Search and Rescue Operations
6.1.1 Types of SAR
6.1.2 Human Behavior During SAR Operations
For Example
6.1.3 Issues to Consider When Carrying Out SAR
6.1.3.1 Resources Required for SAR
6.1.3.2 Situational Awareness in the SAR Function
For Example
6.1.3.3 Rescuer Needs During SAR Operations
6.1.3.4 SAR and Immediate On‐Site Emergency Care
6.1.3.5 SAR and Limited Time
6.1.4 Federal USAR Teams
For Example
6.1.5 Conducting SAR Operations
Self‐Check
6.2 Emergency Medical Care, Triage and DMATs
6.2.1 Treating the Injured
For Example
6.2.2 Triage
For Example
6.2.2.1 The Ethics of Triage
6.2.3 Disaster Medical Assistance Teams
For Example
Self‐Check
6.3 Mass Fatality Management
For Example
6.3.1 Mass Fatality Incidents and Their Challenges
For Example
6.3.2 Responding to Mass Fatality Incidents
For Example
6.3.3 Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Teams
For Example
Self‐Check
6.4 Stress Management
For Example
6.4.1 Vulnerability to PTSD/CIS
6.4.2 Common Signs of PTSD/CIS
For Example
6.4.3 Overcoming PTSD/CIS
For Example
6.4.4 The Merit of Defusings and Debriefings
Self‐Check
SUMMARY
KEY TERMS
ASSESS YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Summary Questions
Review Questions
Applying This Chapter
YOU TRY IT
References
7 Managing Public Information, Donations, and Volunteers: Expected Difficulties and Benefits. STARTING POINT
INTRODUCTION
7.1 The Media and Social Media in Disasters
7.1.1 Types of Media and Their Behavior
For Example
7.1.2 Challenges Associated with the Media
7.1.3 Strategies for Working with the Media
7.1.4 Social Media and Disasters
For Example
For Example
Case Study
Self‐Check
7.2 Dealing with Donations
7.2.1 Challenges Resulting from Donations
7.2.1.1 Hurricane Andrew
7.2.1.2 Oklahoma City Bombing
7.2.1.3 9/11 Terrorist Attacks
For Example
7.2.2 Recommendations for Donations Management
For Example
Self‐Check
7.3 Volunteer Management
For Example
7.3.1 Difficulties Associated with Volunteers
7.3.2 Strategies for Volunteer Management
For Example
7.3.2.1 Rely on the Expertise of Nonprofit Organizations and Others
7.3.2.2 Register and Care for Volunteers
7.3.2.3 Match Their Skills with Disaster Needs
For Example
7.3.2.4 Evaluate Your Progress
7.3.3 The Value of Effective Volunteer Management
For Example
Self‐Check
SUMMARY
KEY TERMS
ASSESS YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Summary Questions
Review Questions
Applying This Chapter
YOU TRY IT
References
8 Moving Beyond Immediate Needs: Damage Assessment, Disaster Declarations, and Debris Removal. STARTING POINT
INTRODUCTION
8.1 Assessing Damages
For Example
8.1.1 Types of Damage Assessment
For Example
8.1.2 Methods of Conducting Damage Assessment
For Example
Self‐Check
8.2 Challenges in Damage Assessment
8.2.1 Accuracy
8.2.2 Working with Others
For Example
8.2.3 Access and Safety
For Example
Self‐Check
8.3 Damage Assessment Procedures
8.3.1 Pre‐assessment Activities
8.3.2 Assessment Considerations
For Example
Self‐Check
8.4 Disaster Declarations
8.4.1 Difficulties Associated with the Process
For Example
For Example
8.4.2 Factors Determining Declarations
8.4.3 Other Unique Declaration Requirements
For Example
Self‐Check
8.5 Debris Produced by Disasters
For Example
8.5.1 Types of Debris
For Example
8.5.2 Debris Management Challenges
For Example
Self‐Check
8.6 Dealing with Debris Effectively
8.6.1 Storage Locations, the Environment and Public Information
For Examplew
8.6.2 EPA Recommendations for Improving Debris Management
Self‐Check
8.7 Regulations and Other Considerations
For Example
8.7.1 Reducing Expenses
8.7.2 Preventing Fraud
For Example
Self‐Check
SUMMARY
KEY TERMS
ASSESS YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Summary Questions
Review Questions
Applying This Chapter
YOU TRY IT
References
9 Promoting Recovery and Mitigation: Disaster Assistance, Rebuilding, and Vulnerability Reduction. STARTING POINT
INTRODUCTION
9.1 Disaster Impacts and Disaster Assistance
For Example
For Example
Self‐Check
9.2 Types of IA
9.2.1 Loans and Grants
For Example
9.2.2 Services
9.2.3 Benefits
For Example
Self‐Check
9.3 Facilitating IA
9.3.1 National Processing Service Center (NPSC)
9.3.2 Disaster Recovery Center (DRC)
For Example
Self‐Check
9.4 Categories of PA
9.4.1 Emergency Assistance
9.4.1.1 Debris Removal
9.4.1.2 Protective Measures
9.4.2 Permanent Assistance
9.4.2.1 Road Systems
9.4.2.2 Water Control
9.4.2.3 Public Buildings/Equipment
9.4.2.4 Public Utility
9.4.2.5 Other Assistance
For Example
Self‐Check
9.5 Accessing PA
For Example
Self‐Check
9.6 Important Issues for Recovery
9.6.1 Minimizing Fraud
For Example
9.6.2 Protecting the Environment
For Example
9.6.3 Preserving Historic Buildings
For Example
9.6.4 Mitigating Future Disasters
For Example
9.6.4.1 Relocate to a New Site
9.6.4.2 Intraurban Relocation
9.6.4.3 Rebuild in the Same Area
Case Study
For Example
Self‐Check
9.7 The Potential for Disagreement
For Example
Self‐Check
9.8 Pressing for Change
For Example
9.8.1 Lessons from the Loma Prieta Earthquake
For Example
Self‐Check
SUMMARY
KEY TERMS
ASSESSING YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Summary Questions
Review Questions
Applying This Chapter
YOU TRY IT
References
10 Overcoming Typical Challenges: Vital Considerations for Response and Recovery. STARTING POINT
INTRODUCTION
10.1 Communication and Coordination
10.1.1 Communication and Coordination Barriers
10.1.2 Enhancing Communication
10.1.3 Improving Coordination
For Example
Self‐Check
10.2 Decision Making and Disasters
For Example
For Example
10.2.1 Overcoming Decision Errors
For Example
Self‐Check
10.3 Transportation Issues and Logistics
For Example
10.3.1 Dealing with Transportation and Logistics Problems
Logistics in Disasters
Self‐Check
10.4 Vulnerable/Special Populations
10.4.1 Gender
10.4.2 Racial and Ethnic Groups
For Example
10.4.3 The Poor
For Example
10.4.4 Tourists
10.4.5 The Elderly
10.4.6 Children
10.4.7 The Disabled
For Example
10.4.8 Other Special Needs Groups
For Example
10.4.9 Meeting the Needs of Vulnerable/Special Populations
For Example
Self‐Check
10.5 Politics and Disasters
10.5.1 Overcoming Political Problems
For Example
Self‐Check
10.6 Legal Concerns
10.6.1 Disasters and Law
10.6.2 Constitutional Rights
10.6.3 Negligence
10.6.4 Minimizing Liability
For Example
Self‐Check
10.7 Record Keeping and Disasters
10.7.1 Record Keeping Problems
10.7.2 Keeping Accurate Records
SUMMARY
For Example
Self‐Check
KEY TERMS
ASSESS YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Summary Questions
Review Questions
Applying This Chapter
YOU TRY IT
References
11 Harnessing Technology and Organization: Tools and Structures for Effective Operations. STARTING POINT
INTRODUCTION
11.1 The Importance of Technology
For Example
Self‐Check
11.2 Communication Equipment and Interoperability
11.2.1 Trunked Radio Systems
11.2.2 The Internet
11.2.3 Voice over Internet Protocol and Other Equipment
11.2.4 ACU‐1000
11.2.5 Video Conferencing
11.2.6 Interoperability
SELF‐CHECK
11.3 Decision Support Systems (DSSs)
For Example
Self‐Check
11.4 Geographic Information System
For Example
Self‐Check
11.5 Managing Disasters at the Local Level
11.5.1 The Incident Command System
11.5.2 Incident Command Structure and Principles
For Example
11.5.3 Pros and Cons of ICS
11.5.4 The Emergency Operations Center
11.5.5 Characteristics of an EOC
For Example
11.5.6 Challenges Facing EOCs
11.5.7 Using EOCs
11.5.8 A Comparison of ICS and EOCs
For Example
11.5.9 Memorandums of Understanding and Mutual Aid Agreements
Self‐Check
11.6 Managing Disasters at the State Level
11.6.1 Standardized Emergency Management System
11.6.2 Emergency Management Assistance Compact
For Example
Self‐Check
11.7 Managing Disasters on a Federal Level
11.7.1 The National Incident Management System
11.7.2 Goals of NIMS
11.7.3 Principles of NIMS
11.7.4 Strengths and Weaknesses of NIMS
11.7.5 The National Response Framework
11.7.6 Emergency Support Functions in the NRF
For Example
11.7.7 The National Disaster Recovery Framework
11.7.8 Recovery Support Functions in the NDRF
Self‐Check
SUMMARY
KEY TERMS
ASSESSING YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Summary Questions
Review Questions
Applying This Chapter
YOU TRY IT
References
12 Foreseeing the Future: Prior Lessons, Unaddressed Risks, and Rising Vulnerability. STARTING POINT
INTRODUCTION
12.1 Disasters on the Rise
For Example
Self‐Check
12.2 Understanding Natural Disasters
12.2.1 Responding to a Natural Disaster
For Example
Case Study
Self‐Check
12.3 Understanding Technological Disasters
12.3.1 Responding to HazMat Incidents
For Example
Self‐Check
12.4 Understanding Acts of Violence
For Example
12.4.1 Responding to Acts of Violence
For Example
Self‐Check
12.5 Understanding Terrorism
12.5.1 Responding to Terrorist Disasters
12.5.2 Protecting First Responders
12.5.3 Protecting Evidence
12.5.4 Relying on Other Organizations
For Example
Self‐Check
12.6 Unfolding and Unrecognized Hazards
12.6.1 Environmental Degradation, Global Warning, and Climate Change
For Example
12.6.2 Pole Reversals
12.6.3 Asteroid Strikes
For Example
12.6.4 Biological and Public Health Threats
For Example
Case Study
12.6.5 Information/Computer Technology Hazards
12.6.6 Responding to Information/Computer Technology Disasters
For Example
Self‐Check
12.7 Increased Vulnerability
12.7.1 Persistent Poverty
12.7.2 Growing Population and Urbanization
12.7.3 The Benefit and Challenge of Diversity
12.7.4 Further Industrialization
12.7.5 Internationalization
12.7.6 Improper Land Use and Construction
12.7.7 Weak Emergency Management Institutions
12.7.8 Other Factors
For Example
Self‐Check
SUMMARY
KEY TERMS
ASSESS YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Summary Questions
Review Questions
Applying This Chapter
YOU TRY IT
References
13 Enhancing Disaster Resilience: Preparedness, Improvisation, Spontaneous Planning, Leadership, and Professionalism. STARTING POINT
INTRODUCTION
13.1 Reducing Vulnerability and Preparing Your Community
13.1.1 Establishing an Ordinance
For Example
13.1.2 Creating a Preparedness Council
Self‐Check
13.2 Acquiring Resources
13.2.1 Resource Lists
13.2.2 Annual Budgets
13.2.3 Grants
13.2.4 Applying for and Managing Grants
For Example
Self‐Check
13.3 Designing and Establishing an EOC
For Example
Self‐Check
13.4 Hazard and Vulnerability Assessment
For Example
Self‐Check
13.5 Writing an EOP
For Example
Self‐Check
13.6 First Responder and Organizational Training
For Example
Self‐Check
13.7 Disaster Exercises
13.7.1 Types of Exercises
13.7.2 Managing Exercises
13.7.3 Exercise Participants and Other Considerations
For Example
For Example
Self‐Check
13.8 Public Education
For Example
Self‐Check
13.9 Improvisation, Creativity, Flexibility and Spontaneous Planning
Case Study
For Example
For Example
Self‐Check
13.10 Leadership and Professionalism
For Example
13.10.1 Becoming a Professional Emergency Manager
For Example
self‐check
SUMMARY
KEY TERMS
ASSESS YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Summary Questions
Review Questions
Applying This Chapter
YOU TRY IT
References
Index
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