Оглавление
David L. Russell. Practical Wastewater Treatment
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Practical Wastewater Treatment
Copyright
Dedication
Acknowledgments
Preface
1 Composition, Chemistry, and Regulatory Framework
1.1 Water Composition
1.2 Water Characteristics and Physical Properties
1.2.1 Solubility of Gases in Water
1.2.1.1 Nitrogen
1.2.2 Henry's Law
Example 1.1 Oxygen in Water
Example 1.2 Dissolved Air Flotation Systems
Example 1.3 Benzene Concentration
1.3 Solution Chemistry: Salts and Ions in Water
Example 1.4 Copper Chloride
1.4 Disassociation Constants for Weak Acid and Bases
1.4.1 Common Minerals Dissolved in Freshwater and Seawater
1.5 Sources of Water. 1.5.1 Groundwater
1.5.2 Groundwater Quality
1.5.3 Other Principal Contaminants in Groundwater
1.5.4 Movement of Groundwater
1.6 Analytical Methods
1.7 Laboratory Guidance
1.8 Regulatory Framework of Water Regulations. 1.8.1 What Is Quality Water?
1.8.2 Water Quality Standards
1.8.3 Water Quality Standards in the United States
1.8.4 Establishing Water Quality Standards
1.8.5 Effluent Standards and Guidance
1.8.6 Mixing Zones
1.8.7 Discharge Permits
1.8.8 US Penalty Policies – Enforcement of Permit Conditions
1.8.9 Water Quality Discharge Basics in the US
1.8.10 How Water Quality Standards Are Established
391‐3‐6‐.03 Water Use Classifications and Water Quality Standards
1.8.11 UK Water Effluent Quality Standard37
1.8.12 EU Water Quality Standards and Effluent Limits
1.8.13 Other Water Quality Requirements
1.8.13.1 US Primary and Secondary Drinking Water Standards
1.8.13.2 WHO Drinking Water Quality Guidelines
1.8.13.3 EU Drinking Water Directives
1.8.13.4 UK Drinking Water Standards
1.9 Water Use Data and Some Discharge Characteristics
1.9.1 Water Use by Municipalities
1.9.2 Agricultural Water58
1.9.3 Cooling Water
1.9.4 Boiler Water
1.9.5 Other Industrial Water Quality Requirements
1.9.5.1 Steel Industry
1.9.5.2 Paper Industry
1.9.5.3 Petrochemical Industry
1.9.5.4 Petroleum Exploration and Production Operations
Notes
2 What is Water Pollution?
2.1 Pollution Defined
2.2 Chemical Industry
2.3 Cooling Towers
2.4 Boilers
2.5 Iron and Steel Industry
2.6 Mining Industries
2.7 Fracking for Oil and Gas
2.8 Petroleum Exploration
2.9 Petroleum Refining
2.10 Agricultural and Food Processing
2.11 Crop Water Use
2.12 Vegetable and Fruit Processing
2.13 Animal Farming and Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations
2.14 Livestock and Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations
2.15 Slaughterhouse and Meat Packing and Processing Wastes
2.16 Dairy Wastes
2.17 Measuring Pollution
2.18 The Sampling Plan
2.19 Analytical Methods and the Role of the Laboratory
2.19.1 The Analytical Plan
2.19.2 The Effects of Pollution on the Environment
2.19.3 Oxygen Depletion – Biochemical Oxygen Demand
2.19.4 Oxygen Uptake in a Stream — The Oxygen Sag Equation
2.19.5 Biology of Polluted Water
2.19.6 Nitrogen
2.19.7 Phosphorus
Notes
3 Groundwater and its Treatment
3.1 Hydraulics of Groundwater
3.2 Soil Particles and Surface Areas
3.3 Well Hydraulics
3.4 Well Packing and Screens
3.5 Trenches
3.5.1 Orifices and Pipe Losses
Example
3.6 Compressible Flow
3.6.1 Calculation of Expansion Factor
3.6.2 Groundwater Hydraulics
3.7 Groundwater Treatment
Notes
4 Statistics of Measurements
4.1 Introduction to Statistical Measurements: Background
4.2 Significant Figures
4.3 Probable Error
4.4 Repeat Measurements
4.5 Net Process Measurements
4.5.1 Calibration
4.5.2 How to Measure Your Flow Accurately
4.5.2.1 Gurley Current Meter
4.6 Statistical Distributions for Environmental Events
4.6.1 Weibull Distributions
4.7 Black Swans and Data Analysis. 4.7.1 Black Swans
4.7.2 Data Analysis
4.7.3 Outliers
Notes
5 The Flow of Water and Wastewater
5.1 Statistical Basis for Error Estimation
5.2 Open Channel Hydraulics
Example 5.1
Example 5.2
Example 5.3 Free Fall Method
Solution:
5.3 Froude Number
5.4 Types of Flowmeters
5.5 Weir Plates
5.6 Alignment Errors
5.7 Samples and Sampling
5.8 Conclusion
Notes
6 Troubleshooting and Emergency Planning
6.1 Fault Tree Analysis
6.2 Reverse Fault Tree Analysis
6.2.1 Bow Tie Analysis
6.3 Analysis: The Five Whys
6.4 Regulatory Requirements
6.5 Software Solutions
6.6 Emergency Response Planning
Notes
7 Chemistry and Analyses
7.1 Aquatic Testing
7.2 Bacterial Testing
7.3 Dissolved Organic Materials – BOD, COD, and TOC
7.3.1 BOD vs ThOD
7.3.2 Chemical Oxygen Demand
7.3.3 TOC
7.4 Common Ion Species
7.4.1 Most Important Chemicals in the Water Environment
7.4.2 pH
7.4.3 Carbonate Chemistry
7.4.4 Alkalinity
7.5 Hardness
7.6 Chemical Water Softening
7.6.1 Excess Lime Process
7.7 Nitrogen
7.8 Phosphorus
7.9 Sulfur
7.10 Chlorine
7.11 Other Halogens
7.12 Metals
7.13 Solids
7.14 Organic Chemicals
Notes
8 Basic Water and Wastewater Treatment Techniques
8.1 Removal of Metals
8.2 Chromium
8.2.1 Other Chromium Reduction Reactions
8.3 Arsenic
8.4 Cadmium
8.5 Iron
8.6 Zinc
8.7 Mercury
8.8 Radium
8.9 Anions. 8.9.1 Cyanide
8.9.2 Nitrates and Nitrites
8.10 Solvents and Oils
8.11 Chlorinated Organics
8.11.1 PCBs
8.11.2 DDT
Notes
9 Biological Wastewater Treatment. 9.1 The Microbial World
9.2 Order of Treatment
9.3 Types of Organisms
9.4 Chemistry and Activated Sludge
9.5 Growth Conditions and Nitrification
9.6 Denitrification and Phosphate Removal
9.7 Biological Growth Equation
9.7.1 The Monod Equation
9.7.2 Microbial Decay
9.7.3 Effect of Temperature and pH on Rate of Reactions
9.8 Principles of Biological Treatment Systems
9.9 Activated Sludge and its Variations
9.10 Substrate Removal Definitions
9.11 Trickling Filters and Variations
9.12 Clarification for Biological Removals
9.13 Other Solids Removals
9.14 Biological Synthesis and Oxidation
9.15 Biological Treatment of Toxic Wastes
9.16 Modeling the Biological Process
9.16.1 Modeling Notes Before One Starts
9.16.2 Free Wastewater Treatment Modeling Platforms. 9.16.2.1 SSSP
9.16.2.2 STEADY
9.16.2.3 JASS
9.16.2.4 Stoat
9.16.3 Commercially Available Modeling Tools
9.16.3.1 GPSX
9.16.3.2 SUMO
9.16.3.3 SIMBA
9.16.3.4 Biowin
9.16.3.5 WEST
9.16.4 Modeling Summary
Notes
10 Anaerobic Treatment
10.1 Basic Anaerobic Processes for Wastewater
10.2 Phosphorus Removal
10.3 Basic Anaerobic Processes for Digestion and Treatment
10.4 Anaerobic Pretreatment
10.5 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactors
10.6 Other Digester Configurations
10.7 Siloxane Removals
10.8 Sludge Digestion
10.9 Gas Production Emphasis
10.10 New Technologies
10.11 Sludge Treatment
10.12 Anaerobic Digester Model ADM1
10.13 Struvite and Anaerobic Processes
Notes
11 Precipitation and Sedimentation. 11.1 Theory of Sedimentation
11.2 Clarifiers and their Design
11.2.1 Bulk Velocity – Surface Loading Rate
11.2.2 Hydraulic Detention Time
11.3 Lamellas and Specialty Devices. 11.3.1 Lamellas
11.3.2 Membrane Filters
Note
12 Granular Filtration Theory and Practice
12.1 Granular Media Filtration
12.1.1 Sizing of Filters by Flow Rate
12.1.2 Uniformity Coefficient and Effective Grain Size
12.2 Filtration Hydraulics
12.3 Particle Size Removals
12.4 Backwash Hydraulics
12.4.1 Use of Air in the Backwash of Granular Filtration Systems
Notes
13 Skin Filtration. 13.1 Introduction
13.2 Microstrainers and Screens
13.3 Belt Filters
13.4 Plate and Frame Filters
13.5 Cloth vs. Paper Filters
13.6 Precoat
13.7 Head Loss Through Cloth Filters
13.8 Bag Filters
Notes
14 Membrane Filters and Reverse Osmosis. 14.1 Introduction
14.2 Design Values
14.3 Process Selection
14.3.1 Ultrafiltration Membrane Selection
14.3.2 Cellulose Acetate Membranes. Advantages
Disadvantages
14.3.3 Polysulfone Membranes. Advantages
Disadvantages
14.3.4 Polyamide Membranes. Advantages
Disadvantages
14.3.5 Polyacrylonitrile Membranes. Advantages
Disadvantages
14.3.6 Ultrafiltration Modules
Advantages
Disadvantages
Advantages
Disadvantages
Advantages
Disadvantages
Advantages
Disadvantages
Advantages
Disadvantages
14.4 Reverse Osmosis
14.5 Mass Transfer Theory
14.6 Membrane Design Software
14.7 Membrane Materials
14.8 Membrane Configurations
14.9 RO Design Considerations
14.9.1 Feedwater Supply Considerations
14.9.2 Pressure Pumping
14.9.3 Membrane Considerations
14.9.4 Post‐treatment
14.10 Design Parameters
Notes
15 Disinfection. 15.1 Introduction
15.2 Rate of Kill – Disinfection Parameters. 15.2.1 Chick's Law
Problem
Solution:
15.2.2 Harmful Organisms
15.3 Chlorine
15.3.1 Ammonia, Chlorine, and Chloramines
15.3.2 Other Types of Chlorine
15.3.3 Other Reactions with Chlorine
15.3.4 Chlorine Safety
15.3.5 Chlorine Dioxide
15.4 Ozone
15.5 Ultraviolet Light
15.5.1 LED Lighting
15.6 Other Disinfecting Compounds. 15.6.1 Potassium Permanganate
15.6.2 Hydrogen Peroxide and Ozone
15.6.3 PAA: Peracetic Acid
15.6.4 Bromine
15.6.5 Iodine
15.6.5.1 Types of Iodinators
15.6.5.2 Careful Use of Iodine
15.7 Disinfection by Ultra Filtration
Notes
16 Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal. 16.1 General
16.2 BardenPho© Processes
16.3 Chemical Phosphorus Removal
16.4 Nitrogen Removal
16.4.1 Nitrogen Chemistry and Forms
16.4.2 Ammonia
16.4.3 Nitrate
16.4.4 Nitrification
16.4.4.1 Ammonia Stripping
16.4.4.2 Ion Exchange
16.5 Conclusions
Notes
17 Carbon Adsorption. 17.1 Introduction
17.2 The Freundlich and Langmuir Equations
17.3 Carbon Adsorption Physical Coefficients and Economics
17.4 Other Considerations. 17.4.1 Carbon Regeneration
17.4.2 The PACT™ Process
17.4.3 Wet Air Regeneration for PACT Systems
Note
18 Ion Exchange
18.1 Resins
18.2 Physical Characteristics
18.3 Chemical Structure
18.3.1 Selectivity
18.3.2 Selectivity Coefficient
18.4 Design Considerations. 18.4.1 Pretreatment
19 Dissolved Air Flotation and Techniques. 19.1 Design Basics for DAF
19.2 Operating Parameters
19.3 Theory and Design
19.4 Ranges of Data
19.5 Electroflotation
19.5.1 Electroflotation Theory and Design
19.6 Electrocoagulation
Notes
20 Coagulation, Flocculation and Chemical Treatment. 20.1 Introduction
20.2 Sols
20.3 Flocculation and Mixing
20.4 Practice
20.5 Modeling
Notes
21 Heat Transfer Processes: Boilers, Heat Exchangers and Cooling Towers
21.1 Boilers
21.2 Boiler Classifications. 21.2.1 Fire Tube Boilers
21.2.2 Water Tube Boilers
21.3 Boiler Water Quality Requirements
21.4 Cooling Towers
Notes
22 Evaluating an Existing Wastewater Treatment Plant Design using Modeling Software
22.1 Step 1: Information Gathering
22.2 Step 2: Model Selection
22.3 Step 3: Laboratory and Other Data Organization
22.3.1 Generating the Flows Without the Data
22.3.2 Getting the Hydraulics and the Tankage Correct
22.3.2.1 When You Cannot Dye‐test Your Tanks – a Procedure
22.4 Step 4: Flow Sheet Setup and Model Organization
22.5 Step 5: Model Compilation and Setup
22.5.1 Initial Values versus Derived Values
22.5.2 Integrator Settings
22.6 Step 6: Input and Output File Preparation
22.7 Step 7: Initialization of the Model Parameters and First Runs
22.7.1 What to Balance or Adjust
22.7.2 What to Key in on During Your Modeling
22.8 Step 8: Parameter Adjustments
Notes
Index
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