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David M. Carr. The Hebrew Bible
Table of Contents
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
THE HEBREW BIBLE
A CONTEMPORARY INTRODUCTION TO THE CHRISTIAN OLD TESTAMENT AND THE JEWISH TANAKH
Figures
Maps
Main Discussions/Outlines of Biblical Books. Where to Find Basic Information on Biblical Books
What is a More on Method Box?
What is in Special Topics Boxes?
Preface to the First Edition
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
Overview of the Historical Period
Timeline
PROLOGUE: MULTIPLE BIBLES, VERSIONS, AND TRANSLATIONS
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
EXERCISES
The Bible as a Complex Product of Many Hands
The Different Scriptures of Judaism and Christianity
Becoming an Informed User of a Contemporary Bible Translation
More on Method: Textual Criticism
In search of the best reading
Bible Abbreviations, Chapters, and Verses
The Origins of Chapters and Verses
Conclusion on Critically Analyzing a Page of Your Own Bible
CHAPTER REVIEW. For Review
RESOURCES FOR FURTHER STUDY. Editions of translations
One‐volume commentaries
Technological Resources
Useful websites for translation comparison
APPENDIX 1: TRANSLATION AND PARAPHRASE COMPARISON OF ISA 52:13–15
APPENDIX 2: CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECT ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF THE BIBLE
1 Studying the Bible in its Ancient Context(s)
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
EXERCISE
Academic Study of the Bible
Overview: Order of Main Discussions of Biblical Books
The Geography and Major Characters of the Biblical Drama
Visualizing (the Possible Ancestors of) Ancient Israelites
Major Periods in the Biblical Drama
AD, BC, BCE, and CE
Multiple Contexts, Multiple Methods
The Name of Israel’s God: Yahweh/the LORD
Conclusion
CHAPTER ONE REVIEW. For Review
RESOURCES FOR FURTHER STUDY. Overviews of the history of Israel
Geography of lands and places featured in the Bible
Especially good internet resources
Discussions of methods in biblical interpretation
APPENDIX: ISRAEL’S HISTORY AND EMPIRES (Prehistory of Israel: domination of Canaan by Egypt, 1450–1200 BCE) Emergence of “Israel” in imperial power vacuum
Oppression by successive empires: Assyria, Egypt, and Babylonia (745–586 bce)
Imperial sponsorship of (formerly exiled) Judeans: post‐exilic period (starting 538 bce)
Roman rule (starting 63 bce with different dates of end)
2 The Emergence of Ancient Israel and its First Oral Traditions
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Imagining Early Israel
What Was Earliest “Israel” and Who Were “Judges”?
History and the Books of Joshua and Judges
More on Method: Tradition History and Transmission History
Problems in Reconstructing Early Israel. EXERCISE
The Name “Israel”
READING
FOCUS TEXT: The Song of Deborah (Judges 5) as a Window to Ancient Tribal Israel
Ancient Israel and Israelites
The Oral Background of Genesis
READING
Basics. The Written Version of the Ancestral Story (Genesis 12–50)
Outline: the three major parts of Genesis 12–50
Key themes
Women in Israel’s ancestral stories
Further reading
READING
Exodus
More on Method: African American Biblical Interpretation
Conclusion: The Creation of “Israel” Through Cultural Memory of Resistance to Domination
CHAPTER TWO REVIEW
For Review
RESOURCES FOR FURTHER STUDY. Commentaries and other books on Joshua
Commentaries and other books on Judges
Everyday life in ancient Israel
The history of Israelite religion
3 Beginnings of the Monarchy and Royal and Zion Texts
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Imagining Early Monarchal Israel
INITIAL READING
The Rise of the Israelite Monarchy and Resistance to It
Archaeology and Problems of History Surrounding David, Solomon and the Beginning of the Israelite Monarchy
READING
The Story of David’s Succession
READING
Influence of Ancient Empires on Early Israel’s Monarchy and Writings
Labels (e.g. “Psalm of David”): What They (Don’t) Tell Us
Echoes of Near Eastern Royal Theology in the Royal and Zion Psalms
EXERCISE
Basics. Book of Psalms: Part 1
Multiple levels in the book of Psalms
Tracking down the earliest psalms
Other potentially early psalms?
More on Method: Poetic Analysis
CHAPTER THREE REVIEW
For Review
For Reflection
RESOURCES FOR FURTHER STUDY
4 Interlude: Echoes of Past Empires in Biblical Wisdom, Love Poetry, Law, and Narrative
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
READING
Echoes of Texts from Earlier Empires in Writings Attributed to Solomon
Basics. Song of Songs
Outline
Date
Theme: Sex, God, and the Poetics of the Song
More on Method: Afrocentric and Womanist Interpretation of the Bible
Basics. Ecclesiastes/Qohelet. Outline: counter‐wisdom instruction
Major themes: Qohelet’s contradictions
Date
Basics. Book of Proverbs. Outline: compilation of ancient Israelite wisdom
Date
Major themes
FOCUS TEXT: The Speech of Lady Wisdom in Proverbs 8
Echoes of Texts from Earlier Empires Elsewhere in the Bible. READING
EXERCISE
More on Method: Source and Redaction Criticism
Contrasts and Parallels between Biblical and Mesopotamian Flood Narratives
FOCUS TEXT: The Garden of Eden Story (Gen 2:4–3:24)
More on Method: Feminist Criticism and history of interpretation/Biblical Reception
More on Method: Comparison with Non‐Biblical Texts
Useful resources for comparison
Conclusion
CHAPTER FOUR REVIEW. For Review
RESOURCES FOR FURTHER STUDY. General introduction to wisdom literature
Proverbs
Ecclesiastes
Song of Songs
Genesis 1–11
Discussion of Song of Songs, Genesis, and other texts relating to sexuality
5 Narrative and Prophecy Amidst the Rise and Fall of The Northern Kingdom
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Setting the Stage: The Rise of the Northern Kingdom of Israel and Its Texts. READING
More on Method: The Joseph Story and Literary Approaches. The Joseph story as a potential early northern text
Literary approaches and Joseph
Significant Dates: The Northern Kingdom (“Israel”)
Ancient Near Eastern Prophecy
READING
Amos, Prophet of Justice
Basics. Book of Amos. Outline: Judean prophetic judgment on Israel
How Amos was adapted for the south
More information: Amos and praise
Hosea, the Northern Prophet, Calling for Israel’s Devotion to Yahweh Alone. READING
Basics. Book of Hosea. Outline: prophecy of judgment and hope
How Hosea was adapted for the south
Hosea’s prophecy for the ages
Hosea and the “Book of the Twelve Prophets” The book of the Twelve Prophets
Hosea 14:9 and prophetic teaching
Conclusion
CHAPTER FIVE REVIEW. For Review For Reflection
For Reflection
RESOURCES FOR FURTHER STUDY. General works on prophecy and all of the prophets
Commentaries on multiple minor prophets
6 Micah, Isaiah, and the Southern Prophetic Encounter with Assyria
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
READING
The Historical Context for Micah and Isaiah
Significant Dates: Judah under Assyrian Domination
READING
Micah, a Southern Prophet, Predicting Judgment for Judah and Jerusalem
A View from the Assyrian Imperial Court: The Annals of Sennacherib
Exercise
Basics. Book of Micah. Outline: cycles of judgment and salvation – Judah
Theme
More information
Isaiah’s Vision of Hope for Jerusalem/Zion Embedded in the Book of Isaiah. READING
Isaiah 6 and the “Call Narrative”
Other call narratives: an exercise
FOCUS TEXT: Contrasting Prophetic Visions of Zion’s Future
CHAPTER SIX REVIEW. For Review
For Reflection
RESOURCES FOR FURTHER STUDY. Micah
Isaiah 1–39
The history of interpretation of the (whole) book of Isaiah
7 Torah and History in the Wake of the Assyrian Empire
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
The Seventh Century: Josiah’s Reform and the Origins of Deuteronomy
Comparison: The Covenant Code and Deuteronomy
The Deuteronomic Torah of Moses and the Phenomenon of Hybridity. READING
Overview: The Three Pilgrimage Festivals in the Covenant Code and Deuteronomy
Comparison exercise
Proverbs and Deuteronomy
More on Method: Postcolonial Criticism
Basics. Deuteronomy (and the Ten Commandments) Outline: farewell teaching of vassal treaty with Yahweh
Date(s)
The Ten Commandments and Deuteronomy
Historical Texts Infused with the Theology and Values of Deuteronomy
The Books of the Former and Latter Prophets
The Book of Joshua. READING
The Conquest and Ancient Holy War
Basics. Book of Joshua. Outline: the conquest and settlement of the promised land
Date
The Book of Judges. READING
Basics. Book of Judges. Outline: decline of order/obedience in the time of judges
Date
The Books of 1–2 Samuel. READING
Basics. Books of 1–2 Samuel. Outline: the beginnings of the Davidic kingship (1–2 Samuel)
Date
The Books of 1–2 Kings. READING
Basics. Books of 1–2 Kings. Outline: obedience and sin in the history of the monarchies
Date
Deuteronomistic editing and use of earlier sources in the former prophets
EXERCISE. Learning to Recognize Deuteronomistic Theology and Influence in Biblical Texts
Hybridity and the Traumatic Shaping of History
FOCUS TEXT: Deuteronomy 6:4–9
CHAPTER SEVEN REVIEW
For Review
For Reflection
RESOURCES FOR FURTHER STUDY. Broader discussion of Deuteronomistic historical books
Deuteronomy
Joshua and Judges
1 and 2 Samuel
1 and 2 Kings
8 Prophecy in the Transition from Assyrian to Babylonian Domination
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Nahum. READING
Basics. Book of Nahum. Outline: proclamation of the end of Assyrian Nineveh
Themes
READING
Zephaniah
Basics. Book of Zephaniah. Outline: judgment and exhortation to Jerusalem
Themes
Jeremiah. READING
EXERCISE
The growth of the book of Jeremiah
Basics. Book of Jeremiah. Outline: of the Jewish (Masoretic) form of Jeremiah: Judah’s judgment in broader context
Themes
FOCUS TEXT: Jer 31:31–34
Conclusion to the Pre‐Exilic Period
CHAPTER EIGHT REVIEW. For Review
For Reflection
RESOURCES FOR FURTHER STUDY. Zephaniah, Habakkuk, Nahum, and other prophets
Jeremiah
9 Laments, History, and Prophecies after the Destruction of Jerusalem
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
The Sixth Century: The Neo‐Babylonian Destruction of Jerusalem and Exile. READING
EXERCISE
Forced Labor for Exiles Under Nebuchadnezzar
Basics. Book of Lamentations. Outline: five‐part (= Torah) cry for restoration of Jerusalem
Theme and purpose
More on Method: Trauma Studies and the Bible
The Exilic Editions of Biblical Books. READING
Ezekiel. READING
Basics. Book of Ezekiel. Outline: judgment and restoration of Jerusalem
Date
Themes
More information
Second Isaiah (also called Deutero‐Isaiah) READING
The Divine Council
Basics. Second Isaiah/Deutero‐Isaiah. Outline
Date
Themes
More on Method: (Study of) Intertextuality
FOCUS TEXT: Isa 52:13–53:12
CHAPTER NINE REVIEW. For Review
For Reflection
RESOURCES FOR FURTHER STUDY. Sociology of exile
Ezekiel
Second Isaiah
10 Torah and Trauma
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
The Basic Starting Point: A Century‐Old Consensus on Three of the Pentateuch’s Prior Sources
Traditions that Moses Wrote the Pentateuch
Torah and Trauma in Non‐Priestly Narratives about Israel’s Earliest History
Promise to traumatized Judeans in the non‐P texts of Genesis
The Story of Jacob at Bethel as an Example of the Addition of Promise to an Older Story
Exilic (L) shaping of the non‐P exodus‐Moses story. READING
Basics. The Non‐P (L) Source. Outline: Yahweh’s promise‐based, unbreakable covenant
Date
Themes
More information: the gap between ancestors and Moses
Conclusion on the forging of non‐P Pentateuchal materials by L supplements
J (the “Yahwistic Source”), E (the “Elohistic Source”), and the Documentary Hypothesis
Problems for the older hypothesis
Terminology
The Priestly Source (P) READING
Basics. Book of Leviticus. Outline
Date
Themes
Which Texts Were Part of the P Source?
P in the Genesis primeval history
P in the Genesis ancestral history
P in the Moses story
P in Deuteronomy and Joshua
More on Method: Insights from History of Religions
The king as the image of god in the ancient Near East
How this might inform a reading of Gen 1:26–27
More on Method: Ecological Biblical Criticism
History and Fiction
FOCUS TEXT: Gen 12:1–3
Conclusions on the Torah (Pentateuch) and Trauma
CHAPTER TEN REVIEW. For Review
RESOURCES FOR FURTHER STUDY. More on the formation of the Pentateuch
Genesis
Exodus
Leviticus
Numbers
11 The Torah, the Psalms, and the Persian‐Sponsored Rebuilding of Judah
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
History: Persian‐Sponsored Building of a Temple and Torah‐Centered Judaism
READING
EXERCISE
Significant Dates: The Persian‐Sponsored Restoration of Judah
The Formation of the Torah. READING
Basics. Book of Genesis. Outline: the transmission of the Abrahamic promise to Jacob as an answer to the problems of creation
Date
Themes
Basics. Book of Exodus. Outline: pilgrimage of Moses and of Israel from Egypt to Sinai
Date
Themes
More information: whose exodus?
Basics. Book of Numbers
Outline
Date
Themes
More information: the book of Numbers in context
The Book of Psalms as a Torah‐Centered Collection of More Ancient Psalms. READING
More on Method: Form Criticism and Genre
Basics. Book of Psalms: Part 2
Outline: Torah‐centered praise of Yahweh’s kingship
Date
Themes
More information: another edition of the book of Psalms
FOCUS TEXT: The Introduction to Psalms in Psalms 1–2
CHAPTER ELEVEN REVIEW. For Review
For Reflection
RESOURCES FOR FURTHER STUDY
Genesis and Exodus
Psalms
12 Other Texts Formed in the Crucible of Post‐Exilic Rebuilding
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Texts Closely Associated with the Rebuilding of the Judean Community
READING
Basics. Book of Haggai. Outline: blessing + new rulership after Temple rebuilding
Date
Themes
Basics. Book of Zechariah. Outline: from Temple restoration to Yahweh’s rule
Date
Themes
Texts Emphasizing God’s Favor Toward Foreigners. READING
Basics. Book of Job
Outline: dialogue on disinterested virtue and divine justice
Date
Important information: the “accuser” not Satan in Job
More information
Basics. Book of Jonah. Outline: satire of xenophobic prophet
Date
Themes
Basics. Book of Ruth. Outline: loyalty of all leading to David’s line
Date
Themes
Basics. Book of Isaiah. Outline: exhortation to repentance
Date
Themes
FOCUS TEXT: Isa 56:1–8
Scriptures in the Post‐Exile
CHAPTER TWELVE REVIEW. For Review
For Reflection
RESOURCES FOR FURTHER STUDY. Haggai and Zechariah 1–8
Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther
Jonah
Ruth
Job
Isaiah 56–66
13 Hellenistic Empires and the Formation of Multiple Scriptures
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Judaism and Hellenism before the Hellenizing Crisis. READING
The Emergence of “Judaism”
The Crisis over Hellenizing Jerusalem and the Book of Daniel. READING
Basics. Book of Daniel. Outline: apocalyptic visions with prologue of stories of deliverance
Language
Date
More information
A Hellenistic‐Period Kingdom of Israel: The Hasmonean Revolt and Monarchy
Significant Dates: The Rise of the Hasmonean Kingdom
Basics. The Book of Judith (as an example of a Hasmonean text)
The Hellenistic/Hasmonean Period as the Setting for Hebrew Bible Texts. READING
Basics. Books of 1–2 Chronicles. Outline: Temple and priest‐centered history of Judah’s kings
Date
More information
Basics. Books of Ezra‐Nehemiah. Outline: the cultic and political establishment of Torah‐centered Judean community
Language
Date
More information
Basics. Book of Esther. Outline: story of victory behind the holiday of Purim
Date
More information
FOCUS TEXT: Daniel 10–12
The Dead Sea Scrolls
For more information
The Formation of the Jewish Tanakh and Christian Old Testament(s)
Conclusion
CHAPTER THIRTEEN REVIEW
For Review
For Reflection
RESOURCES FOR FURTHER STUDY. Jewish writings from the Hellenistic and early Roman periods
Daniel
Chronicles
Esther
The Formation of the Jewish Tanakh and Christian Old Testament(s)
GLOSSARY
Index
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