Fascism

Fascism
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Описание книги

Across Europe and the world, far right parties have been enjoying greater electoral success than at any time since 1945. Right-wing street movements draw huge supporters and terrorist attacks on Jews and Muslims proliferate. It sometimes seems we are returning to the age of fascism. To explain this disturbing trend, David Renton surveys the history of fascism in Europe from its pre-war origins to the present day, examining Marxist responses to fascism in the age of Hitler and Mussolini, the writings of Trotsky and Gramsci and contemporary theorists. Renton theorises that fascism was driven by the chaotic and unstable balance between reactionary ambitions and the mass character of its support. This approach will arm a new generation of anti-fascists to resist those who seek to re-enact fascism. Rewritten and revised for the twentieth anniversary of its first publication, Renton's classic book synthesises the Marxist theory of fascism and updates it for our own times.

Оглавление

David Renton. Fascism

Fascism

Contents

Introduction: The Anti-Fascist Wager

1. Interwar Fascism

Fascism: A Single Tradition?

The Societies that Produced Mussolini and Hitler

Revolution and Counter-Revolution

Was Fascism Part of the Left or Opposed to it?

Misogyny and Agency

Small Traders, White-Collar Workers

Did Fascism Rule from the Left or the Right?

Change: Cultural, Political and Social

Opposition and Resistance

The Holocaust

2. An Alternative Method

Communism and Its Alternatives

Bosses with Guns

Capitalism Beyond Marx’s Day

3. Marxists against Mussolini and Hitler

Fascism: A Puppet of the Wealthy?

A Failure to Placate the Middle Classes?

Accepting Fascism’s Mass Base

Denial and Isolation

4. Benjamin, Gramsci, Trotsky

Mussolini as Bonaparte?

Subversives on the Right

Reaction Run Amok

5. Beyond 1933

In the Aftermath of Disaster

Once Hitler and Mussolini Were No More

6. Marxists and the Holocaust

Anti-Semitism

The Goldhagen Debate

Applying the Dialectical Theory of Fascism to the Holocaust

Conclusion: A Specific Form of Reactionary Mass Movement

Non-Fascist Reactionary Movements

The Recognisability of Fascism

Fascism as Reaction

Fascism as a Mass Movement

The Fascist Contradiction

Fascism after 1945

Notes. Introduction

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Conclusion

Index

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History and Theory

David Renton

.....

Although interwar Marxists were keenly aware of the importance of private militia to fascism, relatively few Socialists or Communists commented on the ways in which the recruitment of former soldiers (who were all men) or those who aspired to be soldiers, shaped the demographics of the early fascist parties.

The largest study of a fascist party at the stage when it existed as a movement, was a report carried out by the PNF in November 1921. This provided basic data on some 151,644 fascists, or around half the party’s then membership. Fewer than 2 per cent of members were women. More than half were military veterans.68

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