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David Turner R.. Geology and Mineralogy of Gemstones
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Advanced Textbook Series
Advanced Textbook 4. Geology and Mineralogy of Gemstones
Preface
Acknowledgements
1 Minerals and Mineralogy. 1.1 Minerals and Rocks
1.2 What is a Gemstone?
1.3 Atoms, Elements, and Bonding
1.3.1 Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
1.3.2 Atomic Mass
1.3.3 Atomic Structure, Electrical Charges, and Ions
1.3.4 Elements
1.3.5 Element Groups
1.3.6 Elemental Abundance in the Earth’s Crust
1.3.7 Compounds and Mixtures
1.3.8 Chemical Bonds
1.4 Physical Properties of Minerals
References
2 Basics of Rocks and Geology. 2.1 Earth System Science
2.2 The Earth’s Structure and Plate Tectonics
2.3 General Rock Types and the Rock Cycle
2.4 Metasomatism and Hydrothermal Fluids
2.5 Geological Structures
2.6 Important Rock Types for Gemstone Deposits
2.7 Weathering, Sedimentation, and Secondary Gem Deposits
References
3 Intermediate Mineralogy. 3.1 Structure and Chemistry of Minerals. 3.1.1 Crystallography and Symmetry
3.1.2 Mineral Classes
3.1.3 Mineral Formulae
3.1.4 Element Substitutions
3.2 Light
3.2.1 Reflection and Refraction
3.2.2 Illumination
3.2.3 Dispersion
3.2.4 Optic Class
3.2.5 Color in Minerals
3.2.6 Pleochroism
3.2.7 Transparency
References
4 Concepts of Gemmology and Tools. 4.1 Concepts of Gemmology
4.1.1 Gemmological Properties for Testing, Faceting, and Treatments
4.2 Tools
4.2.1 Collecting and Field Tools
4.2.2 Gemmological Tools
Box 4.1 Gemmological Properties for Origin Determination
4.2.3 Advanced Tools
References
5 Diamond. 5.1 Introduction
5.2 Basic Qualities of Diamond
5.2.1 Crystal Structure
Box 5.1 Polymorphs of Carbon – Diamond and Graphite
5.2.2 Crystal Chemistry and Type Classification of Diamond
5.2.3 Diamond Crystal Forms
5.2.4 Colored Diamonds
5.3 Common Diamond Treatments
5.4 Synthetic Diamond
5.5 Geology of Diamond and Kimberlite
Box 5.2 Inclusions in Gemstones – Stories of the Past
5.5.1 Diamond Growth
5.5.2 Kimberlite Volcanoes
5.5.3 Lamproite
5.6 Global Distribution and Production of Diamond
5.7 Diamonds from Canada
5.8 The 4 Cs
5.8.1 Cut
5.8.2 Clarity
5.8.3 Color
GIA Definitions for Clarity Grading
5.8.4 Carat
5.9 Diamond Shapes
5.10 Diamond Valuation
5.11 Kimberley Process: A 5th C?
References
6 Corundum. 6.1 Introduction
6.2 Basic Qualities of Corundum
6.2.1 Chemistry and Crystal Structure of Corundum
6.2.2 Corundum Crystal Forms
6.2.3 Colors of Corundum
6.3 Faceted Gem Corundum
6.4 Corundum Valuation
6.5 Corundum Treatments, Synthetics, and Imitations
6.6 Geology of Gem Corundum: Three Main Genetic Models
6.6.1 Metamorphic Corundum in Silica‐Deficient Gneisses, Mafic‐Ultramafic Rocks and Marbles
Box 6.1 Emery Deposits – Corundum But Not Quite Gemstones!
6.6.2 Xenocrysts in Alkali Basalts and Lamprophyres
Alkali Basalts
Lamprophyres
6.6.3 Secondary Accumulation in Placers
6.7 Rarity of Gem Corundum
6.8 Global Distribution and Production of Corundum
Box 6.2 Example Gem Deposits: Vietnam's Luc Yen Region
References
7 Beryl. 7.1 Introduction
7.2 Basic Qualities of Beryl
7.2.1 Chemistry and Crystal Structure of Beryl
7.2.2 Colors of Beryl and Gem Varieties
Box 7.1 Allochromatic Colors and the Transition Metals: Replacement of Al3+ by Cr3+
Chromian Corundum (Ruby)
Chromian Beryl (Emerald)
7.3 Beryl Valuation
Box 7.2 Fantastic Emeralds: Two Significant Stones of Many Fine Examples
7.4 Common Treatments, Synthetics, and Imitations
7.5 Geology of Gem Beryl: Three Main Genetic Models
7.5.1 Pegmatitic
7.5.2 Magmatic
7.5.3 Metamorphic
7.6 Large Beryl Crystals
7.7 Global Distribution of Beryl
References
8 Pegmatites. 8.1 Introduction
8.2 Pegmatite Mineralogy
8.3 Pegmatite Genesis
8.4 Geochemical Families of Pegmatites
8.5 Pegmatite Morphology
8.6 Corrosion
8.7 Rarity of Gem‐Bearing Pegmatites
8.8 Tourmaline. 8.8.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Tourmaline
Box 8.1 Geological Settings and Origin Determination – Clues from Isotopes and Chemical Fingerprints
8.8.2 Chemistry and Crystal Structure of Tourmaline
8.8.3 Colors and Gem Varieties of Tourmaline
8.8.4 Tourmaline Recognition, Value and Treatments
8.9 Spodumene. 8.9.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Spodumene
8.9.2 Colors and Gem Varieties of Spodumene
8.9.3 Spodumene Recognition, Value, and Treatments
8.10 Topaz. 8.10.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Topaz
8.10.2 Geology of Gem Topaz
8.10.3 Colors and Gem Varieties of Topaz
8.10.4 Topaz Recognition, Value, and Treatments
References
9 Chrysoberyl. 9.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Chrysoberyl
9.2 Geology of Gem Chrysoberyl
References
10 Spinel. 10.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Spinel
10.2 Geology of Gem Spinel
References
11 Tanzanite. 11.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Tanzanite
11.2 Geology of Tanzanite
References
12 The Garnet Group. 12.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of the Garnet Group
12.2 Geology of Gem Garnet
References
13 Jade: Jadeite and Nephrite. 13.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Jade
13.2 Geology of Jade
References
14 Quartz and Silica Gems. 14.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Quartz and Silica Gem Varieties
14.2 Quartz
14.3 Amethyst
14.4 Agate
14.5 Opal
References
15 Other Gems. 15.1 Olivine. 15.1.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Olivine
15.1.2 Geology of Gem Peridot
Box 15.1 Pallasite Peridot
15.2 Turquoise. 15.2.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Turquoise
15.2.2 Geology of Turquoise
15.3 Lapis Lazuli. 15.3.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Lapis Lazuli
15.3.2 Geology of Lapis Lazuli
15.4 Zircon. 15.4.1 Introduction and Basic Qualities of Zircon
15.4.2 Geology of Gem Zircon
References
16 Organic Gems. 16.1 Amber
16.2 Ammolite
References
Index. a
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