Оглавление
Dawn Willoughby. Numbers: B2+
Contents
Introduction
Chapter structure
Glossary boxes
Using Numbers
Study tips
Other titles
1 Getting Started
Numbers in everyday life
Money
Measurements
What is statistics?
Some terminology
Using spreadsheets
Using graphics
Referring to graphics in writing
Language: relative clauses
Remember
2 Starting Primary Research
Formulating research questions
Being specific
Sampling
Avoiding bias
Formulating a hypothesis
Remember
3 Research Methods
Choosing your research method
Questionnaires
Key considerations
Focus groups
Key considerations
Advantages
Disadvantages
Interviews
Key considerations
Advantages
Disadvantages
Experiments
Key considerations
Advantages
Disadvantages
Further methods to consider. Observation
Analysis of written or spoken language
Secondary analysis of data
Action research
Case studies
Remember
4 Questionnaires
Writing a questionnaire
Common mistakes
Forming polite questions
Selecting your sample
Random sampling
Opportunity sampling
Quota sampling
Cluster sampling
Distribution methods
Online distribution
Non-response
Pilot studies
Remember
5 Interviews
Good interview questions
Structuring questions. Yes/no questions
Wh-questions
Subject/object questions
Prepositions in wh-questions
The interviewer effect
Reported speech
Remember
6 Percentages and Fractions
Working with percentages. What is a percentage?
Calculating the percentage of a quantity
Percentage changes
Using fractions. What is a fraction?
Improper and mixed fractions
Equivalent fractions
Calculating a fraction of a quantity
Comparing percentages and fractions
Verbs and nouns and dependent prepositions
Remember
7 Averages
Why use averages?
Different types of averages
Mode
Mean
Median
Using frequency tables to find averages
Choosing the right average to use
Remember
8 Presenting Your Data
Using graphics
Pie charts
Example of a pie chart
Present simple
Bar charts
Example of a bar chart
Past simple
Line graphs
Example of a line graph
Past simple versus present perfect
Tables
Example of a table
Two-way tables
Example of a two-way table
Active or passive?
Pictograms
Example of a pictogram
Scatter diagrams
Example of a scatter diagram
Remember
9 Describing Change
Representing change visually
Verbs of change
Adverbs to describe change
Adjective and noun combinations
Remember
10 Making Comparisons
Using graphics to compare information
Using comparative structures
Comparative adjectives and adverbs
Prepositional structures
Linking expressions
Using superlative structures and cautious language
Hedging verbs
Modal verbs
Qualifying expressions
Adverbs and adjectives
Remember
11 Making Connections
Correlation
Understanding the effect of sample size
Expressing links and connections
Describing facts and data
Remember
12 Working With Collected Data
Presenting survey results
Graphical representation
Summary statistics
Misleading results
The language of cause and effect
Conjunctions
Verbs and nouns
Generalizations and specifics
A study of motivation
Presenting arguments
Stance
Evaluative language
Reaching conclusions
Remember
Further reading. Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapters 6, 7 and 8
Chapters 9–12
The grammar of fractions
Agreement of fractions
Fractions as pronouns
Glossary
Answer key. Chapter 1. Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Exercise 5
Exercise 6
Exercise 7
Exercise 8
Exercise 9
Exercise 10
Exercise 11
Exercise 12
Exercise 13
Exercise 14
Exercise 15
Exercise 16
Chapter 2. Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Exercise 5
Exercise 6
Exercise 7
Exercise 8
Exercise 9
Exercise 10
Exercise 11
Chapter 3. Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Exercise 5
Exercise 6
Chapter 4. Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Exercise 5
Exercise 6
Exercise 7
Exercise 8
Exercise 9
Chapter 5. Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Exercise 5
Exercise 6
Exercise 7
Exercise 8
Exercise 9
Exercise 10
Chapter 6. Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Exercise 5
Exercise 6
Exercise 7
Exercise 8
Exercise 9
Exercise 10
Exercise 11
Exercise 12
Exercise 13
Exercise 14
Exercise 15
Exercise 16
Exercise 17
Exercise 18
Exercise 19
Exercise 20
Chapter 7. Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Exercise 5
Exercise 6
Exercise 7
Exercise 8
Chapter 8. Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Exercise 5
Exercise 6
Exercise 7
Exercise 8
Exercise 9
Exercise 10
Exercise 11
Exercise 12
Chapter 9. Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Exercise 5
Exercise 6
Exercise 7
Exercise 8
Exercise 9
Exercise 10
Exercise 11
Chapter 10. Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Exercise 5
Exercise 6
Exercise 7
Exercise 8
Exercise 9
Exercise 10
Exercise 11
Exercise 12
Chapter 11. Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Exercise 5
Exercise 6
Exercise 7
Chapter 12. Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Exercise 5
Exercise 6
Exercise 7
Exercise 8
Exercise 9
Exercise 10
Exercise 11
About the Author
Acknowledgements
About the author
Acknowledgements
