Microaggressions in Everyday Life

Оглавление

Derald Wing Sue. Microaggressions in Everyday Life

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Illustrations

Guide

Pages

MICROAGGRESSIONS IN EVERYDAY LIFE

Preface

What Is New to the Second Edition?

CHAPTER ONE Microaggressions as Toxic Rain: Here, There, and Everywhere! “Still I Rise”

Example 1.1

Example 1.2

What Are Microaggressions?

Racial Microaggressions

The Invisibility and Nebulous Nature of Everyday Racism

Gender Microaggressions

Sexual‐Orientation Microaggressions

Misunderstanding Microaggressions

Stop Making Mountains Out of Molehills!

Everything's a Microaggression in This Climate of Political Correctness

Your Analysis Is Flawed

Microaggressions, Marginality, and Harmful Impact

The Way Forward. Making the “Invisible” Visible

Note

CHAPTER TWO Taxonomy of Microaggressions. Example 2.1

Example 2.2

Example 2.3

Example 2.4

Conscious and Deliberate Bigotry versus Unconscious and Unintentional Bias

The Changing Face of Racism, Sexism, and Heterosexism

Microaggressions

Environmental Macroaggressions

Forms of Microaggressions

Microassaults

Example 2.5

Microinsults and Microinvalidations: Common Themes

Microinsults

Microinvalidations

The Way Forward. Defining, Recognizing, and Deconstructing Hidden Messages in Microaggressions

CHAPTER THREE The Psychological Dilemmas and Dynamics of Microaggressions

Example 3.1

Clash of Racial Realities: “You Are Just Being Hypersensitive and Misreading the Situation!”

Example 3.2

Example 3.3

Invisibility of Unintentional Biases: “I'm Not a Racist!”

Perceived Minimal Harm of Microaggressions: “Don't Make a Mountain Out of a Molehill!”

The Catch‐22 of Responding to Microaggressions: “You're Damned if You Do and Damned if You Don't!”

The Way Forward. Dealing with Psychological Dilemmas

CHAPTER FOUR The Microaggression Process Model: The Internal Struggle of Targets. Example 4.1

Example 4.2

Example 4.3

Tracing the Impact of Microaggressions

Phase One—The Potential Microaggressive Incident or Event

Verbal Incidents

Nonverbal/Behavioral Incidents

Environmental Macroaggressions

Phase Two—Initial Assessment and Questioning of the Incident

Phase Three—Reaction Processes

Healthy Paranoia

Sanity Check

Empowering and Validating Self

Rescuing Offenders

Phase Four—Interpretation and Meaning

You Do Not Belong

You Are Abnormal

You Are Intellectually Inferior

You Are Not Trustworthy

You Are All the Same

Phase Five—Consequences and Impact

Powerlessness

Invisibility

Forced Compliance/Loss of Integrity

Pressure to Represent One's Group

The Microaggression Process Model: Recap

The Way Forward. Strength through Adversity

CHAPTER FIVE Microaggressive Stress: Impact on Physical and Psychological Well‐Being. Example 5.1

Example 5.2

Biological Stressors: A Roadmap to Understanding Microaggressive Harm

Psychological and Social Stressors

Microaggressions and Daily Hassles

Impact of Everyday Hassles

The Life‐Change Model of Stress

The Transactional Model of Stress

Situating Stress in the Macro‐Context of Oppression

The Harmful Effects of Microaggressive Stress

Physical Health Effects of Microaggressive Stressors

Psychological Health Effects of Microaggressive Stressors

Cognitive Effects of Microaggressive Stressors

Cognitive Disruption

Stereotype Threat

Emotional Effects of Microaggressive Stressors

Depression

Anxiety, Fear, and Stress

Rage and Anger

Behavioral Effects of Microaggressive Stressors

Hypervigilance and Skepticism

Forced Compliance: Surviving or Being Co‐opted

Fatigue and Hopelessness

Avoidance and Disengagement

Strength through Adversity

The Way Forward. Responding Strategically and Resisting Microaggressions

CHAPTER SIX Microaggressive Perpetrators: Who, What, When, How, and Why?

Who Are Microaggressive Perpetrators?

How and Why Do Individuals Perpetrate Microaggressions?

Using the Tools: Creating and Maintaining Dominance

Power to Impose a Biased Reality

What Makes It So Difficult For Perpetrators To Recognize Their Privilege?

Layer One—Fear of Appearing Biased

Layer Two—Fear of Recognizing One's Complicity in Oppression

Layer Three—Fear of Acknowledging One's Privilege

Layer Four—Fear of Taking Personal Responsibility to End Oppression

What Are the Costs of Microaggressions to Perpetrators?

Cognitive Costs of Oppression

Emotional Costs of Oppression

Behavioral Costs of Oppression

Spiritual and Moral Costs of Oppression

The Way Forward. The Ethical Mandate

CHAPTER SEVEN Researching Microaggressions: Show Me the Evidence!

In Their Own Words: Qualitative Investigation of Microaggressions

Purposive Samples

Focus Groups

Individual Interviews

Other Data Sources

Trustworthiness

Do Findings Generalize? Quantitative Investigation of Microaggressions

Measuring Microaggressions

Quantitative Research Designs

Cross‐Sectional Retrospective Studies

Laboratory Experiments

Longitudinal Studies

Summary

The Way Forward. Future Research Directions

CHAPTER EIGHT Teaching about Microaggressions

Faculty Narratives: Facing Challenges in the Classroom

Challenges Faculty Members of Color Face

Example 8.1

Challenges White Faculty Members Face. Example 8.2

Encountering Microaggressions in the Classroom

Navigating Microaggressions: What Can Educators Do? Example 8.3

Example 8.4

Microaggressions Pedagogy: How to Teach about Microaggressions

The Way Forward. General Strategies for Facilitating Difficult Dialogues on Race

CHAPTER NINE Microaggressions in Counseling and Psychotherapy. Example 9.1

Underutilization of Mental Health Services

Premature Termination and Quality of Mental Health Care

Multicultural Counseling Competence

Manifestations of Racial Microaggressions in Counseling and Psychotherapy

Microaggressions Influence Counseling Process and Outcomes

Innovative Research Approaches

The Way Forward. Microaggressions Implications for Practice and Research

Personal Advice to Counselors and Therapists

Professional Advice for Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Directions for Future Research on Microaggressions in Counseling & Therapy

CHAPTER TEN Microintervention Strategies for Disarming Microaggressions and Macroaggressions. Example 10.1

Example 10.2

Microaggressions and Macroaggressions

The Need to Take Action: Targets, Allies, and Bystanders

Targets

Allies

Bystanders

Responding to Microaggressions and Macroaggressions

Microinterventions

Strategic Goal: Make the “Invisible” Visible

Strategic Goal: Disarm the Microaggression

Strategic Goal: Educate the Perpetrator

Strategic Goal: Seek External Intervention or Support

Microinterventions and Macroaggressions

Context Matters

The Way Forward. Microinterventions and the New Research Frontier

Note

References

Author Index

Subject Index

WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

Отрывок из книги

Second Edition

DERALD WING SUE, PhD

.....

Second, although one of the male commuters meant well and saw a “damsel in distress,” the liberty he took in placing his hand on Kathleen's back to guide her to the exit is an intrusion of personal space. For a stranger to place one's hand on the small of a woman's back or more boldly on her hips without her permission may be seen as a violation of her body. The messages in sexual objectification microaggressions are many: (a) a woman's appearance is for the pleasure of a man; (b) women are weak, dependent, and need help; and (c) a woman's body is not her own. Some women are offended by these actions, as they appear demeaning. Yet the man who tried to help Kathleen probably acted with the best of intentions. In their expanded model of youth sexual violence, Gartner and Sterzing (2016) show overlaps between gender microaggressions and sexual harassment (unwelcome verbal or physical sexual conduct).

Third, referring to female employees by their first names and even calling Kathleen “Kathy” would not seem “disrespectful” if the interviewer did the same with male employees. Yet he consistently referred to men more formally by using “Mr.” and their last names. And by implying that Kathleen did not need a job but rather a “good man” to take care of her (even jokingly), the vice president sent a microaggressive message that women should be married, their place is in the home, they should be taken care of by a man, and Kathleen was potentially taking a job away from a man who has a family to support. This sequence of spontaneous and quick exchanges between the vice president and Kathleen trivializes her desire to find a job, treats her as a child, and does not take her seriously as a candidate.

.....