Packaging Technology and Engineering

Оглавление

Dipak Kumar Sarker. Packaging Technology and Engineering

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Illustrations

Guide

Pages

Packaging Technology and Engineering. Pharmaceutical, Medical and Food Applications

List of Figures

List of Tables

About the Author

Preface

1 Historical Perspective and Evolution. CHAPTER MENU

Abstract

1.1 Introduction. 1.1.1 The Chronology of Packaging Development

1.1.2 The Origins of Commercial Packaging

1.1.3 Closures, Films, and Plastics

1.1.4 Major Types of Packaging

1.2 Survey of Packaging Use

1.2.1 Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Packaging

1.2.2 Types of Packaging: An Overview and the Basics

1.2.2.1 The Meaning of Symbols on Packaging

1.2.2.2 Glass Packaging

1.2.2.3 Metal Packaging

1.2.2.4 Paper and Cardboard Packaging

1.2.2.5 Wooden Packaging

1.2.2.6 Plastic Packaging

1.2.2.7 Composite Packaging

1.2.2.8 Novel Materials: Bioplastics and Oxo‐Degradable Polymers

References

2 Chemical Engineering of Packaging Materials. CHAPTER MENU

Abstract

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Building Blocks, Extraction, and Raw Materials

2.3 Industrial Processes, Wood‐Pulping, Processing, and Smelting. 2.3.1 Refining Ores

2.3.2 Forming and Sheet‐Making

2.4 Making Glass

References

3. Material Science and Chemistry. CHAPTER MENU

Abstract

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Glasses

3.3 Metallic Materials

3.3.1 Aluminium, Tinplate, Steel, and Brass

3.4 Polymeric Materials

3.4.1 Polyolefins, Cellulosics, and Polyisoprenes

3.4.2 Thermosets and Thermoforming Plastics

3.4.3 Laminates

3.4.4 Expanded Materials

3.4.5 Paper and Paperboard

3.5 Colorants, Opacifiers, and Colouring

3.5.1 Coal Tar Dyes, Lakes, and Pigments

3.6 Plasticisers and Other Additives

3.6.1 Anti‐Oxidants and Preservatives. 3.6.2 Oxidations by Numerous Processes

3.7 Barriers, Barrier Properties, and Product Modification

3.7.1 Resistant Coatings

3.7.2 Ageing and Degradation

3.7.3 Chemical Breach and Leaching

3.7.4 Water and Gas Penetration

3.8 Estimating the Shelf Life of Packaging

3.9 Chemical Testing

3.10 Contemporary Issues and Controversies with Modern Packaging Materials

References

4. The Physics of Packaging Materials. CHAPTER MENU

Abstract

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Characterisation of Packaging Substrates

4.2.1 Surface and Structural Morphology

4.2.1.1 Printing

Pigmentation and Printability

4.2.2 Wettability, Polymorphism, Crystallinity and Crystallites, Melting, and Phase Behaviour

4.2.3 Toughness, Tensile Strength, and Young's Modulus

4.2.4 Brittleness, Hardness, and the Mohs Scale

4.2.5 Puncture Resistance and Slip

4.3 Test Methods

References

5 Engineering of the Product: Design, Formation, and Machining. CHAPTER MENU

Abstract

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Fourdrinier Processing and Paper‐Making

5.3 Sheeting, Injection Moulding, Thermoforming, Welding, Extrusion, Plasma Treatment, Annealing, and Curing

5.3.1 Bodies and Closures

5.3.2 Seals, Bungs, and the Septum

5.4 Classification of Moulded Packaging Forms

5.4.1 Bottles

5.4.2 Dosators

5.4.3 Pouches, Trays, Wallets, and Cartons

References

6 Packaging for Various Applications. CHAPTER MENU

Abstract

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Hermetically Sealed Containers and Developments

6.2.1 The Tin‐Plated Steel Can

6.2.1.1 Cans

6.2.2 Napoleon and Nicolas Appert: ‘The Father of Canning’

6.3 Modern Sterilisation and Pasteurisation Procedures and the Effects of Chemistry, Temperature, Pressure, and Irradiation on the Product and Pack

6.3.1 Retorting and High‐Pressure Steam

6.3.2 Radappertisation, Radurisation, and Radicisation

6.3.3 Ethylene Oxide

6.3.4 Hyperbaric Treatment

6.3.5 Sterilised Pouches and the Tetra Pak®

6.4 Metered Therapeutic Dose Devices

6.5 Heat‐Sealed Goods and Modified Atmosphere

6.6 Childproof and Easy‐Open Packaging

6.7 Multi‐Dose Pharmaceutical Bottles

References

7. Food, Pharmaceutical, and Medical Packaging. CHAPTER MENU

Abstract

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Food Packaging

7.2.1 Restrictions and Key Criteria Relevant to Foods and Beverages

7.3 Pharmaceutical Packaging

7.3.1 Restrictions and Key Criteria Relevant to Therapeutics

7.4 Medical Device Packaging

7.4.1 Restrictions and Key Criteria Relevant to Devices

References

8 Suppliers and Manufacturers of Packaging. CHAPTER MENU

Abstract

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Environmental Concerns and Sustainability

8.3 Recycling and After‐Use

8.4 Tracing, Anti‐Counterfeiting Technology, and Anti‐Fraud Devices

8.4.1 Chemical Watermarks

8.4.2 Radiofrequency Identification and Tracking

8.4.3 Barcoding, Overt, and Covert Identifiers

8.4.4 History and Environmental Logging

8.4.4.1 Intelligent Packaging

Disadvantages of Intelligent Packaging

Advantages of Intelligent Packaging

8.5 Accelerated Testing

8.6 The Distribution Chain and Transport Logistics

8.7 Packaging Regulations and Guidelines

8.7.1 Labelling and Information

8.8 Safety, Health, and Practicality

8.8.1 New Trends and Opportunities

8.8.2 The Future

References

Problems: Questions, Calculations, Estimates, and Dilemmas

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Short Answer Questions (SAQs); Worth 4 Marks [1, 4, 5, 6, 7]

Very Short Answer Questions (VSAQs); Worth 2 Marks [1, 4, 5, 6, 7]

Calculation Questions; Worth 20–30 Marks [4, 5, 6, 7, 8]

Calculation Questions; Worth 5 Marks

Answers to Problems. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Short Answer Questions (SAQs); Worth 4 Marks

Very Short Answer Questions (VSAQs); Worth 2 Marks

Calculation Questions; Worth 20–30 Marks

Calculation Questions; Worth 5 Marks

References

Appendices, Glossary of Terms, and Abbreviations. Glossary of Terms and Acronyms

Periodic Table of Chemical Elements and Fundamental Chemistry

Chemical Symbols and Abbreviations

Scientific and Engineering Symbols. Greek

Latin

Mathematical Symbols

Constants

Derived Quantities and Units

Fundamental Quantities and Units

Conversion Factors

Unit Prefixes

Index

WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

Отрывок из книги

DIPAK K. SARKER

University of Brighton

.....

Identification of materials, such as plastics, that can be reutilised is an important part of the push for improved recycling. The three types of basic packaging – primary, secondary, and tertiary – encompass virtually all forms of containment (Table 1.1), which often however possess different degrees of reusability. Primary packaging has a role in containing and protecting the commodity directly and is generally based on high‐purity materials; secondary packaging protects the integrity of the primary; and tertiary protects the secondary packaging and permits shipping and transportation of the primary and secondary products within the tertiary packaging. Consequently, secondary and tertiary packaging need lower levels of material purity and, therefore, may be more open to incorporation of recycled material. Occasionally, primary and secondary packaging are combined but they may also not have the same physical presence, for example shrink‐wrap (secondary) covering of a carton (primary); this is often used when the product cannot be easily corrupted by the carton. Primary packaging may be something like a sachet, a bottle, or a blister, which are often not accessible to current recycling practices. Secondary packaging is typified by a carton or a box and tertiary packaging is typified by a carton with an outer wrap. Tertiary packaging is typically a skip, drum, crate, etc. and represents containers that can make use of mixed aggregated recycled materials. The risk of primary packaging lies in its intimate contact with the product, which could be seen as a risk of product compromise and contamination. Typically this could involve the increasing loading of plasticiser or toxic materials in product contact packaging resulting from recycling. Chemical risk is less important in secondary packaging but significant risk arises from misleading information on the pack that could potentially cause injury to the recipient.

Table 1.1 Packaging: contains, protects, preserves, transports, ‘informs’, and ‘sells’.

.....