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Об авторе
Part I
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
Part II
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
Part III
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
Appendix. The Principles of Newspeak
Vocabulary
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
K
L
M
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Z
Эрик Артур Блэр (1903–1950) писал под простоватым псевдонимом Джордж Оруэлл. Такое имя подходит, скорее, какому-нибудь английскому рабочему, нежели человеку, занятому литературным трудом.
Он родился на самой периферии Британской империи, цивилизации вообще и литературного мира в частности, в индийской деревушке Мотихари где-то на границе с Непалом. Родители будущего писателя не были богатыми, и когда Эрику исполнилось восемь лет, его не без труда устроили в частную подготовительную школу в графстве Суссекс. Спустя несколько лет, проявив недюжинные способности в учебе, мальчик на конкурсной основе получил стипендию для дальнейшего обучения в Итоне, самой привилегированной частной школе Великобритании, открывавшей путь в Оксфорд или Кембридж. Но позже он навсегда покинул это учебное заведение, чтобы работать простым полицейским в Индии, а потом в Бирме. Там, пожалуй, и сформировался писатель Джордж Оруэлл.
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What happened in the unseen labyrinth to which the pneumatic tubes led, he did not know in detail, but he did know in general terms. As soon as all the corrections which happened to be necessary in any particular number of the Times had been assembled and collated, that number would be reprinted, the original copy destroyed, and the corrected copy placed on the files in its stead. This process of continuous alteration was applied not only to newspapers, but to books, periodicals, pamphlets, posters, leaflets, films, sound-tracks, cartoons, photographs – to every kind of literature or documentation which might conceivably hold any political or ideological significance. Day by day and almost minute by minute the past was brought up to date[28]. In this way every prediction made by the Party could be shown by documentary evidence to have been correct, nor was any item of news, or any expression of opinion, which conflicted with the needs of the moment, ever allowed to remain on record. All history was a palimpsest[29], scraped clean and reinscribed exactly as often as was necessary. In no case would it have been possible, once the deed was done, to prove that any falsification had taken place. The largest section of the Records Department, far larger than the one on which Winston worked, consisted simply of persons whose duty it was to track down and collect all copies of books, newspapers, and other documents which had been superseded and were due for destruction. A number of the Times which might, because of changes in political alignment, or mistaken prophecies uttered by Big Brother, have been rewritten a dozen times still stood on the files bearing its original date, and no other copy existed to contradict it. Books, also, were recalled and rewritten again and again, and were invariably reissued without any admission that any alteration had been made[30]. Even the written instructions which Winston received, and which he invariably got rid of as soon as he had dealt with them, never stated or implied that an act of forgery was to be committed: always the reference was to slips, errors, misprints, or misquotations which it was necessary to put right in the interests of accuracy.
But actually, he thought as he re-adjusted the Ministry of Plenty’s figures, it was not even forgery. It was merely the substitution of one piece of nonsense for another. Most of the material that you were dealing with had no connexion with anything in the real world, not even the kind of connexion that is contained in a direct lie. Statistics were just as much a fantasy in their original version as in their rectified version. A great deal of the time you were expected to make them up out of your head. For example, the Ministry of Plenty’s forecast had estimated the output of boots for the quarter at 145 million pairs. The actual output was given as sixty-two millions. Winston, however, in rewriting the forecast, marked the figure down to fifty-seven millions, so as to allow for the usual claim that the quota had been overfulfilled. In any case, sixty-two millions was no nearer the truth than fifty-seven millions, or than 145 millions. Very likely no boots had been produced at all. Likelier still, nobody knew how many had been produced, much less cared. All one knew was that every quarter astronomical numbers of boots were produced on paper, while perhaps half the population of Oceania went barefoot. And so it was with every class of recorded fact, great or small. Everything faded away into a shadow-world in which, finally, even the date of the year had become uncertain.
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