Electronics All-in-One For Dummies

Electronics All-in-One For Dummies
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Open up a world of electronic possibilities with the easiest «how-to» guide available today If you're looking for a new hobby that's tons of fun—and practical to boot—electronics might be right up your alley. And getting started has never been easier! In Electronics All-in-One For Dummies, you'll find a plethora of helpful information, from tinkering with basic electronic components to more advanced subjects like working with digital electronics and Arduino microprocessors. Whether you're just getting started and trying to learn the difference between a circuit board and a breadboard, or you've got a handle on the fundamentals and are looking to get to the next level of electronics mastery, this book has the tools, techniques, and step-by-step guides you need to achieve your goals—and have a blast doing it! You'll learn: Critical safety tips and strategies to keep yourself and your environment protected while you work Useful schematics for everyday devices you can put to work immediately, like animated holiday lights and animatronic prop controllers How to work with alternating current, direct current, analog, digital, and car electronics, as well as Raspberry Pi technologies Perfect for anyone who's ever looked at a circuit board and thought to themselves, «I wonder how that works?», Electronics All-in-One For Dummies is your go-to guide to getting a grip on some of the coolest electronic technologies on the market.

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Doug Lowe. Electronics All-in-One For Dummies

Electronics All-in-One For Dummies® To view this book's Cheat Sheet, simply go to www.dummies.com and search for “Electronics All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet” in the Search box. Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Illustrations

Guide

Pages

Introduction

About This Book

Foolish Assumptions

Icons Used in This Book

Beyond the Book

Where to Go from Here

Getting Started with Electronics. Contents at a Glance

Welcome to Electronics

What Is Electricity?

But Really, What Is Electricity?

What Is Electronics?

What Can You Do with Electronics?

Making noise

Making light

Transmitting to the world

Computing

Looking inside Electronic Devices

Understanding Electricity

Pondering the Wonder of Electricity

WHERE DID THE WORD ELECTRICITY COME FROM?

Looking for Electricity

Peering Inside Atoms

Examining the Elements

Minding Your Charges

Conductors and Insulators

Understanding Current

Understanding Voltage

Comparing Direct and Alternating Current

Understanding Power

Creating Your Mad-Scientist Lab

Setting Up Your Mad-Scientist Lab

Equipping Your Mad-Scientist Lab

Basic hand tools

Magnifying glasses

Third hands and hobby vises

Soldering iron

Multimeter

Solderless breadboard

Wire

Batteries

Other things to stock up on

Stocking up on Basic Electronic Components

Resistors

Capacitors

Diodes

Light-emitting diodes

Transistors

Integrated circuits

One Last Thing

Staying Safe

Facing the Realities of Electrical Dangers

Household electrical current can kill you!

Even relatively small voltages can hurt you

Sometimes voltage hides in unexpected places

Other Ways to Stay Safe

Keeping Safety Equipment on Hand

Protecting Your Stuff from Static Discharges

Reading Schematic Diagrams

Introducing a Simple Schematic Diagram

Laying Out a Circuit

To Connect or Not to Connect

Looking at Commonly Used Symbols

Simplifying Ground and Power Connections

Labeling Components in a Schematic Diagram

Representing Integrated Circuits in a Schematic Diagram

Building Projects

Looking at the Process of Building an Electronic Project

Envisioning Your Project

Designing Your Circuit

Prototyping Your Circuit on a Solderless Breadboard

Understanding how solderless breadboards work

Laying out your circuit

Assembling the coin-toss circuit on a solderless breadboard

What if it doesn’t work?

Constructing Your Circuit on a Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

Understanding how printed circuit boards work

Using a preprinted PCB

CREATING A CUSTOM PCB

Building the coin-toss circuit on a PCB

Finding an Enclosure for Your Circuit

Working with a project box

Mounting the coin-toss circuit in a box

The Secrets of Successful Soldering

Understanding How Solder Works

Procuring What You Need to Solder

Buying a soldering iron

Stocking up on solder

Other goodies you need

Preparing to Solder

THE TEN SOLDERING COMMANDMENTS

Soldering a Solid Solder Joint

Checking Your Work

Desoldering

Measuring Circuits with a Multimeter

Looking at Multimeters

What a Multimeter Measures

Ammeter

Voltmeter

Ohmmeter

Other measurements

Schematic symbols for meter functions

A SNEAK PEEK AT OHM’S LAW

Using Your Multimeter

Measuring current

Measuring voltage

Measuring resistance

Catching Waves with an Oscilloscope

Understanding Oscilloscopes

Examining Waveforms

Calibrating an Oscilloscope

Displaying Signals

Working with Basic Electronic Components. Contents at a Glance

Working with Basic Circuits

What Is a Circuit?

Using Batteries

Building a Lamp Circuit

Project 1: A Simple Lamp Circuit

Parts

Steps

Working with Switches

The many ways to throw the switch

Making connections with poles and throws

Building a Switched Lamp Circuit

Project 2: A Lamp Controlled by a Switch

Parts

Steps

Understand Series and Parallel Circuits

Building a Series Lamp Circuit

Project 3: A Series Lamp Circuit

Parts

Steps

Building a Parallel Lamp Circuit

Project 4: A Parallel Lamp Circuit

Parts

Steps

Using Switches in Series and Parallel

Building a Series Switch Circuit

Project 5: A Series Switch Circuit

Parts

Steps

Building a Parallel Switch Circuit

Project 6: A Parallel Switch Circuit

Parts

Steps

Switching between Two Lamps

Project 7: Controlling Two Lamps with One Switch

Parts

Steps

Building a Three-Way Lamp Switch

Project 8: A Three-Way Light Switch

Parts

Steps

Reversing Polarity

Project 9: A Polarity-Reversing Circuit

Parts

Steps

Working with Resistors

What Is Resistance?

Measuring Resistance

Looking at Ohm’s Law

Introducing Resistors

Reading Resistor Color Codes

Reading a resistor’s value

Understanding resistor tolerance

NOTICING STANDARD RESISTOR VALUES

Understanding Resistor Power Ratings

Limiting Current with a Resistor

Project 10: Using a Current-Limiting Resistor

Parts

Steps

Combining Resistors

Combining resistors in series

Combining resistors in parallel

Mixing series and parallel resistors

CONDUCTING YOUR WAY THROUGH PARALLEL RESISTORS

Combining resistors in series and parallel

Project 11: Resistors in Series and Parallel

Parts

Steps

Dividing Voltage

Dividing Voltage with Resistors

Project 12: A Voltage Divider Circuit

Parts

Steps

Varying Resistance with a Potentiometer

Working with Capacitors

What Is a Capacitor?

Counting Capacitance

Reading Capacitor Values

The Many Sizes and Shapes of Capacitors

Calculating Time Constants for Resistor/Capacitor Networks

Combining Capacitors

Combining capacitors in parallel

Connecting capacitors in series

Putting Capacitors to Work

Charging and Discharging a Capacitor

Project 13: Charging and Discharging a Capacitor

Parts

Steps

Blocking DC while Passing AC

Project 14: Blocking Direct Current

Parts

Steps

Working with Inductors

What Is Magnetism?

The north and south of magnetism

Pondering permanent magnets

Examining Electromagnets

Inducing Current

Inductance and the art of resisting change

Regarding henry

Calculating RL Time Constants

Calculating Inductive Reactance

Combining Inductors

Putting Inductors to Work

Working with Diodes and LEDs

What Is a Semiconductor?

Doping: It’s not just for athletes

Understanding p-n junctions

Introducing Diodes

The Many Types of Diodes

Rectifier diodes

Signal diodes

Zener diodes

FREEWHEELING SIGNAL DIODES

Using a Diode to Block Reverse Polarity

Project 15: Blocking Reverse Polarity

Parts

Steps

Putting Rectifiers to Work

Building Rectifier Circuits

Project 16: Rectifier Circuits

Parts

Steps

Introducing Light Emitting Diodes

Using LEDs to Detect Polarity

Project 17: An LED Polarity Detector

Parts

Steps

Working with Transistors

What’s the Big Deal about Transistors?

Why were transistors invented?

Looking inside a transistor

Examining transistor specifications

CONSIDERING FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS

Amplifying with a Transistor

THE MAGIC POT

Using a Transistor as a Switch

An LED Driver Circuit

Project 18: A Transistor LED Driver

Parts

Steps

Looking at a Simple NOT Gate Circuit

Building a NOT Gate

Project 19: A NOT Gate

Parts

Steps

Oscillating with a Transistor

Building an LED Flasher

Project 20: An LED Flasher

Parts

Steps

Wrapping Up Our Exploration of Discrete Components

Working with Integrated Circuits. Contents at a Glance

Introducing Integrated Circuits

What Exactly Is an Integrated Circuit?

THE MIRACLE OF MOORE’S LAW

Looking at How Integrated Circuits Are Made

Integrated Circuit Packages

Using ICs in Schematic Diagrams

Powering ICs

Avoiding Static and Heat Damage

Reading IC Data Sheets

Popular Integrated Circuits

555 Timer

741 and LM324 Op-Amp

78xx Voltage Regulator

74xx Logic Family

The Fabulous 555 Timer Chip

Looking at How the 555 Works

Understanding 555 Modes

Using the 555 in Monostable (One-Shot) Mode

Looking at a typical 555 monostable circuit

Looking at the resistor-capacitor circuit in a monostable timer

Calculating the time interval for a monostable circuit

Using the 555 in Astable (Oscillator) Mode

Looking at a typical astable circuit

Controlling the time intervals in an astable 555 circuit

Calculating the duty cycle

Using the 555 in Bistable (Flip-Flop) Mode

Using the 555 Timer Output

Doubling Up with the 556 Dual Timer

Making a One-Shot Timer

Project 21: A One-Shot 555 Timer Circuit

Parts

Steps

Making an LED Flasher

Project 22: An LED Flasher

Parts

Steps

Using a Set/Reset Switch

Project 23: An LED Flasher with a Set/Reset Switch

Parts

Steps

Making a Beeper

Project 24: An Audible Beeper

Parts

Steps

Working with Op-Amps

Looking at Operational Amplifiers

HOW THE OP-AMP CAME TO BE

Understanding Open Loop-Amplifiers

THE IDEAL OP-AMP

Looking at Closed Loop-Amplifiers

DELVING DEEPER INTO FEEDBACK

Using an Op-Amp as a Unity Gain Amplifier

Configuring a unity follower

Configuring a unity inverter

Using an Op-Amp as a Voltage Comparator

Adding Voltages

Working with Op-Amp ICs

Beyond Direct Current. Contents at a Glance

Getting into Alternating Current

What Is Alternating Current?

Measuring Alternating Current

THE CURRENT WARS

Understanding Alternators

Understanding Motors

Understanding Transformers

Working with Line Voltage

Using Line Voltage in Your Projects

Being safe with line voltage

Understanding hot, neutral, and ground

Wires and Connectors for Working with Line Voltage

Using Fuses to Protect Line-Voltage Circuits

Using Relays to Control Line-Voltage Circuits

Building Power Supplies

Using a Power Adapter

Understanding What a Power Supply Does

Transforming Voltage

Turning AC into DC

Half-wave rectifier

Full-wave rectifier

Bridge rectifier

Filtering Rectified Current

Regulating Voltage

Understanding Radio

Understanding Radio Waves

WHO REALLY INVENTED RADIO?

Transmitting and Receiving Radio

Understanding radio transmitters

Understanding radio receivers

LOOKING AT THE RADIO SPECTRUM

Understanding AM Radio

Understanding FM Radio

THE TRAGIC GENIUS BEHIND FM RADIO

Building a Crystal Radio

Looking at a simple crystal radio circuit

Gathering your parts

Building the coil

Assembling the circuit

FOXHOLE RADIOS

Stringing up an antenna

Connecting to ground

Using the crystal radio

Working with Infrared

Introducing Infrared Light

Detecting Infrared Light

Project 25: A Simple IR Detector

Parts

Steps

Creating Infrared Light

Building a Proximity Detector

Building a Common-Emitter Proximity Detector

Project 26: A Common-Emitter Proximity Detector

Parts

Steps

Building a Common-Collector Proximity Detector

Project 27: A Common-Collector Proximity Detector

Parts

Steps

Doing Digital Electronics. Contents at a Glance

Understanding Digital Electronics

Distinguishing Analog and Digital Electronics

Understanding Binary

Knowing your number systems

Counting by ones

Doing the logic thing

USING WINDOWS CALCULATOR FOR BINARY CONVERSIONS

Using Switches to Build Gates

Project 28: A Simple AND Circuit

Parts

Steps

Project 29: A Simple OR Circuit

Parts

Steps

Project 30: A Simple XOR Circuit

Parts

Steps

Getting Logical

Introducing Boolean Logic and Logic Gates

Looking at NOT Gates

Looking at AND Gates

Looking at OR Gates

Looking at NAND Gates

Looking at NOR Gates

Looking at XOR and XNOR Gates

De Marvelous De Morgan’s Theorem

All You Need Is NAND (Or NOR)

Universal NAND gates

Universal NOR gates

Using Software to Practice with Gates

Working with Logic Circuits

Creating Logic Gates with Transistors

A transistor NOT gate circuit

Project 31: A Transistor NOT Gate

Parts

Steps

A transistor AND gate circuit

A transistor NAND gate circuit

Project 32: A Transistor NAND Gate

Parts

Steps

A transistor OR gate circuit

A transistor NOR gate circuit

Project 33: A Transistor NOR Gate

Parts

Steps

Introducing Integrated Circuit Logic Gates

Introducing the Versatile 4000-Series Logic Gates

Building Projects with the 4011 Quad Two-Input NAND Gate

Project 34: A CMOS NAND Gate

Parts

Steps

Project 35: A CMOS AND Gate

Parts

Steps

Project 36: A CMOS OR Gate

Parts

Steps

Project 37: A CMOS NOR Gate

Parts

Steps

Working with Flip-Flops

Looking at Latches

Project 38: An Active-High Latch

Parts

Steps

Project 39: An Active-Low Latch

Parts

Steps

Looking at Gated Latches

Project 40: A Gated D Latch

Parts

Steps

Introducing Flip-Flops

Project 41: A D Flip-Flop

Parts

Steps

Project 42: A Toggle Flip-Flop

Parts

Steps

Debouncing a Clock Input

Introducing Microcontrollers

Introducing Microcontrollers

Programming a Microcontroller

Working with I/O Pins

Working with Arduino Microprocessors. Contents at a Glance

Introducing Arduino

Introducing the Arduino UNO

RAISE THE SHIELDS!

Buying an UNO Starter Kit

Installing the Arduino IDE

Connecting to an UNO

Looking at a Simple Arduino Sketch

Running the Blink Program

Using a Digital I/O Pin to Control an LED

Project 43: Blinking an LED with an Arduino UNO

Parts

Steps

Creating Arduino Sketches

Introducing C

Working with a Prototyping Shield

Building a Test Circuit

Project 44: An Arduino LED Test Circuit

Parts

Steps

Flashing the LEDs

Using Comments

Creating Identifiers

Using Variables

Doing Math

A Program That Uses Variables and Math

Using If Statements

Using While Loops

Using For Loops

Crafting Your Own Functions

More Arduino Programming Tricks

Using a Push Button with an Arduino

Checking the Status of a Switch in Arduino

Project 45: A Push-Button Controlled Arduino LED Flasher

Parts

Steps

Randomizing Your Programs

Reading a Value from a Potentiometer

Project 46: A Variable-Rate LED Flasher

Parts

Steps

An Arduino Proximity Sensor

Using an Ultrasonic Range Finder

Looking at the HC-SR04 Range Finder

Generating a trigger pulse

Reading pulse input

Doing the math

Using an LCD

Connecting an LCD to Arduino

Programming the LCD

Building a Proximity Sensor

Project 47: An Arduino Proximity Sensor

Parts

Steps

Adding Sound and Motion to Your Arduino Projects

Using a Speaker with an Arduino

Using the tone function

Connecting a speaker to an Arduino

Project 48: Creating Sound with a Speaker

Parts

Steps

Sounding the alarm with Morse code

Playing a siren

Playing a song

Using an MP3 Shield

Assembling the Music Maker shield

Preparing the micro-SD card

Programming the Music Maker shield

Building an Arduino Music Player

Project 49: Using a Music Maker Shield to Play Sounds

Parts

Steps

Using a Servo with an Arduino

Connecting a servo to an Arduino

Programming a servo

Building a servo project

Project 50: Using a Servo with an Arduino

Parts

Steps

Keypads and Keyboards

Using a Keypad

How a keypad works

Connecting a keypad to an Arduino

Programming a keypad

The hard way: Doing it manually

The easy way: Using the Keypad library

Setting Up a Keypad

Defining the number of rows and columns

Defining the row and column pins

Defining the keymap

Using a Keypad variable

Detecting when a key has been pressed

Building a Keypad Circuit

Project 51: Using a Keypad

Parts

Steps

Using an Arduino for Computer Keyboard Input

Using the Keyboard library

Sending a line via the keyboard

Using the switch statement to simplify choices

Pressing and holding keys

Building a Windows Keypad Gadget

Project 52: A Windows Keypad Gadget

Parts

Steps

Working with Raspberry Pi. Contents at a Glance

Introducing Raspberry Pi

Introducing the Raspberry Pi

Considering Raspberry Pi Versions

Setting Up a Raspberry Pi

Installing the Raspberry Pi Operating System

Starting Up Your Raspberry Pi

Understanding the File System

Writing Your First Raspberry Pi Program

Examining GPIO Ports

Connecting an LED to a GPIO Port

Flashing an LED in Python

Building a Raspberry Pi LED Flasher

Project 51: Blinking an LED with a Raspberry Pi

Parts

Steps

Programming in Python

Looking Closer at Python

Building a Test Circuit

Project 52: A Raspberry Pi LED Test Board

Parts

Steps

Flashing the LEDs

ELIMINATING UNNECESSARY GPIO WARNINGS

Using Comments

Creating Identifiers

Using Constants

Using Variables

Creating Your Own Functions

Using If Statements

Using While Loops

Using For Loops

Looking at Python Lists

Reading Digital and Analog Input

Using a GPIO Port for Digital Input

Checking the Status of a Switch in Python

Project 53: A Push-Button-Controlled Raspberry Pi LED Flasher

Parts

Steps

Reading Analog Input

Enabling SPI on Your Raspberry Pi

Using the MCP3008 in Python

Using the mcp3008 Package

Project 54: A Variable-Rate LED Flasher

Parts

Steps

Special Effects. Contents at a Glance

Building a Color Organ

Examining the Color Organ Project

Understanding How the Color Organ Works

Getting What You Need to Build the Color Organ

Assembling the Color Organ

Using the Color Organ

Animating Holiday Lights

Introducing the ShowTime PC Controller

Looking at a Basic Light-O-Rama Setup

Understanding Channels and Sequences

Choosing Lights for Your Display

Designing Your Layout

Assembling the ShowTime PC Controller

Connecting the Controller to a Computer

Testing the ShowTime PC Controller

Using the Light-O-Rama Sequence Editor

Understanding Sequences

Creating a Musical Sequence

Visualizing Your Show

Building an Animatronic Prop Controller

Looking at the Requirements of Animatronic Prop Control

Examining a Typical Animatronic Prop

Building the Prop Controller

Programming the Prop-1 Controller

Sending Commands to the RC-4 or AP-16+ Modules

Programming the RC-4 Relay Control Module

Turning all relays off

Turning an individual relay on or off

Setting all four relays at once

Using symbols to make RC-4 commands more readable

A sample program for controlling all four RC-4 relays

Programming the AP-16+ Audio Player Module

Resetting the AP-16+

Changing the volume

Playing a specific file

Waiting for a file to finish playing

A Sample AP-16+ Program

Programming the PIR Motion Detector

Looking at Complete Jack-in-the-Box Program

Re-Creating a Retro Science-Fiction Robot Head

Looking to Robby and B-9 For Inspiration

Conceiving VIN-e

Introducing VIN-e 1.0

The dome

The base

The central pillar

The eyes and nose

The mouth

The “vacuum tubes”

The antenna

Looking at VIN-e’s Electronics

A Final Word about Safety

Index. Special Characters and Numerics

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

About the Author

Dedication

Author’s Acknowledgments

WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

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Welcome to the amazing world of electronics!

Ever since I was a kid, I’ve been fascinated with electronics. When I was about 10 years old, my dad bought me an electronic experimenter’s kit from the local RadioShack store. I still have it; it’s pictured here.

.....

In its natural state, the electrons in a conductor such as copper freely move from atom to atom but in a completely random way. To get them to move together in one direction, all you have to do is give them a push. The technical term for this push is electromotive force, abbreviated EMF, or sometimes simply E. But you know it more commonly as voltage.

A voltage is nothing more than a difference in charge between two places. For example, suppose you have a small clump of metal whose atoms have an abundance of negatively charged atoms and another clump of metal whose atoms have an abundance of positively charged atoms. In other words, the first clump has too many electrons and the second clump has too few. A voltage exists between those two clumps. If you connect those two clumps with a conductor such as a copper wire, you create what is called a circuit through which electric current will flow.

.....

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