Myths and Legends of China

Myths and Legends of China
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Описание книги

Myths and Legends of China present a detailed and thorough study of China and its history through folklore tales and mythology. It contains numerous myths, folk tales and legends about gods, animals, dragons, from the Fox legends to the Monkey tales, including some obscure folklore. Written from a sociological point of view it reveals a western look at Chinese history and their myths and legends.

Оглавление

E. T. C. Werner. Myths and Legends of China

Myths and Legends of China

Table of Contents

Chapter I. The Sociology of the Chinese

Racial Origin

Southern Origin Improbable

Expansion of Races from North to South

Arrival of the Chinese in China

The K'un-lun Mountains

Provisional Conclusion

Inorganic Environment

Organic Environment

Sociological Environment

Physical, Emotional, and Intellectual Characters

Marriage in Early Times

Marriage in Monarchical and Republican Periods

Parents and Children

Political History

General Government

Laws

Local Government

Military System

Ecclesiastical Institutions

Professional Institutions

Accessory Institutions

Bodily Mutilations

Funeral Rites

Laws of Intercourse

Habits and Customs

Sports and Games

Domestic Life

Industrial Institutions

Arts

Agriculture and Rearing of Livestock

Sentiments and Moral Ideas

Religious Ideas

Superstitions

Knowledge

Language

Achievements of the Chinese

Chapter II. On Chinese Mythology

Mythology and Intellectual Progress

The Chinese Intellect

The Influence of Religion

History and Myth

Chinese Rigidity

The Prerequisites to Myth

Stimulus Necessary

Persistent Soul-expression

The Character of Chinese Myth

Periods Fertile in Myth

Sources of Chinese Myth

Phases of Chinese Myth

Tso-ch'iu Ming and Lieh Tzu

The T'ang and Sung Epochs

Myth and Doubt

Myth and Legend

Chapter III. Cosmogony-p'an Ku and the Creation Myth

The Fashioner of the Universe

The Sun and the Moon

P'an Ku and Ymer

P'an Ku a Late Creation

Nü Kua Shih, the Repairer of the Heavens

Early Cosmogony Dualistic

The Canon of Changes

The Five Elements

Monism

Chou Tzu's "T'ai Chi T'u"

Chu Hsi's Monistic Philosophy

Lao Tzu's "Tao"

Confucius's Agnosticism

Mo Tzu and Creation

Mencius and the First Cause

Lieh Tzu's Absolute

Chuang Tzu's Super-tao

Popular Cosmogony still Personal or Dualistic

Chapter IV. The Gods of China

The Birth of the Soul

The Populous Otherworld

Worship of Shang Ti

Worship of T'ien

Confusion of Shang Ti and T'ien

The Otherworld Similar to this World

The Three Religions

The Super-triad

Worship of the Living

Confucianism

Confucius not a God

The God of Literature

Wên Ch'ang and the Great Bear

Wên Ch'ang and Tzu T'ung

Heaven-deaf and Earth-dumb

Image of K'uei Hsing

Mr. Redcoat

Mr. Redcoat nods his Head

Mr. Golden Cuirass

The God of War

The Meat-seller's Challenge

The Oath in the Peach-orchard

Buddhism in China

Buddha, the Law, and the Priesthood

Diamond Kings of Heaven

Legend of the Diamond Kings

Hua-hu Tiao devours Yang Chien

The Three Pure Ones

The Three Causes

Yüan-shih T'ien-tsun

An Avatar of P'an Ku

Yü Huang

The Cask of Pearls

The Legend of Yü Huang

T'ung-t'ien Chiao-chu

Immortals, Heroes, Saints

The God of the Immortals

Hsi Wang Mu

The Feast of Peaches

The First Taoist Pope

The Founder of Modern Taoism

The Peach-gathering

Chang Tao-ling's Great Power

Kings of Heaven

T'ai I

Goddess of the North Star

Snorter and Blower

Blue Dragon and White Tiger

Apotheosized Philosophers

Fanning the Grave

Husband and Wife

Canonized Generalissimos

The Three Musical Brothers

The Dragon-boat Festival

Chiang Tzu-ya

The Battle of Mu Yeh

A Legend of Chiang Tzu-ya

No-cha defeats Chang Kuei-fang

Tzu-ya goes to K'un-lun

He receives the List of Immortals

The Soaring Head

The Ancient Immortal saves the Situation

Ch'iung Hsiao's Magic Scissors

Chiang Tzu-ya defeats Wên Chung

The Red Sand Battle

Further Fighting

Thousand-li Eye and Favourable-wind Ear

How the Brothers were Defeated

Celestial Ministries

Protectors of the People

The Ch'êng-huang

The Kitchen-god

Ts'an Nü

The God of Happiness

The God of Wealth

The God of Longevity

The Door-gods

Chinese Polytheism

Chapter V. Myths of the Stars

Astrological Superstitions

Various Star-gods

Shooting the Heavenly Dog

The Sun-king

The Steep Summit

The Divine Archer

Vanquishes the Wind-spirit

Dispels the Nine False Suns

Marries the Sister of the Water-spirit

Slays Various Dangerous Creatures

Builds a Palace for Chin Mu

Kills Chisel-tooth

Hêng Ô flies to the Moon

The Sun-palace and the Bird of Dawn

Shên I visits the Moon

Star-worship

The Herdsman and the Weaver-girl

The Twenty-eight Constellations

A Victim of Ta Chi

Myths of Time

The Planet Jupiter

Legend of T'ai Sui

Worship of T'ai Sui

Chapter VI. Myths of Thunder, Lightning, Wind, and Rain

The Ministry of Thunder and Storms

The President of the Ministry of Thunder

The Duke of Thunder

Lei Kung in the Tree

The Mysterious Bottle

Lei Chên-tzu

The Mother of Lightning

The Origin of the Spirit of Lightning

The God of the Wind

The Master of Rain

The One-legged Bird

Ma Yüan-shuai

Chapter VII. Myths of the Waters

The Dragons

The Dragon-kings

The Foolish Dragon

The Ministry of Waters

An Unauthorized Portrait

The Shipwrecked Servant

A Battle and its Results

The Dragon in the Pond

The Spirits of the Well

The Dragon-king's Daughter

Golden Dragon Great Prince

The Old Mother of the Waters

The Magic Vermicelli

Hsü, the Dragon-slayer

The Spiritual Alligator

The Great Flood

The Marriage of the River-god

Legend of the Building of Peking

Chu-ti

The Sealed Packet

A Desolate Region

The Prince opens the Sealed Packet

The City is Founded

General Prosperity

A Drought and its Cause

The Prince's Dream

The Pursuit of the Dragons

An Unexpected Flood

The Waters Subside

The Origin of Chên-shui T'a

Chapter VIII. Myths of Fire

The Ministry of Fire

A Conflagration

C'ih Ching-tzu

The Red Emperor

Hui Lu

The Fire-emperor

Chapter IX. Myths of Epidemics, Medicine, Exorcism, Etc

The Ministry of Epidemics

The President of the Ministry

The Plague-disseminating Umbrellas

The Five Graduates

The Emperors Strategy

The Musicians are Slain

The Emperor Tormented

The Graduates Canonized

The Ministry of Medicine

The Medicine-gods

The Ministry of Exorcism

The Exorcism of 'Emptiness and Devastation'

Chapter X. The Goddess of Mercy

The Guardian Angel of Buddhism

The Buddhist Saviour

Miao Chuang desires an Heir

Prayers to the Gods

The Murder of the Tais

A Message for Yü Huang

Birth of the Three Daughters

Miao Shan's Ambition

Her Sisters Marry

Miao Shan's Renunciation

She is Exiled to the Garden

The Nunnery of the White Bird

Her Reception at the Nunnery

She makes Offering to the Buddha

Spiritual Aid

The Nunnery on Fire

The Execution of Miao Shan

Miao Shan visits the Infernal Regions

Hell a Paradise

A Test of Virtue

Miao Shan attains to Perfection

A Ruse

The Transformation of Shan Ts'ai

'Brother and Sister'

The King's Punishment

The Disguised Priest-doctor

Strange Medicine

A Conspiracy that Failed

A Confession and its Results

The Gruesome Remedy

Half-measures

The King Cured

The King's Daughter

The King and Queen taken Prisoners

The King's Repentance

Sackcloth and Ashes

The King renounces the Throne

Pardon of the Green Lion and the White Elephant

Miao Shan becomes a Buddha

Chapter XI. The Eight Immortals

Pa Hsien

Li T'ieh-kuai

Chung-li Ch'üan

Lan Ts'ai-ho

Chang Kuo

Ho Hsien Ku

Lü Tung-pin

Han Hsiang Tzu

Ts'ao Kuo-chiu

Pa Hsien Kuo Hai

Chapter XII. The Guardian of the Gate of Heaven

Li, the Pagoda-bearer

An Avatar of the Intelligent Pearl

A Precocious Youth

The Slaying of the Dragon-king's Son

An Unruly Son

Drastic Measures

No-cha draws a Bow at a Venture

Another Encounter

No-cha commits Hara-Kiri

A Habitation for the Soul

Li Ching destroys his Son's Statue

No-cha consults his Master

A New No-cha

A Battle between Father and Son

Peace at the Last

Chapter XIII. A Battle of the Gods

Multifarious Versatile Divinities

Chun T'i

The One-eyed Peacock

Arrangements for the Siege

Impediments

Offence and Defence

Attempts at Revenge

The Golden-bearded Turtle

The Battle Won

Buddhahood

Chapter XIV. How the Monkey Became a God

The Hsi Yu Chi

Legend of Sun Hou-tzu

A Rod of Iron

Grand Master of the Heavenly Stables

Grand Superintendent of the Heavenly Peach-garden

Double Immortality

Sun Hou-tzu Captured

Sun escapes from Lao Chün's Furnace

Broad-jump Competition

Conditions of Release

Sha Ho-shang

Sha Ho-shang becomes Baggage-coolie

Chu Pa-chieh

Hsüan Chuang, the Master

The Released Carp

The Chuang Yüan Murdered

Hsüan Chuang finds his Grandmother

The Murderer Executed

The Carp's Gratitude

Pai Ma, the White Horse

Perils by the Way

The Grove of Cypress-trees

A Proposal of Marriage

Blind Man's Buff

The Lotus Cave

The Monkey under the Mountain

The Magic Gourd

The Magic Rope

The Master Rescued

The Red Child Demon

A Prospective Feast

The Generals Tricked

The Demons of Blackwater River

The Slow-carts Country

Restraints on Freedom

Immortal for Suffering

The Saviour of the Buddhists

Anger of the Buddhist Priests

Sun bestows Talismans

The Magic Circle

Help from Ju Lai

The Fire-quenching Fan

The Power of the Magic Fan

Defeat of the Ox-demon

The Lovely Women

An Awkward Predicament

How the Master was Rescued

The Spiders and the Extinguisher

Shaving a Whole City

The Return to China

The Travellers Honoured

Chapter XV. Fox Legends

The Fox

Fox Legends

Friendship with Foxes

The Marriage Lottery

The Magnanimous Girl

The Boon-companion

The Alchemist 44

Chapter XVI. Miscellaneous Legends

The Unnatural People

The Pygmies

The Giants

The Headless People

The Armless People

The Long-armed and Long-legged People

The One-eyed People and Others

The Feathered People, etc

The People of the Punctured Bodies

The Women's Kingdom

The Land of the Flying Cart

The Expectant Wife

The Wild Men

The Jointed Snake

The Casting of the Great Bell

The Cursed Temple

The Maniac's Mite

The City-god of Yen Ch'êng

The Origin of a Lake

Miao Creation Legends

The Dream of the South Branch

Ch'un-yü Fên enters the Locust-tree

He marries the King's Daughter

He writes to his Father

He takes Office

He meets with Disasters

He returns Home

Ch'un-yü Regenerate

Why the Jung Tribe have Heads of Dogs

Two Tribes at War

The Chief's Promise

A Strange Contract

The Chiefs Curiosity

The Origin of a Custom

And of a Worship

Conclusion

The Pronunciation of Chinese Words

Tone

Rhythm

NOTES

Отрывок из книги

E. T. C. Werner

Study of Chinese Folklore

.....

Of course, each religion, as it formed itself out of the original ancestor-worship, had its own sacred places, functionaries, observances, ceremonial. Thus, at the State worship of Heaven, Nature, etc., there were the 'Great,' 'Medium,' and 'Inferior' sacrifices, consisting of animals, silk, grain, jade, etc. Panegyrics were sung, and robes of appropriate colour worn. In spring, summer, autumn, and winter there were the seasonal sacrifices at the appropriate altars. Taoism and Buddhism had their temples, monasteries, priests, sacrifices, and ritual; and there were village and wayside temples and shrines to ancestors, the gods of thunder, rain, wind, grain, agriculture, and many others. Now encouraged, now tolerated, now persecuted, the ecclesiastical personnel and structure of Taoism and Buddhism survived into modern times, when we find complete schemes of ecclesiastical gradations of rank and authority grafted upon these two priestly hierarchies, and their temples, priests, etc., fulfilling generally, with worship of ancestors, State or official (Confucianism) and private or unofficial, and the observance of various annual festivals, such as 'All Souls' Day' for wandering and hungry ghosts, the spiritual needs of the people as the 'Three Religions' (San Chiao). The emperor, as high priest, took the responsibility for calamities, etc., making confession to Heaven and praying that as a punishment the evil be diverted from the people to his own person. Statesmen, nobles, and officials discharged, as already noted, priestly functions in connexion with the State religion in addition to their ordinary duties. As a rule, priests proper, frowned upon as non-producers, were recruited from the lower classes, were celibate, unintellectual, idle, and immoral. There was nothing, even in the elaborate ceremonies on special occasions in the Buddhist temples, which could be likened to what is known as 'public worship' and 'common prayer' in the West. Worship had for its sole object either the attainment of some good or the prevention of some evil.

Generally this represents the state of things under the Republican régime; the chief differences being greater neglect of ecclesiastical matters and the conversion of a large number of temples into schools.

.....

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