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Edward Potts Cheyney. An Introduction to the Industrial and Social History of England
An Introduction to the Industrial and Social History of England
Table of Contents
PREFACE
An Introduction to the Industrial and Social History of England
INDUSTRIAL AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND
CHAPTER I
GROWTH OF THE NATION. To the Middle of the Fourteenth Century
CHAPTER II
RURAL LIFE AND ORGANIZATION
13. BIBLIOGRAPHY
GENERAL WORKS
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER IV
MEDIÆVAL TRADE AND COMMERCE
CHAPTER V
THE BLACK DEATH AND THE PEASANTS' REBELLION. Economic Changes of the Later Fourteenth and Early Fifteenth Centuries
CHAPTER VI
THE BREAKING UP OF THE MEDIÆVAL SYSTEM. Economic Changes of the Later Fifteenth and the Sixteenth Centuries
CHAPTER VII
THE EXPANSION OF ENGLAND. Economic Changes of the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries
CHAPTER VIII
THE PERIOD OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. Economic Changes of the Later Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries
CHAPTER IX
THE EXTENSION OF GOVERNMENT CONTROL. Factory Laws, the Modification of Land Ownership, Sanitary Regulations, and New Public Services
CHAPTER X
THE EXTENSION OF VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATION. Trade Unions, Trusts, and Coöperation
INDEX
A HISTORY OF GREECE
For High Schools and Academies. By GEORGE WILLIS BOTSFORD, PhD
EUROPEAN HISTORY
An Outline of its Development. By GEORGE BURTON ADAMS
THE GROWTH OF THE FRENCH NATION
By GEORGE BURTON ADAMS
A STUDENT'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES
By EDWARD CHANNING
A SHORT HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES
For School Use
A HISTORY OF ENGLAND
For High Schools and Academies
TOPICS ON GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY
THE GROWTH OF THE AMERICAN NATION
AMERICAN HISTORY TOLD BY CONTEMPORARIES
SOURCE BOOK OF AMERICAN HISTORY
For Schools and Readers
SELECT CHARTERS AND OTHER DOCUMENTS
Illustrative of American History, 1606–1775
SELECT DOCUMENTS
Illustrative of the History of the United States, 1776–1861
A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES FOR BEGINNERS
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. 66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK
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Edward Potts Cheyney
Published by Good Press, 2019
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In addition to the relations of landlord and tenant and to the power of jurisdiction, taxation, and military service which landlords exercised over their tenants, there was considered to be a close personal relationship between them. Every tenant on obtaining his land went through a ceremony known as "homage," by which he promised faithfulness and service to his lord, vowing on his knees to be his man. The lord in return promised faithfulness, protection, and justice to his tenant. It was this combination of landholding, political rights, and sworn personal fidelity that made up feudalism. It existed in this sense in England from the later Saxon period till late in the Middle Ages, and even in some of its characteristics to quite modern times. The conquest by William of Normandy through the wholesale confiscation and regrant of lands, and through his military arrangements, brought about an almost sudden development and spread of feudalism in England, and it was rapidly systematized and completed in the reigns of his two sons. By its very nature feudalism gives great powers to the higher ranks of the nobility, the great landholders. Under the early Norman kings, however, their strength was kept in tolerably complete check. The anarchy of the reign of Stephen was an indication of the natural tendencies of feudalism without a vigorous king. This time of confusion when, as the contemporary chronicle says, "every man did that which was good in his own eyes," was brought to an end by the accession to the throne of Henry II, a man whose personal abilities and previous training enabled him to bring the royal authority to greater strength than ever, and to put an end to the oppressions of the turbulent nobles.
7. The Period of the Early Angevin Kings, 1154–1338.—The two centuries which now followed saw either the completion or the initiation of most of the characteristics of the English race with which we are familiar in historic times. The race, the language, the law, and the political organization have remained fundamentally the same as they became during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. No considerable new addition was made to the population, and the elements which it already contained became so thoroughly fused that it has always since been practically a homogeneous body. The Latin language remained through this whole period and till long afterward the principal language of records, documents, and the affairs of the church. French continued to be the language of the daily intercourse of the upper classes, of the pleadings in the law courts, and of certain documents and records. But English was taking its modern form, asserting itself as the real national language, and by the close of this period had come into general use for the vast majority of purposes. Within the twelfth and thirteenth centuries the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge grew up, and within the fourteenth took their later shape of self-governing groups of colleges. Successive orders of religious men and women were formed under rules intended to overcome the defects which had appeared in the early Benedictine rule. The organized church became more and more powerful, and disputes constantly arose as to the limits between its power and that of the ordinary government. The question was complicated from the fact that the English Church was but one branch of the general church of Western Christendom, whose centre and principal authority was vested in the Pope at Rome. One of the most serious of these conflicts was between King Henry II and Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, principally on the question of how far clergymen should be subject to the same laws as laymen. The personal dispute ended in the murder of the archbishop, in 1170, but the controversy itself got no farther than a compromise. A contest broke out between King John and the Pope in 1205 as to the right of the king to dictate the selection of a new archbishop of Canterbury. By 1213 the various forms of influence which the church could bring to bear were successful in forcing the king to give way. He therefore made humble apologies and accepted the nominee of the Pope for the office. Later in the thirteenth century there was much popular opposition to papal taxation of England.
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