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Edwin R. Willis. The Biotic Associations of Cockroaches
The Biotic Associations of Cockroaches
Table of Contents
FOREWORD
LIST OF PLATES
LIST OF FIGURES
THE BIOTIC ASSOCIATIONS OF COCKROACHES[1]
I. INTRODUCTION
HISTORICAL
METHODS
FUTURE WORK
ILLUSTRATIONS
II. SPECIES OF COCKROACHES
III. ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS
CAVE HABITATS
CAVERNICOLOUS COCKROACHES
Alluaudellina cavernicola
Apotrogia angolensis
Apteroblatta perplexa
Arenivaga grata
Aspiduchus borinquen
Aspiduchus cavernicola
Blaberus atropos
Blaberus craniifer
Blaberus giganteus
Blatta lateralis
Blatta orientalis
Blattella germanica
Byrsotria fumigata
Deropeltis erythropeza
Ectobius pallidus
Ectobius vittiventer
Ectobiussp
Ergaula scarabaeoides
Euthyrrhapha nigra
Gyna kazungulana
Gyna maculipennis
Gyna tristis
Heterogamodes krügeri
Holocompsa zapoteca
Hoplosphoropyga babaulti
Nocticola caeca
Nocticola decaryi
Nocticola simoni
Parcoblattasp
Periplaneta americana. IN CAVES
IN MINES
Periplaneta australasiae
Periplaneta cavernicola
Periplaneta lata
Periplanetasp
Perisphaerussp
Polyphaga aegyptiaca
Polyphagasp
Pycnoscelus niger
Pycnoscelus striatus
Pycnoscelus surinamensis
Spelaeoblatta gestroi
Symploce breviramis
Symploce cavernicola
Symploce curta
Symploce remyi
Tivia macracantha
Tivia sp
Typhloblatta caeca
Typhloblattodes madecassus
Xestoblatta immaculata
Unidentified cockroaches
COCKROACHES FROM THE BURROWS OF VERTEBRATES
Arenivaga apacha
Arenivaga bolliana
Arenivaga erratica
Arenivaga floridensis
Arenivaga roseni
Arenivaga tonkawa
Cariblatta lutea
Euthlastoblatta abortiva
Parcoblatta fulvescens
Polyphaga aegyptiaca
Polyphaga indica
Polyphaga saussurei
Pycnoscelus surinamensis
DESERT HABITATS
DESERT COCKROACHES
Agis orientalis
Arenivaga apacha
Arenivaga bolliana
Arenivaga erratica
Arenivaga roseni
Blattella vaga
Compsodes schwarzi
Cyrtotria capucina
Derocalymma lampyrina
Derocalymma porcellio
Deropeltis autraniana
Deropeltis melanophila
Deropeltis nigrita
Eremoblatta subdiaphana
Euandroblatta palpalis
Heterogamodes rugosa
Namablatta bitaeniata
Nauphoeta punctipennis
Parcoblatta desertae
Polyphaga aegyptiaca
Polyphaga indica
Polyphaga saussurei
Supella hottentotta
Symploce kevani
Theganopteryx straminea
Tivia brunnea
Tivia fulva
Tivia obscura
AQUATIC HABITATS
AMPHIBIOUS COCKROACHES
Audreia bromeliadarum
Dryadoblatta scotti
Epilampra abdomen-nigrum
Epilampra annandalei
Epilamprasp
Opisthoplatia maculata
Opisthoplatia orientalis
Rhicnoda natatrix
Stictolampra buqueti concinula
Unidentified epilamprines
OUTDOOR HABITATS
COCKROACHES FROM OUTDOOR HABITATS
Aglaopteryx absimilis
Aglaopteryx facies
Aglaopteryx diaphana
Aglaopteryx gemma
Allacta similis
Amazonina emarginata
Anaplecta asema
Anaplecta decipiens
Anaplecta fallax
Anaplecta hemiscotia
Anaplecta lateralis
Arenivaga bolliana
Arenivaga floridensis
Arenivaga grata
Aristiger histrio
Aspiduchus boriquen
Audreia bromeliadarum
Audreia jamaicana
Balta godeffroyi
Balta quadricaudata
Balta scripta
Balta torresiana
Balta verticalis
Blaberus atropus
Blaberus discoidalis
Blaberus giganteus
Blaberusspp
Blatta lateralis
Blatta orientalis
Blattella germanica
Blattella humbertiana
Blattella vaga
Byrsotria cabrerae
Byrsotria fumigata
Cahita borero
Cahita nahua
Cariblatta antiguensis
Cariblatta cuprea
Cariblatta delicatula
Cariblatta hylaea
Cariblatta imitans
Cariblatta insularis
Cariblatta jamaicensis
Cariblatta landalei
Cariblatta lutea lutea
Cariblatta nebulicola
Cariblatta reticulosa
Cariblatta stenophrys
Cariblattaspp
Cariblattoides instigator
Cariblattoides suave
Ceratinoptera picta
Chorisoneura flavipennis
Chorisoneura formosella
Chorisoneura parishi
Chorisoneura specilliger
Chorisoneura texensis
Chorisoneura translucida
Chromatonotus infuscatus
Chromatonotus notatus
Comptolampra liturata
Cryptocercus punctulatus
Cryptocercus relictus
Cutilia soror
Cutiliaspp
Dendroblatta sobrina
Diploptera punctata
Dryadoblatta scotti
Ectobius africanus
Ectobius albicinctus
Ectobius duskei
Ectobius lapponicus
Ectobius nicaeensis
Ectobius pallidus
Ectobius panzeri
Ectobius semenovi
Ectobius sylvester
Ectobius tadzhicus
Ectobius vittiventer
Ellipsidion affine
Ellipsidion australe
Ellipsidion bicolor
Ellipsidion simulans
Ellipsidionspp
Epilampra abdomen-nigrum
Epilampra azteca
Epilampra mona
Epilampra tainana
Epilampra wheeleri
Epilampraspp
Ergaula capensis
Eudromiella bicolorata
Euphyllodromia liturifera
Eurycotis biolleyi
Eurycotis decipiens
Eurycotis dimidiata
Eurycotis ferrum-equinum
Eurycotis floridana
Eurycotis galeoides
Eurycotis kevani
Eurycotis opaca
Euthlastoblatta abortiva
Graptoblatta notulata
Hemiblabera brunneri
Henicotyle antillarum
Holocompsa metallica
Hololampra bivittata
Hololampra chavesi
Hololampra maculata
Hololampra marginata
Hololamprasp
Hololeptoblattasp
Homalopteryx laminata
Hormetica laevigata
Ignabolivaria bilobata
Ischnoptera deropeltiformis
Ischnoptera panamae
Ischnoptera podoces
Ischnoptera rufa rufa
Lamproblatta albipalpus
Lamproblatta meridionalis
Latiblattella chichimeca
Latiblattella lucifrons
Latiblattella rehni
Latiblattella zapoteca
Leucophaea maderae
Litopeltis biolleyi
Litopeltis bispinosa
Litopeltis deianira
Litopeltis musarum
Lobolampra subaptera
Loboptera decipiens
Loboptera thaxteri
Lobopterella dimidiatipes
Lophoblatta arawaka
Macropanesthia rhinocerus
Megaloblatta blaberoides
Megamareta verticalis
Methana canae
Methana curvigera
Methana marginalis
Moluchia (?) dahli
Muzoa madida
Nauclidas nigra
Nelipophygus ramsdeni
Neoblattella detersa
Neoblattella dryas
Neoblattella eurydice
Neoblattella grossbecki
Neoblattella proserpina
Neoblattella semota
Nesomylacris cubensis
Nesomylacris relica
Nocticola bolivari
Nyctibora laevigata
Nyctibora lutzi
Nyctibora obscura
Nyctibora stygia
Oniscosomaspp
Opisthoplatia orientalis
Panchlora antillarum
Panchlora nivea
Panchlora sagax
Panesthia australis
Panesthia laevicollis
Parcoblatta bolliana
Parcoblatta caudelli
Parcoblatta desertae
Parcoblatta divisa
Parcoblatta fulvescens
Parcoblatta lata
Parcoblatta pensylvanica
Parcoblatta uhleriana
Parcoblatta virginica
Parcoblatta zebra
Parcoblattaspp
Pelmatosilpha coriacea
Pelmatosilpha kevani
Pelmatosilpha purpurascens
Periplaneta americana
Periplaneta australasiae
Periplaneta brunnea
Periplaneta fuliginosa
Phidon (?) dubius
Phoraspis spp
Phyllodromica brevipennis
Phyllodromica graeca
Phyllodromica irinae
Phyllodromica maculata
Phyllodromica meglerei
Phyllodromica polita
Phyllodromica pygmaea
Phyllodromica tartara
Phyllodromica tartara nigrescens
Platyzosteria castanea
Platyzosteria novae seelandiae
Plectoptera dominicae
Plectoptera dorsalis
Plectoptera floridana
Plectoptera infulata
Plectoptera lacerna
Plectoptera perscita
Plectoptera porcellana
Plectoptera pygmaea
Plectoptera rhabdota
Plectoptera vermiculata
Polyphaga aegyptiaca
Polyphaga saussurei
Polyzosteria limbata
Poroblattaspp
Pseudomops septentrionalis
Pycnoscelus surinamensis
Rhytidometopum dissimile
Riatia orientis
Simblerastes jamaicanus
Styphon bakeri
Supella supellectilium
Symploce flagellata
Symploce hospes
Symploce jamaicana
Symploce ruficollis
Tartaroblatta karatavica
STRUCTURAL HABITATS
LAND-BASED STRUCTURES
COCKROACHES ASSOCIATED WITH LAND-BASED STRUCTURES
Aglaopteryx ypsilon
Allacta similis
Blaberus craniifer
Blaberus discoidalis
Blatta lateralis
Blatta orientalis
Blattella germanica
Blattella schubotzi
Blattella vaga
Chromatonotus notatus
Cutilia soror
Ectobius duskei
Ectobius pallidus
Epilampra abdomen-nigrum
Ergaula capensis
Eublaberus posticus
Eurycotis floridana
Euthyrrhapha pacifica
Holocompsa azteca
Holocompsa cyanea
Holocompsa nitidula
Ischnoptera rufa occidentalis
Ischnoptera rufa rufa
Leucophaea maderae
Leurolestes circumvagans
Leurolestes pallidus
Methana marginalis
Nauphoeta cinerea
Neoblattellasp
Neostylopyga rhombifolia
Oxyhaloa buprestoides
Panchlora nivea
Parcoblatta fulvescens
Parcoblatta lata
Parcoblatta notha
Parcoblatta pensylvanica
Periplaneta americana
Periplaneta australasiae
Periplaneta brunnea
Periplaneta fuliginosa
Periplaneta ignota
Phaetalia pallida
Plectoptera dorsalis
Polyphaga aegyptiaca
Polyphaga saussurei
Pseudophoraspis nebulosa
Pycnoscelus surinamensis
Supella supellectilium
Symploce bicolor
Symploce hospes
SHIPS
COCKROACHES ASSOCIATED WITH SHIPS
Blaberus discoidalis
Blatta orientalis
Blattella germanica
Epilampra maya
Epilamprasp
Ischnopterasp
Latiblattellasp
Leucophaea maderae
Nauphoeta cinerea
Neoblattella fratercula
Neoblattella fraterna
Neoblattella nahua
Neoblattellasp
Neostylopyga rhombifolia
Nyctibora noctivaga
Nyctiborasp
Oxyhaloa buprestoides
Panchlora nivea
Periplaneta americana
Periplaneta australasiae
Pycnoscelus surinamensis
Supella supellectilium
Xestoblatta festae
AIRCRAFT
COCKROACHES ASSOCIATED WITH AIRCRAFT
Anaplectasp
Blatta orientalis
Blattella germanica
Blattellasp
Cariblattassp
Epilamprasp
Eublaberus posticus
Ischnoptera rufa rufa
Ischnopterasp
Leucophaea maderae
Nauphoeta cinerea
Neoblattellasp
Panchlora nivea
Periplaneta americana
Periplaneta australasiae
Periplanetaspp
Pycnoscelus surinamensis
Supella supellectilium
Supellasp
Symplocesp
Unidentified cockroaches
IV. CLASSIFICATION OF THE ASSOCIATIONS
V. MUTUALISM
BACTEROIDS
COCKROACHES IN WHICH BACTEROIDS HAVE BEEN FOUND
BACTERIA
PROTOZOA
VI. VIRUSES ASSOCIATED WITH COCKROACHES
POLIOMYELITIS VIRUSES
* Lansing strain
* Brunhilde type, Minnesota and Mahoney strains
* Columbia SK virus
* Four unspecified strains
OTHER VIRUSES
* Coxsackie viruses
* Mouse encephalomyelitis virus
* Yellow-fever virus
VII. BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH COCKROACHES
* Pseudomonas aeruginosa(Schroeter) Migula
* Pseudomonas eisenbergiiMigula
* Pseudomonas fluorescensMigula
† Spirillum periplaneticumKunstler and Gineste
† Spirillum α, β, and γDobell
Spirillumsp
* Vibrio comma(Schroeter) Winslow et al
* Vibrio metschnikoviiGamaléia
Vibrio tyrogenus(Flügge) Holland
† Vibrio Types I and IIHeiberg
Vibriosp
Chromobacterium violaceum(Schroeter) Bergonzini
* Micrococcus aurantiacus(Schroeter) Cohn
* Micrococcus citreusMigula
* Micrococcus epidermidis(Winslow and Winslow) Hucker
† Micrococcus nigrofaciensNorthrup
* Micrococcus pyogenes var. albus(Rosenbach) Schroeter
* Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus(Rosenbach) Zopf
Micrococcus ureaeCohn
* Micrococcus spp
Micrococcus sp
† Sarcina albaZimmermann
Sarcina aurantiacaFlügge
Sarcina luteaSchroeter
† Sarcina symbioticaPribram
Sarcina ventriculiGoodsir
Sarcinasp
† Sarcinasp
*† Sarcinasp
*† Sarcinasp
* Neisseria meningitidis(Albrecht and Ghon) Holland
* Veillonella parvula(Veillon and Zuber) Prévot
* Diplococcus pneumoniaeWeichselbaum
† Enterococcussp
Lactobacillus fermentiBeijerinck
† Pneumococcus Type I, No. 1231
* Streptococcus faecalisAndrewes and Horder
* Streptococcus liquefaciensSternberg emend. Orla-Jensen
*† Streptococcus microapoikaCooper, Keller, and Johnson
*† Streptococcus non-hemolyticus IIHolman
* Streptococcus pyogenesRosenbach
* Streptococcussp. (pyogenic group)
* Streptococcussp. (viridans group)
* Streptococcusspp
* Corynebacterium diphtheriae(Flügge) Lehmann and Neumann
† Achromobacter hyalinum(Jordan) Bergey et al
Achromobactersp
Alcaligenes faecalisCastellani and Chalmers
Alcaligenes recti(Ford) Bergey et al
Alcaligenes viscosus(Weldin and Levine) Weldin
Aerobacter aerogenes(Kruse) Beijerinck
Aerobacter cloacae(Jordan) Bergey et al
Aerobactersp
† Eberthella oedematiensAssis
* Escherichia coli(Migula) Castellani and Chalmers
Escherichia coli var. acidilactici(Topley and Wilson) Yale
Escherichia coli var. communior(Topley and Wilson) Yale
Escherichia freundii(Braak) Yale
Escherichia intermedium(Werkman and Gillen) Vaughn and Levine
* Paracolobactrum aerogenoidesBorman, Stuart and Wheeler
* Paracolobactrum coliformeBorman, Stuart and Wheeler
* Paracolobactrumspp
* Paracolon bacilli
* Proteus mirabilisHauser
* Proteus morganii(Winslow et al.) Rauss
* Proteus rettgeri(Hadley et al.) Rustigian and Stuart
* Proteus vulgarisHauser
* Proteusspp
* Salmonella anatis(Rettger and Scoville) Bergey et al
* Salmonella choleraesuis(Smith) Weldin
* Salmonella enteritidis(Gaertner) Castellani and Chalmers
* Salmonella morbificans(Migula) Haupt
* Salmonella paratyphi(Kayser) Castellani and Chalmers
* Salmonella schottmuelleri(Winslow et al.) Bergey et al
* Salmonellasp. (Type Adelaidae)
* Salmonellasp. (Type Bareilly)
* Salmonellasp. (Type Bredeny)
* Salmonellasp. (Type Derby)
* Salmonellasp. (Type Kentucky)
* Salmonellasp. (Type Kottbus)
* Salmonellasp. (Type Meleagris)
* Salmonellasp. (Type Montevideo)
* Salmonellasp. (Type Newport)
* Salmonellasp. (Type Oranienburg)
* Salmonellasp. (Type Panama)
* Salmonellasp. (Type Rubislaw)
* Salmonellasp. (Type Tennessee)
* Salmonella typhimurium(Loeffler) Castellani and Chalmers
* Salmonella typhosa(Zopf) White
Serratia marcescensBizio
* Shigella alkalescens(Andrewes) Weldin
* Shigella dysenteriae(Shiga) Castellani and Chalmers
* Shigella paradysenteriae(Collins) Weldin
Bacteroides uncatusEggerth and Gagnon
* Brucella abortus(Schmidt and Weis) Meyer and Shaw
Fusiformis lophomonadisGrassé
* Malleomyces mallei(Zopf) Pribram
* Pasteurella multocida(Lehmann and Neumann) Rosenbusch and Merchant
* Pasteurella pestis(Lehmann and Neumann) Holland
† Bacterium alkaligenesNyberg
† Bacterium delendae-muscaeRoubaud and Descazeaux
Bacterium haemophosphoreumPfeiffer and Stammer
Coccobacillus cajaePicard and Blanc
* Bacillus anthracisCohen emend. Koch
† Bacillus bütschliiSchaudinn
Bacillus cereusFrankland and Frankland
Bacillus circulansJordan
† Bacillus flacheriae(Hoffman)
Bacillus megateriumDe Bary
† Bacillus monachae(von Tubeuf) Eckstein
† Bacillus periplanetaeTichomiroff
† Bacillus stellatusHollande
† Bacillus radiciformis
* Bacillus subtilisCohn emend. Prazmowski
"Bacillus subtilisgroup"
† Bacillus tritusBatchelor
* Clostridium feseriTrevisan
Clostridium lentoputrescensHartsell and Rettger
* Clostridium novyi(Migula) Bergey et al. or * Clostridium sporogenes(Metchnikoff) Bergey et al
* Clostridium perfringens(Veillon and Zuber) Holland
* Clostridium tetani(Flügge) Holland
* Clostridiumspp
* Mycobacterium aviumChester
Mycobacterium friedmanniiHolland
* Mycobacterium lacticolaLehmann and Neumann?
* Mycobacterium leprae(Armauer-Hansen) Lehmann and Neumann
* Mycobacterium lepraemuriumMarchoux and Sorel
* Mycobacterium phleiLehmann and Neumann
* Mycobacterium pisciumBergey et al
* Mycobacterium tuberculosis(Schroeter) Lehmann and Neumann
* Mycobacteriumspp
* Nocardiasp.?
Streptomyces leidynematisHoffman
Arthromitus intestinalis(Valentin) Peshkoff
† Spirochaeta blattaeTejera
* † Spirochaeta periplanetaeLaveran and Franchini
† Treponema parvumDobell
† Treponema stylopygaeDobell
Unidentified spirochaetes
ADDITIONAL BACTERIA WHOSE TAXONOMIC POSITION IS UNKNOWN
* "B. aerobio del pseudoedema maligno"of Cao
B. alcaligenes beckeri
* "B. del pseudoedema maligno"of Cao
* "Bacillo proteisimile>"of Cao
* "Bacillo del barbone dei bufali"of Cao
* "Bacillo similcarbonchio"of Cao
* "Bacillo similtifo" or "Bacillo tifosimile"of Cao
">Bacillus"
"Bacterium"
"Coccobacillus"
"Colon bacilli"
"Diplococci"
"Diphtheroid I and II"
"Gram positive rods"
"Silkworm disease bacillus"
† Spirillochaeta blattaeHollande
"Spirochaetoid bacteria"
† Tetragenoussp
VIII. FUNGI AND YEASTS
FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH COCKROACHES
Candida zeylanoides(Castellani) Langeron and Guerra
Torulopsissp
Spicaria prasina(Maublanc) Sawada
Aspergillus flavusLink
* Aspergillus fumigatusFresenius
* Aspergillus nigervan Tieghem
Aspergillus sydowi(Bainier and Sartory) Thom and Church
Aspergillus tamariiKita
Aspergillussp.?
Aspergillus sp
Beauveria bassiana(Balsamo) Vuillemin
Cephalosporiumsp
* Geotrichum candidumLink
Penicilliumsp
Metarrhizium anisopliae(Metschnikoff) Sorokin
Memnoniella echinata(Rivolta) Galloway
Torula acidophilaOwen and Mobley
Torula gropengiesseriLodder
Torula roseaPreuss
Mucor guilliermondiiNadson and Filippov
Mucorsp
Rhizopus nigricansEhrenberg
Rhizopussp
Syncephalastrumsp
Blastocystis hominisBrumpt
Blastocystissp
Coccidioides periplanetaeAvrech
Saccharomyces cerevisiaeHansen
Saccharomycessp
Cordyceps amazonicaHennings
Cordyceps blattaePetch
Herpomyces amazonicusThaxter
Herpomyces anaplectaeThaxter
Herpomyces appendiculatusThaxter
Herpomyces arietinusThaxter
Herpomyces chaetophilusThaxter
Herpomyces chilensisThaxter
Herpomyces diplopteraeThaxter
Herpomyces ectobiaeThaxter
Herpomyces forficularisThaxter
Herpomyces gracilisThaxter
Herpomyces grenadinusThaxter
Herpomyces leurolestisThaxter
Herpomyces lobopteraeThaxter
Herpomyces macropusSpegazzini
Herpomyces nyctoboraeThaxter
Herpomyces panchloraeThaxter
Herpomyces panesthiaeThaxter
Herpomyces paranensisThaxter
Herpomyces periplanetaeThaxter
Herpomyces phyllodromiaeThaxter
Herpomyces platyzosteriaeThaxter
Herpomyces stylopygaeSpegazzini
Herpomyces supellae(Thaxter)
Herpomyces tricuspidatusThaxter
Herpomyces zanzibarinusThaxter
INCERTAE SEDIS
Amphoromorpha blattinaThaxter
Amphoromorphasp
IX. HIGHER PLANTS
Alsophilasp
Asplenium nidusLinnaeus
Pinus australisMichaux
Pinus caribaeaMorelet
Pinus clausaVasey
Pinus echinataMill
Pinus sylvestrisLinnaeus
Pinusspp
Cryptomeriasp
Cupressus macrocarpaHartweg
Juniperussp
Freycinetiasp
Pandanussp
Aristida pennataTrin
Bamboo
Chloris gayanaKunth
Panicum purpurascensRaddi
Saccharum officinarumLinnaeus
Setaria verticillata(Linnaeus) Beauv
Wild oats
Zea maysLinnaeus
Cyperussp
Acrocomia aculeata(Jacq.) Lodd
Cocos nuciferaLinnaeus
Phoenix dactyliferaLinnaeus
Pritchardiasp
Roystonea regiaO. F. Cook
Sabal palmettoLodd
Undetermined palms
Arumsp
Caladiumsp
Aechmaea porteoidesBritton
Ananas comosusMerr
Catopsis fulgensGriseb
Glomeropitcairnia erectifloraMez
Grevisiasp
Tillandsia fasciculataSwartz
Tillandsia usneoidesLinnaeus
Tillandsia uttriculataLinnaeus
Tillandsiasp
Undetermined bromeliads
Yucca elataEngelman
Easter lilies
Bananas
Renealmiasp
Cannasp
Cattleyasp
Vandasp
Undetermined orchids
Casuarinasp
Populus euphraticaOliv
Populussp
Salixsp
Myrica ceriferaLinnaeus
Quercus albaLinnaeus
Quercus rubraLinnaeus
Quercus virginianaMill
Quercusspp
Cecropiasp
Beta maritimaLinnaeus
Beta vulgaris var. ciclaLinnaeus
Nectandra coriacea(Sw.) Griseb
Sarracenia flavaLinnaeus
Sarracenia purpureaLinnaeus
Sarracenia minorWalter
Nepenthes ampulariaJack
Nepenthes gracilisKorth
Nepenthessp
Weinmanniasp
Liquidambar styracifluaLinnaeus
Crataegussp.?
Rosasp
Rubusspp.?
Acacia farnesianaWilld
Acaciasp
Ceratonia siliquaLinnaeus
Erythrina glaucaWilld
Inga laurinaWilld
Inga veraWilld
Mesquite
Samanea samanMerr
Tamarindus indicaLinnaeus
Geraniums
Tribulussp
Citrus aurantifoliaSwingle
Citrus maximaMerr
Citrus sinensisOsbeck
Citrussp
Zanthoxylum caribaeumLam
Bursera simaruba(L.) Sarg
Poinsettiasp
Mangifera indicaLinnaeus
Spondias mombinLinnaeus
Spondias purpureaLinnaeus
Ilex cassineLinnaeus
Ilex coriacea(Pursh) Chapm
Exothea paniculata(Juss.) Radlk
Gossypiumspp
Hibiscus rosa-sinensisLinnaeus
Hibiscussp
Sidasp
Theobroma cacaoLinnaeus
Bixasp
Xylosma suaveolensForst
Passiflorasp
Carica papayaLinnaeus
Rhizophora mangleLinnaeus
Conocarpus erectusLinnaeus
Eucalyptussp
Eugenia aromaticaBaill
Metrosideros collinaGray
Psidium guajavaLinnaeus
Jussiaea natansHumb. and Bonpl
Calluna vulgarisSalisb
Vaccinium meridionaleSw
Sideroxylon foetidissimumJacq
Vinca minorLinnaeus
Ipomoea tiliaseaChoisy
Cordia dentataPoiret
Citharexylum villosumJacq
Nicotianasp
Solanum tuberosumLinnaeus
Cyrtandrasp
Canthium barbatum(Forst.) Seem
Cinchona pubescensVahl
Coffeasp
Goldenrod
Helianthussp
Scorzonera acanthocladaFranch
DAMAGE TO PLANTS BY COCKROACHES
X. PROTOZOA ASSOCIATED WITH COCKROACHES
Euglenasp
Oikomonas blattarum Tejera
Oikomonassp
Leptomonas blaberaeTejera
Leptomonassp
* Herpetomonas periplanetaeLaveran and Franchini
Monassp
Bodo blattae
Bodosp
Retortamonas blattae(Bishop)
Retortamonassp.?
Chilomastix mesnili(Wenyon)
Eutrichomastixsp
Monocercomonoides globusCleveland et al
Monocercomonoides melolonthae(Grassi)
Monocercomonoides orthopterorum(Parisi)
Monocercomonoides panesthiaeKidder
Tetratrichomastix blattidarumYoung
Oxymonas doroaxostylus(Cleveland et al.)
Oxymonas nanaCleveland
Saccinobaculus ambloaxostylusCleveland et al
Saccinobaculus lataCleveland
Notila proteusCleveland
* Trichomonas hominis(Davaine)
Trichomonassp
Hexamita cryptocerciCleveland et al
Hexamita periplanetae(Bĕlăr)
Hexamitasp.?
* Giardia intestinalis(Lambl)
* Giardiasp
Leptospironympha euporaCleveland et al
Leptospironympha rudisCleveland et al
Leptospironympha wachulaCleveland et al
Macrospironympha xyloplethaCleveland et al
Lophomonas blattarumStein
Lophomonas striataBütschli
Prolophomonas tocopolaCleveland et al
Barbulanympha estabogaCleveland et al
Barbulanympha laurabudaCleveland et al
Barbulanympha ufalulaCleveland et al
Barbulanympha wenyoniCleveland
Rhynchonympha tardaCleveland et al
Urinympha taleaCleveland et al
Idionympha perissaCleveland et al
Trichonympha acutaCleveland et al
Trichonympha algoaCleveland et al
Trichonympha chulaCleveland et al
Trichonympha grandisCleveland et al
Trichonympha lataCleveland et al
Trichonympha okolonaCleveland et al
Trichonympha parvaCleveland et al
Eucomonympha imlaCleveland et al
Unidentified flagellate
Peltomyces periplanetae(Léger)
Hartmannella blattaeIvanić
Dobellinasp
Endamoeba blattae(Bütschli)
Endamoeba javanicaKidder
Endamoeba philippinensisKidder
Entamoeba coli(Grassi)
* Entamoeba histolyticaSchaudinn
Entamoeba pitheciProwazek?
Entamoeba thomsoniLucas
Entamoebasp
Endolimax blattaeLucas
Endolimax nana(Wenyon and O'Connor)?
Endolimaxsp
Iodamoebasp
Undetermined species of Amoeba
Diplocystis schneideriKunstler
Periplaneta americana,France (Kunstler, 1884, 1887); England (Jameson, 1920); Germany (Foerster, 1939)
Diplocystissp
Diplocystissp.?
Stenophorasp
Gregarina blattarumvon Siebold
Gregarina fastidiosaHarrison
Gregarina gibbsiHarrison
Gregarina illinensisM. E. Watson
Gregarina impetuosaHarrison
Gregarina légeriPinto
Gregarina neo-brasiliensisAl. Cunha
Gregarina ohioensisSemans
Gregarina panchloraeFrenzel
Gregarina parcoblattaeSemans
Gregarina rhyparobiaeJ. M. Watson
Gregarina sandoniHarrison
Gregarina thomasiSemans
Protomagalhaesia serpentula(de Magalhães)
Gamocystis tenaxSchneider
Pileocephalus blaberae(Frenzel)
Unidentified Gregarinida
Adelina cryptocerciYarwood
Haplosporidium periplanetaeGeorgévitch
Coelosporidium periplanetae(Lutz and Splendore)
Plistophora kudoiSprague and Ramsey
Plistophora periplanetae(Lutz and Splendore)
Plistophorasp
Parameciumsp
Isotricha caulleryiWeill
Balantidium blattarumGhosh
* Balantidium coli(Malmsten)
Balantidium ovatumGhosh
Balantidium praenucleatumKudo and Meglitsch
Balantidiumsp.?
Nyctotherus buissoniPinto
Nyctotherus ovalisLeidy
Nyctotherus uichancoiKidder
Nyctotherus viannaiPinto
Clevelandella constricta(Kidder)
Clevelandella contorta(Kidder)
Clevelandella elongata(Kidder)
Clevelandella hastula(Kidder)
Clevelandella nipponensis(Kidder)
Clevelandella panesthiae(Kidder)
Clevelandella parapanesthiae(Kidder)
Paraclevelandia brevisKidder
Paraclevelandia simplexKidder
Unidentified ciliate
NEGATIVE FINDINGS
XI. HELMINTHS
HELMINTHS FOR WHICH COCKROACHES SERVE AS PRIMARY HOSTS
Undetermined mermithids
Diplogastersp
Neoaplectanasp
Aorurus philippinensisChitwood and Chitwood, 1934
Binema mirzaia(Basir, 1940) Basir, 1956
Blattelicola blattelicolaBasir, 1940
Blatticola blattae(Graeffe, 1860) Chitwood, 1932
Blattophila sphaerolaimaCobb, 1920
Blattophila sphaerolaima var. javanicaChitwood and Chitwood, 1934
Blattophila supellaimaBasir, 1941
Cephalobellus brevicaudatum(Leidy, 1851) Christie, 1933
Cephalobellus magalhāesi(Schwenck, 1926) Basir, 1956
Euryconema paradisaChitwood, 1932
Galebia aegyptiaca(Galeb, 1878) Chitwood, 1932
Hammerschmidtiella diesingi(Hammerschmidt, 1838) Chitwood, 1932
Hammerschmidtiella neyraiSerrano Sánchez, 1945
Leidynema appendiculata(Leidy, 1850) Chitwood, 1932
Leidynema appendiculata(Leidy, 1850) Chitwood, 1932?
Leidynema craniferaChitwood, 1932
Leidynema delatorreiChitwood, 1932
Leidynema nocalumChitwood and Chitwood, 1934
Leidynemella fusiformisCobb, 1934
Leidynemella panesthiae(Galeb, 1878) Chitwood and Chitwood, 1934
Leidynemella paracraniferaChitwood and Chitwood, 1934
Oxyuris (?) heterogamiaeGaleb, 1878
Protrelleta floridanaChitwood, 1932
Protrellus aureusCobb, 1920
Protrellus aurifluus(Chitwood, 1932) Chitwood, 1933
Protrellus australasiae(Pessôa and Corrêa, 1926) Travassos, 1929
Protrellus galebiSchwenck, 1926
Protrellus künckeli(Galeb, 1878) Travassos, 1929
Protrellus manni(Chitwood, 1932) Chitwood, 1933
Protrellus phyllodromi(Basir, 1942) Basir, 1956
Protrelloides paradoxaChitwood, 1932
Schwenkiella icemi(Schwenck, 1926) Basir, 1956
Severianoia magnaPereira, 1935
Severianoia severianoi(Schwenck, 1926) Travassos, 1929
Suifunema caudelliChitwood 1932
Thelastoma pachyjuli(Parona, 1896) Travassos, 1929
Thelastoma palmettumChitwood and Chitwood, 1934
Thelastoma riveroiChitwood, 1932
Undetermined nematodes
Chordodes morganiMontgomery, 1898
Gordius aquaticusLinnaeus, 1758
Gordius blattae orientalisDiesing, 1851
Gordius pilosus(Möbius, 1855) Diesing, 1861
Gordiussp
Parachordodes raphaelis(Camerano, 1893) Camerano, 1897
Undetermined gordian worms
HELMINTHS[4] FOR WHICH COCKROACHES SERVE AS INTERMEDIATE HOSTS
* Prosthenorchis elegans(Diesing, 1851) Travassos, 1915
* Prosthenorchis spirula(Olfers in Rudolphi, 1819) Travassos, 1917
* Moniliformis dubiusMeyer, 1932
* Moniliformis kalahariensisMeyer, 1931
* Moniliformis moniliformis(Bremser in Rudolphi, 1819) Travassos, 1915
* Subulura jacchi(Diesing, 1861) Railliet and Henry, 1914
* Oxyspirura mansoni(Cobbold, 1879) Ransom, 1904
Rictularia coloradensisHall, 1916
* Agamospirura parahormeticaePessôa and Corrêa, 1929
* Gongylonema ingluvicolaRansom, 1904
* Gongylonema neoplasticum(Fibiger and Ditlevsen, 1914) Ransom and Hall, 1916
* Gongylonema pulchrumMolin, 1857
* Gongylonemasp
* Microtetrameres helixCram, 1927
* Protospirura bonneiOrtlepp, 1924
* Protospirura columbianaCram, 1926
* Protospirura muricolaGeodoelst, 1916
* Seurocyrnea colini(Cram, 1927) Cram, 1931
* Spirura gastrophila(Müller, 1894) Seurat, 1913
* Tetrameres americanaCram, 1927
* Tetrameres pattersoniCram, 1933
* Physaloptera hispidaSchell, 1950
* Physaloptera maxillarisMolin, 1860
* Physaloptera praeputialisvon Linstow, 1889
* Physaloptera raraHall and Wigdor, 1918
* Physaloptera turgidaRudolphi, 1819
HELMINTHS WHOSE EGGS HAVE BEEN CARRIED BY COCKROACHES
* Schistosoma haematobium(Bilharz, 1852) Weinland, 1858
* Hymenolepissp
* Taenia saginataGoeze, 1782
Echinococcus granulosis(Batsch, 1786) Rudolphi, 1805
* Undetermined tapeworm ova
* Enterobius vermicularis(Linnaeus, 1758) Leach in Baird, 1853
* Ascaris lumbricoidesLinnaeus, 1758
* Ascarissp
* Ancylostoma caninum(Ercolani, 1859) Hall, 1913
* Ancylostoma ceylanicum(Looss, 1911) Leiper, 1915
* Ancylostoma duodenale(Dubini, 1843) Creplin, 1845
* Necator americanus(Stiles, 1902) Stiles, 1906
* Hookworm ova
* Trichostrongylussp
* Capillaria hepatica(Bancroft, 1893) Travassos, 1915
* Trichuris trichiura(Linnaeus, 1771) Stiles, 1901
XII. ARTHROPODA
Mastigoproctus giganteus(Lucas)
Mastigoproctussp
Buthus australis(Linnaeus)
Centruroides gracilis(Latreille)
Centruroides hentzi(Banks)
Centruroides vitattus(Say)
Parabuthus capensis(Hemprich and Ehrenberg)
Euscorpius germanus(Koch)
Euscorpius italicus italicus(Herbst)
Hadrurus arizonensisEwing
Hormurus caudicula(Koch)
Heterometrus longimanus(Herbst)
Urodacus novaehollandiaePeters
Avicularia avicularia(Linnaeus) and Aviculariasp.?
Phormictopus cancerides(Latreille)
Heteropoda venatoria(Linnaeus)
Latrodectus indistinctusPickard-Cambridge
Latrodectus mactans(Fabricius)
Lycosa helluoWalckenaer
Lycosasp
Blattisocius tineivorus(Oudemans)
Blattilaelaps nauphoetaeWomersley
Coleolaelaps (?)sp
Hypoaspissp
Uropodasp
Undetermined diplogyniid
Histiostoma feroniarum(Dufour)
Caloglyphus spinitarsus(Hermann)
Caloglyphussp
Tyrophagus lintneri(Osborne)
Tyrophagus noxiusA. Z
Rhizoglyphus tarsalusBanks
Chaetodactylussp
Locustacarussp
Iolina nanaPritchard
Pimeliaphilus podapolipophagusTrägårdh
RECORDS OF UNIDENTIFIED MITES
CONTROL OF MITES IN COCKROACH COLONIES
Scutigera coleoptrata(Linnaeus)
Allothereua maculata(Newport)
Scolopendra cingulata(Latreille)
Scolopendra morsitansLinnaeus
Scolopendra subspinipesLeach
Scolopendrasp
Anax strenuusHagen
Hierodula tenuidentata(Saussure) (?) (Serville)
Mantis religiosaLinnaeus
Metallyticus semiaeneusWestwood
Sphodromantis viridus(Forskål)
Stagmomantis carolina(Johansson)
Tarachodes maurus(Stal)
Tenodera aridifolia sinensisSaussure
Diestrammena apicalisBr. v. Wattenwyl
Diestrammena japanicaBlatchley
Undetermined earwigs
Clerada apicicornisSignoret
Spiniger domesticusPinto
Triatoma arthurneivaiLent and Martins
Undetermined reduviids
Ranatrasp
Undetermined larva
Megaseliasp
Stylogaster stylata(Fabricius)
Stylogasterspp
Calodexia (?) venterisCurran
Calodexiaspp
Undetermined tachinids
Coenosia basalisStein
Sarcophaga omaniHall
Sarcophaga lambensWied
Sarcophagaspp
Harpalus pennsylvanicusDe Geer
Rhantus pacificusBoisduval
Undetermined larva
Neonephrites partinigerRiek
Neorhipidius neoxenusRiek
Paranephrites xenusRiek
Rhipidioides ableptusRiek
Rhipidioides adynatusRiek
Rhipidioides fuscatusRiek
Rhipidioides helenaeRiek
Rhipidioides mollisRiek
Rhipidioides rubricatusRiek
Riekella australis(Riek)
Riekella nitidioidesSelander
Riekellasp
Ripidius[5] boissyiAbeille
Ripidius denisiChobaut
Ripidius pectinicornisThunberg
Ripidius scutellarisHeller
Dermestes aterDe Geer
Dermestessp
PREDATORS AND PARASITES OF COCKROACH EGGS
Acanthinevania princeps(Westwood)
Brachygaster minutus(Olivier)
Evania appendigaster(Linnaeus)
Evania dimidiataFabricius
Evania subspinosaKieffer
Hyptia dorsalisof Ashmead
Hyptia harpyoidesBradley
Hyptia reticulataSay
Hyptia thoracica(Blanchard)
Hyptiasp
Hyptiasp. (undescribed)
Prosevania punctata(Brullé)
Szepligetella sericea(Cameron)
Zeuxevania splendidulaCosta
Agamerion metallicaGirault
Blatticida pulchraAshmead
Blatticidella ashmeadi(Girault)
Cheiloneurus viridiscutum(Girault)
Comperia merceti(Compere)
Dicarnosis alfieriiMercet
Eutrichosomella blattophagaGirault
Anastatus blattidifuraxGirault
Anastatus floridanusRoth and Willis
Anastatus tenuipesBolívar y Pieltain
Eupelmus atriflagellumGirault
Eupelmussp
Solindenia picticornisCameron
Pteromalussp.?
Systellogaster ovivoraGahan
Melittobia chalybiiAshmead
Mestocharomyia oophagaDodd
Syntomosphyrum blattaeBurks
Syntomosphyrum ischnopterae(Girault)
Tetrastichus australasiaeGahan
Tetrastichus hagenowii(Ratzeburg)
Tetrastichus periplanetaeCrawford
Tetrastichussp. I
Tetrastichussp. II
HOST SELECTION BY EGG PARASITES
COCKROACH-HUNTING WASPS
WASPS THAT PROVISION THEIR NESTS WITH COCKROACHES
Pompilus bracatusBingham
Pompilussp
Salius verticalisSmith
Ampulex amoenaStål
Ampulex assimilisKohl
Ampulex canaliculata(Say)
Ampulex compressa(Fabricius)
Ampulex fasciataJurine
Ampulex ruficornis(Cameron)
Ampulex sibiricaFabricius
Ampulex sonneratiKohl
Dolichurus bicolorLepeletier
Dolichurus corniculus(Spinola)
Dolichurus gilbertiTurner
Dolichurus greeneiRohwer
Dolichurus ignitusSm
Dolichurus stantoni(Ashmead)
Dolichurussp
Trirhogma caeruleaWestwood
Trirhogmasp
Tachysphex blatticidusWilliams
Tachysphex coriaceusCosta
Tachysphex fanuiensisCheesman
Tachysphex lativalvis(Thomson)
Podium abdominale(Perty)
Podium carolinaRohwer
Podium dubiumTaschenberg
Podium flavipenneLepeletier
Podium haematogastrumSpinola
Podium luctuosumSmith
Podium rufipesFabricius
Podiumsp
ANTS PREDACEOUS ON COCKROACHES
Aphaenogaster piceaEmery
Camponotus pennsylvanicus(De Geer)
Dorylus (Anomma) nigricans subsp. sjöstedi Emery
Dorylus (Anomma) wilverthiEmery
Dorylussp
Eciton burchelli(Westwood)
Formica omnivora
Iridomyrmex humilisMayr
Lasius alienus(Förster)
Pheidole megacephala(Fabricius)
XIII. VERTEBRATA
Potamotrygon humboldti(Duméril)
Rhamdia sebaeCuvier and Valenciennes
Cyrtocharax magdalenae essequibensis(Eigenmann)
Chalceus macrolepidotusCuvier and Valenciennes
Plethodon glutinosus(Green)
Bufo funereusBocage
Bufo ictericusSpix
Bufo marinus(Linnaeus)
Bufo vallicepsWiegmann
Hyla cinerea(Schneider)
Arthroleptis variabilisMatschie
Hyperolius picturatusPeters
Leptodactylus albilabris(Günther)
Leptodactylus pentadactylus(Laurenti)
Leptopelis calcaratus(Boulenger)
Leptopelis rufusReichenow
Megalixalus fornasinii(Bianconi)
Rana catesbeianaShaw
Rana mascareniensisDuméril and Bibron
Rana pipiensSchreber
Frogs
Unidentified batrachians
Chrysemys picta(Schneider)
Gekko gecko(Linnaeus)
Hemidactylus frenatusDuméril and Bibron
Sphaerodactylussp
Thecadactylussp
Undetermined geckos
Anolis carolinensisVoigt
Anolis cristatellusDuméril and Bibron
Anolis pulchellusDuméril and Bibron
Anolis equestrisMerrem
Anolis grahamiGarman
Anolis leachiDuméril and Bibron
Anolis sagreiCocteau
Anolis stratulusCope
Anolissp
Leiolopisma lateraleSay
Tropidophorus grayiGünther
Unidentified skinks
Chamaeleon chamaeleon(Linnaeus) and. Chamaeleon oustaletiMocquard
Ameiva exsulCope
Ameivasp
Cnemidophorussp
Unidentified lizards
Heterodon platyrhinosLatreille
Garter Snake
Domestic duck
Bambusicola thoracicaTemminck
Gallussp
Phasianus calchicus karpowiButurlin
Phasianussp
Coturnix coturnix japonica(Temminck and Schlegel)
Domestic chicken
Partridge
Meleagris gallopavo(Linnaeus)
Streptopelia chinensis(Scopoli)
Pigeon
Gymnasio nudipes(Daudin)
Todus mexicanusLesson
Tockus birostris(Scopoli)
Dendrocopus mahrattensis(Latham)
Melanerpes portoricensis(Daudin)
Gymnopithys leucaspis(Sclater)
Icterus portoricensis(Bryant)
Aphelocoma coerulesens(Bosc)
Cyanocitta cristata(Linnaeus)
Paradisea papuanaBechstein
Troglodytes aedonVieillot
Troglodytes audaxTschudi
Lanius ludovicianusLinnaeus
Acridotheres tristisBonnaterre and Vieillot
Vireo latimeriBaird
Agelaius xanthomus(Sclater)
Dolichonyx oryzivorus(Linnaeus)
Holoquiscalus brachypterus(Cassin)
Black bird
Passer domesticus(Linnaeus)
Sparrow
Tiaris bicolor omissa(Jardine)
Monodelphissp
Erinaceus europaeusLinnaeus
Erinaceussp
Molossussp
Lemur coronatusGray
Lemur fulvusE. Geoffroy
Perodicticus potto(P. L. S. Müller)
Tarsiussp
Aotes zonalisGoldman
Ateles dariensisGoldman
Cebus apella(Linnaeus)
Cebus capucinus(Linnaeus)
Saimiri sciureaLinnaeus
Callithrix chrysoleucos(Natterer)
Callithrix jacchus(Linnaeus)
Leontocebus oedipus(Linnaeus)
Leontocebus rosalia(Linnaeus)
Leontocebus ursulus(E. Geoffroy)
Cercopithecussp
Macaca mulatta(Zimmermann)
Macaca sylvanus(Linnaeus)
Papio papio(Desmarest)
Pansp
Homo sapiensLinnaeus
Dasypus novemcinctusLinnaeus
Mus musculusLinnaeus
Rattus norvegicus(Berkenhout)
Rattus rattus(Linnaeus)
Rattusspp
Caviasp
Canis familiarisLinnaeus
Canis latransSay
Vulpessp
Bassariscus astutus(Lichtenstein)
Nasua narica(Linnaeus)
Nasua nasua(Linnaeus)
Nasuasp
Melessp
Herpestes javanicus auropunctatusHodgson
Herpestessp
Felis catusLinnaeus
Felis pardalis mearnsiJ. A. Allen
XIV. CHECKLIST OF COCKROACHES AND SYMBIOTIC ASSOCIATES
XV. COCKROACHES AS COMMENSALS
Coptotermes ceylonicusHolmgren
Macrotermes barneyiLight
Macrotermes bellicosus(Smeathman)
Macrotermes natalensis(Haviland)
Macrotermes malaccensis(Haviland)
Odontotermessp
Termessp
Termites
Camponotus femoratus(Fabricius)
Camponotus maculatus(Fabricius)?
Camponotus rufipes(Fabricius)
Formica rufibarbisFabricius
Formica subcyaneaWheeler
Acromyrmex lobicornisEmery
Acromyrmex lundi(Guérin)
Acromyrmex niger(F. Smith)
Acromyrmex octospinosus(Reich)
Acromyrmex silvestriiEmery
Atta cephalotes(Linnaeus)
Atta sexdens(Linnaeus)
Atta texana(Buckley)
Crematogaster limata parabioticaForel
Solenopsis geminata(Fabricius)
Unknown host
Odontomachus affinis(Guérin)
Polybia pygmaeaFabricius
Melipona nigraLepeletier
CHECKLIST OF COMMENSAL COCKROACHES WITH THEIR HOSTS
OBSCURE ASSOCIATIONS
XVI. COCKROACHES AS PREDATORS
INTERSPECIES PREDATION
INTRASPECIES PREDATION
XVII. ASSOCIATIONS AMONG COCKROACHES
FAMILIAL ASSOCIATIONS
GREGARIOUSNESS
INTRASPECIES FIGHTING
INTERSPECIES COMPATIBILITY
INTERSPECIES ANTAGONISM
XVIII. DEFENSE OF COCKROACHES AGAINST PREDATORS
XIX. THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF COCKROACHES
INVERTEBRATES
VERTEBRATES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Footnote
PLATES
INDEX
Footnote
