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Elisabeth Lukas
Principles and Methods
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The human being is spiritually involved in the world (and even in a transcendent world) and oriented towards logos. When incorrectly reduced to the next lower level, the human being is seen at the psychological-sociological level as a self-contained system of psychological functions and reactions; the self-transcendence of the human being is no longer visible. At a purely psychic level, pleasure and displeasure, drives and drive satisfaction are the motors which drive a living being, even within such a complex hierarchy of needs as Maslow’s hierarchy, which has self-realisation at the summit. But even the idea of self-realisation does not get beyond the concept of the ego, and remains trapped in homeostatic ideas – which is why, as already indicated, logotherapy distinguishes itself from humanistic psychology and rather advocates humane psychotherapy.
Only from a reductionist perspective can the satisfaction of one’s own needs be raised to the highest good; but at the same time the human being is lowered – quite deliberately – to the level of a “naked ape”. The denial of the human being’s existential orientation toward meaning amounts to a degradation, because it is a dehumanisation.
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