Pure America

Pure America
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Between 1927 and 1979, more than 8,000 people were involuntarily sterilized in five hospitals across the state of Virginia. From this plain and terrible fact springs Elizabeth Catte’s <i>Pure America</i>, a sweeping, unsparing history of eugenics in Virginia, and by extension the United States. Virginia’s twentieth-century eugenics program was not the misguided initiative of well-meaning men of the day, writes Catte, with clarity and ferocity. It was a manifestation of white supremacy. It was a form of employment insurance. It was a means of controlling “troublesome” women and a philosophy that helped remove poor people from valuable land. It was cruel and it was wrong, and yet today sites where it was practiced like Western State Hospital, in Staunton, VA, are rehabilitated as luxury housing, their histories hushed up in the service of capital. As was amply evidenced by her acclaimed 2018 book <em>What You Are Getting Wrong About Appalachia</em>, Catte has no room for excuses; no patience for equivocation. What does it mean for modern America, she asks here, that such buildings are given the second chance that 8,000 citizens never got? And what possible interventions can be made now, repair their damage?

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Elizabeth Catte. Pure America

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Praise for Elizabeth Catte’s

What You Are Getting Wrong About Appalachia:

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The area’s surrounding mountains, both the ones I see during my commute and the ones that greet me as more distant landscapes when I arrive back home, were prized by Virginia’s earliest psychiatrists, who believed natural beauty could soothe troubled minds. But twentieth-century eugenicists also saw them as sinister geographies crawling with people they thought of as “mongrels.” My commute runs right past a turnoff for Shenandoah National Park. Since 1935, the park has been one of the most robust drivers of regional tourism, but that success was achieved through the removal of 500 mountain families through a new form of eviction—eminent domain—that Virginia used to ease the process. The sweeping laws the state passed in 1928 to help the park’s development set in motion a chain reaction that brought more and more people to the mountains to determine what should happen to families too poor to leave the park on their own. For some, what would happen were institutions like Western State and the Lynchburg Colony.

I’ve tried to understand how all these locations that punctuate my commute—places of violence, racial supremacy, and displacement—connect to the layers of history in Western State’s past. In Staunton and at the renovated hospital, questions of profit and loss are always in the foreground. The city’s local economy is not only reliant on tourism connected to the surrounding mountains, but also on its ability to project a wholesome, historic image. Boosters argue we’ve earned the ability to move beyond the city’s darker chapters. But what does it mean when the local economy is still extracting profit from them?

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