Оглавление
Ellwood Patterson Cubberley. The History of Education
The History of Education
Table of Contents
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION: THE SOURCES OF OUR CIVILIZATION. PART I THE ANCIENT WORLD FOUNDATION ELEMENTS OF OUR WESTERN CIVILIZATION GREECE—ROME—CHRISTIANITY. CHAPTER I. THE OLD GREEK EDUCATION I. GREECE AND ITS PEOPLE II. EARLY EDUCATION IN GREECE. CHAPTER II. LATER GREEK EDUCATION III. THE NEW GREEK EDUCATION. CHAPTER III. THE EDUCATION AND WORK OF ROME I. THE ROMANS AND THEIR MISSION II. THE PERIOD OF HOME EDUCATION III. THE TRANSITION TO SCHOOL EDUCATION IV. THE SCHOOL SYSTEM AS FINALLY ESTABLISHED V. ROME'S CONTRIBUTION TO CIVILIZATION. CHAPTER IV. THE RISE AND CONTRIBUTION OF CHRISTIANITY I. THE RISE AND VICTORY OF CHRISTIANITY II. EDUCATIONAL AND GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION OF THE EARLY CHURCH III. WHAT THE MIDDLE AGES STARTED WITH. PART II THE MEDIAEVAL WORLD THE DELUGE OF BARBARISM; THE MEDIAEVAL STRUGGLE TO PRESERVE AND REËSTABLISH CIVILIZATION. CHAPTER V. NEW PEOPLES IN THE EMPIRE. CHAPTER VI. EDUCATION DURING THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES I. CONDITION AND PRESERVATION OF LEARNING. CHAPTER VII. EDUCATION DURING THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES I. SCHOOLS ESTABLISHED AND INSTRUCTION PROVIDED. CHAPTER VIII. INFLUENCES TENDING TOWARD A REVIVAL OF LEARNING I. MOSLEM LEARNING FROM SPAIN II. THE RISE OF SCHOLASTIC THEOLOGY III. LAW AND MEDICINE AS NEW STUDIES IV. OTHER NEW INFLUENCES AND MOVEMENTS. CHAPTER IX. THE RISE OF THE UNIVERSITIES. PART III THE TRANSITION FROM MEDIAEVAL TO MODERN ATTITUDES THE RECOVERY OF THE ANCIENT LEARNING; THE REAWAKENING OF SCHOLARSHIP; AND THE RISE OF RELIGIOUS AND SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY. CHAPTER X. THE REVIVAL OF LEARNING. CHAPTER XI. EDUCATIONAL RESULTS OF THE REVIVAL OF LEARNING. CHAPTER XII. THE REVOLT AGAINST AUTHORITY. CHAPTER XIII. EDUCATIONAL RESULTS OF THE PROTESTANT REVOLTS I. AMONG LUTHERANS AND ANGLICANS. CHAPTER XIV. EDUCATIONAL RESULTS OF THE PROTESTANT REVOLTS II. AMONG CALVINISTS AND CATHOLICS. CHAPTER XV. EDUCATIONAL RESULTS OF THE PROTESTANT REVOLTS III. THE REFORMATION AND AMERICAN EDUCATION. CHAPTER XVI. THE RISE OF SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY. CHAPTER XVII. THE NEW SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND THE SCHOOLS I. HUMANISTIC REALISM II. SOCIAL REALISM III. SENSE REALISM IV. REALISM AND THE SCHOOLS. CHAPTER XVIII. THEORY AND PRACTICE BY THE MIDDLE OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY I. PRE-EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY EDUCATIONAL THEORIES II. MID-EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY EDUCATIONAL CONDITIONS. PART IV MODERN TIMES THE ABOLITION OF PRIVILEGE; THE RISE OF DEMOCRACY; A NEW THEORY FOR EDUCATION EVOLVED; THE STATE TAKES OVER THE SCHOOL. CHAPTER XIX. THE EIGHTEENTH A TRANSITION CENTURY I. WORK OF THE BENEVOLENT DESPOTS OF CONTINENTAL EUROPE II. THE UNSATISFIED DEMAND FOR REFORM IN FRANCE III. ENGLAND THE FIRST DEMOCRATIC NATION IV. INSTITUTION OF CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT AND RELIGIOUS FREEDOM IN AMERICA V. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION SWEEPS AWAY ANCIENT ABUSES. CHAPTER XX. THE BEGINNINGS OF NATIONAL EDUCATION I. NEW CONCEPTIONS OF THE EDUCATIONAL PURPOSE II. THE NEW STATE THEORY IN FRANCE III. THE NEW STATE THEORY IN AMERICA. CHAPTER XXI. A NEW THEORY AND SUBJECT-MATTER FOR THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL I. THE NEW THEORY STATED II. GERMAN ATTEMPTS TO WORK OUT A NEW THEORY III. THE WORK AND INFLUENCE OF PESTALOZZI IV. REDIRECTION OF THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. CHAPTER XXII. NATIONAL ORGANIZATION IN PRUSSIA I. THE BEGINNINGS OF NATIONAL ORGANIZATION II. A STATE SCHOOL SYSTEM AT LAST CREATED. CHAPTER XXIII. NATIONAL ORGANIZATION IN FRANCE AND ITALY I. NATIONAL ORGANIZATION IN FRANCE II. NATIONAL ORGANIZATION IN ITALY. CHAPTER XXIV. THE STRUGGLE FOR NATIONAL ORGANIZATION IN ENGLAND I. THE CHARITABLE-VOLUNTARY BEGINNINGS II. THE PERIOD OF PHILANTHROPIC EFFORT (1800–33) III. THE STRUGGLE FOR NATIONAL EDUCATION IV. THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NATIONAL SYSTEM. CHAPTER XXV. AWAKENING AN EDUCATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE UNITED STATES I. EARLY NATIONAL ATTITUDES AND INTERESTS II. AWAKENING AN EDUCATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS III. SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND ECONOMIC INFLUENCES IV. ALIGNMENT OF INTERESTS, AND PROPAGANDA. CHAPTER XXVI. THE AMERICAN BATTLE FOR FREE STATE SCHOOLS I. THE BATTLE FOR TAX SUPPORT II. THE BATTLE TO ELIMINATE THE PAUPER-SCHOOL IDEA III. THE BATTLE TO MAKE THE SCHOOLS ENTIRELY FREE IV. THE BATTLE TO ESTABLISH SCHOOL SUPERVISION V. THE BATTLE TO ELIMINATE SECTARIANISM VI. THE BATTLE TO ESTABLISH THE AMERICAN HIGH SCHOOL VII. THE STATE UNIVERSITY CROWNS THE SYSTEM. CHAPTER XXVII. EDUCATION BECOMES A GREAT NATIONAL TOOL I. SPREAD OF THE STATE-CONTROL IDEA II. NEW MODIFYING FORCES III. EFFECT OF THESE CHANGES ON EDUCATION. CHAPTER XXVIII. NEW CONCEPTIONS OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS I. THE PSYCHOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION OF ELEMENTARY INSTRUCTION II. NEW IDEAS FROM HERBARTIAN SOURCES III. THE KINDERGARTEN, PLAY, AND MANUAL ACTIVITIES IV. THE ADDITION OF SCIENCE STUDY V. SOCIAL MEANING OF THESE CHANGES. CHAPTER XXIX. NEW TENDENCIES AND EXPANSIONS I. POLITICAL II. SCIENTIFIC III. VOCATIONAL IV. SOCIOLOGICAL V. THE SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATION OF EDUCATION. CONCLUSION: THE FUTURE. LIST OF PLATES
1. THE CLOISTERS OF A MONASTERY, NEAR FLORENCE, ITALY 2. THE LIBRARY OF THE CHURCH OF SAINT WALLBERG, AT ZUTPHEN, HOLLAND 3. SAINT THOMAS AQUINAS 4. A LECTURE ON THEOLOGY BY ALBERTUS MAGNUS 5. STRATFORD-ON-AVON GRAMMAR SCHOOL 6. EDUCATIONAL LEADERS IN PROTESTANT GERMANY 7. THE FREE SCHOOL AT HARROW 8. MAP SHOWING THE SPREAD OF JESUIT SCHOOLS IN NORTHERN TERRITORY BY THE YEAR 1725 9. TWO TABLETS ON THE WEST GATEWAY AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY 10. JOHN AMOS COMENIUS (1592–1670) 11. JOHANN HEINRICH PESTALOZZI 12. FELLENBERG'S INSTITUTE AT HOFWYL 13. TWO LEADERS IN THE REGENERATION OF PRUSSIA 14. FRANCOIS PIERRE GUILLAUME GUIZOT (1787–1874) 15. JOHN POUNDS' RAGGED SCHOOL AT PORTSMOUTH 16. AN ENGLISH VILLAGE VOLUNTARY SCHOOL 17. TWO LEADERS IN THE EDUCATIONAL AWAKENING IN THE UNITED STATES 18. TWO LEADERS IN THE REORGANIZATION OF EDUCATIONAL THEORY. LIST OF FIGURES
GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
I. GENERAL HISTORIES OF EDUCATION
II. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES OF EDUCATION
III. CYCLOPAEDIAS
IV. MAGAZINES
THE HISTORY OF EDUCATION
INTRODUCTION
THE SOURCES OF OUR CIVILIZATION
PART I
THE ANCIENT WORLD. THE FOUNDATION ELEMENTS OF OUR WESTERN CIVILIZATION GREECE—ROME—CHRISTIANITY. CHAPTER I
THE OLD GREEK EDUCATION. I. GREECE AND ITS PEOPLE
II. EARLY EDUCATION IN GREECE
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SELECTED READINGS
QUESTIONS ON THE READINGS
CHAPTER II
LATER GREEK EDUCATION. III. THE NEW GREEK EDUCATION
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SELECTED READINGS
QUESTIONS ON THE READINGS
SUPPLEMENTAL REFERENCES
CHAPTER III
THE EDUCATION AND WORK OF ROME. I. THE ROMANS AND THEIR MISSION
II. THE PERIOD OF HOME EDUCATION
III. THE TRANSITION TO SCHOOL EDUCATION
IV. THE SCHOOL SYSTEM AS FINALLY ESTABLISHED
V. ROME'S CONTRIBUTION TO CIVILIZATION
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SELECTED READINGS
QUESTIONS ON THE READINGS
SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES
CHAPTER IV
THE RISE AND CONTRIBUTION OF CHRISTIANITY. I. THE RISE AND VICTORY OF CHRISTIANITY
[ILLUSTRATION: FIG. 27. THE GROWTH OF CHRISTIANITY TO THE END OF THE FOURTH CENTURY]
II. EDUCATIONAL AND GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION OF THE EARLY CHURCH
III. WHAT THE MIDDLE AGES STARTED WITH
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SELECTED READINGS
QUESTIONS ON THE READINGS
SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES
PART II
THE MEDIAEVAL WORLD. THE DELUGE OF BARBARISM THE MEDIAEVAL STRUGGLE TO PRESERVE AND REËSTABLISH CIVILIZATION. CHAPTER V
NEW PEOPLES IN THE EMPIRE
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SELECTED READINGS
QUESTIONS ON THE READINGS
SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES
CHAPTER VI
EDUCATION DURING THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES [1] I. CONDITION AND PRESERVATION OF LEARNING
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SELECTED READINGS
QUESTIONS ON THE READINGS
SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES
CHAPTER VII
EDUCATION DURING THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES. II. SCHOOLS ESTABLISHED AND INSTRUCTION PROVIDED
I. THE TRIVIUM
II. THE QUADRIVIUM
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SELECTED READINGS
QUESTIONS ON THE READINGS
SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES
CHAPTER VIII
INFLUENCES TENDING TOWARD A REVIVAL OF LEARNING. I. MOSLEM LEARNING FROM SPAIN
II. THE RISE OF SCHOLASTIC THEOLOGY
III. LAW AND MEDICINE AS NEW STUDIES
IV. OTHER NEW INFLUENCES AND MOVEMENTS
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SELECTED READINGS
QUESTIONS ON THE READINGS
SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES
CHAPTER IX
THE RISE OF THE UNIVERSITIES
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SELECTED READINGS
QUESTIONS ON THE READINGS
SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES
PART III
THE TRANSITION FROM MEDIAEVAL TO MODERN ATTITUDES. THE RECOVERY OF THE ANCIENT LEARNING THE REAWAKENING OF SCHOLARSHIP AND THE RISE OF RELIGIOUS AND SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY. CHAPTER X
THE REVIVAL OF LEARNING
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SELECTED READINGS
QUESTIONS ON THE READINGS
SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES
CHAPTER XI
EDUCATIONAL RESULTS OF THE REVIVAL OF LEARNING
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SELECTED READINGS
QUESTIONS ON THE READINGS
SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES
CHAPTER XII
THE REVOLT AGAINST AUTHORITY
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SELECTED READINGS
QUESTIONS ON THE READINGS
SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES
CHAPTER XIII
EDUCATIONAL RESULTS OF THE PROTESTANT REVOLTS. I. AMONG LUTHERANS AND ANGLICANS
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SELECTED READINGS
QUESTIONS ON THE READINGS
SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES
CHAPTER XIV
EDUCATIONAL RESULTS OF THE PROTESTANT REVOLTS. II. AMONG CALVINISTS AND CATHOLICS
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SELECTED READINGS
QUESTIONS ON THE READINGS
SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES
CHAPTER XV
EDUCATIONAL RESULTS OF THE PROTESTANT REVOLTS. III. THE REFORMATION AND AMERICAN EDUCATION
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SELECTED READINGS
QUESTIONS ON THE READINGS
SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES
CHAPTER XVI
THE RISE OF SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SELECTED READINGS
QUESTIONS ON THE READINGS
SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES
CHAPTER XVII
THE NEW SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND THE SCHOOLS
1. HUMANISTIC REALISM
II. SOCIAL REALISM
III. SENSE REALISM
IV. REALISM AND THE SCHOOLS
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SELECTED READINGS
QUESTIONS ON THE READINGS
SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES
CHAPTER XVIII
THEORY AND PRACTICE BY THE MIDDLE OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
I. PRE-EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY EDUCATIONAL THEORIES
II. MID-EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY EDUCATIONAL CONDITIONS
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SELECTED READINGS
QUESTIONS ON THE READINGS
SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES
PART IV
MODERN TIMES. THE ABOLITION OF PRIVILEGE THE RISE OF DEMOCRACY A NEW THEORY FOR EDUCATION EVOLVED THE STATE TAKES OVER THE SCHOOL. CHAPTER XIX
THE EIGHTEENTH A TRANSITION CENTURY
I. WORK OF THE BENEVOLENT DESPOTS OF CONTINENTAL EUROPE
II. THE UNSATISFIED DEMAND FOR REFORM IN FRANCE
III. ENGLAND THE FIRST DEMOCRATIC NATION
IV. INSTITUTION OF CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT AND RELIGIOUS FREEDOM IN AMERICA
V. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION SWEEPS AWAY ANCIENT ABUSES
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SELECTED READINGS
QUESTIONS ON THE READINGS
SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES
CHAPTER XX
THE BEGINNINGS OF NATIONAL EDUCATION. I. NEW CONCEPTIONS OF THE EDUCATIONAL PURPOSE
II. THE NEW STATE THEORY IN FRANCE
III. THE NEW STATE THEORY IN AMERICA
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SELECTED READINGS
QUESTIONS ON THE READINGS
SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES
CHAPTER XXI
A NEW THEORY AND SUBJECT-MATTER FOR THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
I. THE NEW THEORY STATED
II. GERMAN ATTEMPTS TO WORK OUT A NEW THEORY
[ILLUSTRATION: FIG. 165 IMMANUEL KANT (1724–1804)]
III. THE WORK AND INFLUENCE OF PESTALOZZI
IV. REDIRECTION OF THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SELECTED READINGS
QUESTIONS ON THE READINGS
SELECTED REFERENCES
CHAPTER XXII
NATIONAL ORGANIZATION IN PRUSSIA. I. THE BEGINNINGS OF NATIONAL ORGANIZATION
II. A STATE SCHOOL SYSTEM AT LAST CREATED
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SELECTED READINGS
QUESTIONS ON THE READINGS
SELECTED REFERENCES
CHAPTER XXIII
NATIONAL ORGANIZATION IN FRANCE AND ITALY. I. NATIONAL ORGANIZATION IN FRANCE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE LYCÉES
DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMMUNAL COLLEGES
DEVELOPMENT OF INFANT SCHOOLS
PROGRESS OF PRIMARY EDUCATION IN FRANCE, DURING THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, AS SHOWN BY THE REDUCTION IN THE PERCENTAGE OF ILLITERACY AMONG ARMY CONSCRIPTS, AND AMONG PERSONS SIGNING THE MARRIAGE RECORDS
II. NATIONAL ORGANIZATION IN ITALY
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SELECTED READINGS
QUESTIONS ON THE READINGS
CHAPTER XXIV
THE STRUGGLE FOR NATIONAL ORGANIZATION IN ENGLAND. I. THE CHARITABLE VOLUNTARY BEGINNINGS
II. THE PERIOD OF PHILANTHROPIC EFFORT (1800–33)
STATISTICS AS TO 10,595 ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS FOUNDED BY THE RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES (BRITISH CENSUS RETURNS, 1851)
III. THE STRUGGLE FOR NATIONAL EDUCATION
THE PARLIAMENTARY STRUGGLE FOR NATIONAL EDUCATION IN ENGLAND
FACTS REVEALED BY THE CENSUS OF 1851
IV. THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NATIONAL SYSTEM
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SELECTED READINGS
QUESTIONS ON THE READINGS
SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES
CHAPTER XXV
AWAKENING AN EDUCATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE UNITED STATES. I. EARLY NATIONAL ATTITUDES AND INTERESTS
II. AWAKENING AN EDUCATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS
FREE SCHOOL
III. SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND ECONOMIC INFLUENCES
IV. ALIGNMENT OF INTERESTS, AND PROPAGANDA
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SELECTED READINGS
QUESTIONS ON THE READINGS
SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES
CHAPTER XXVI
THE AMERICAN BATTLE FOR FREE STATE SCHOOLS
I. THE BATTLE FOR TAX SUPPORT
II. THE BATTLE TO ELIMINATE THE PAUPER-SCHOOL IDEA
III. THE BATTLE TO MAKE THE SCHOOLS ENTIRELY FREE
IV. THE BATTLE TO ESTABLISH SCHOOL SUPERVISION
HENRY BARNARD (1811–1900)]
V. THE BATTLE TO ELIMINATE SECTARIANISM
VI. THE BATTLE TO ESTABLISH THE AMERICAN HIGH SCHOOL
VII. THE STATE UNIVERSITY CROWNS THE SYSTEM
COLLEGES FOUNDED UP TO 1900
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
QUESTIONS ON THE READINGS
SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES
CHAPTER XXVII
EDUCATION BECOMES A NATIONAL TOOL. I. SPREAD OF THE STATE-CONTROL IDEA
II. NEW MODIFYING FORCES
III. EFFECT OF THESE CHANGES ON EDUCATION
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SELECTED READINGS
QUESTIONS ON THE READINGS
SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES
CHAPTER XXVIII
NEW CONCEPTIONS OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS. I. THE PSYCHOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION OF ELEMENTARY INSTRUCTION
II. NEW IDEAS FROM HERBARTIAN SOURCES
III. THE KINDERGARTEN, PLAY, AND MANUAL ACTIVITIES
IV. THE ADDITION OF SCIENCE STUDY
V. SOCIAL MEANING OF THESE CHANGES
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SELECTED READINGS
QUESTIONS ON THE READINGS
SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES
CHAPTER XXIX
NEW TENDENCIES AND EXPANSIONS. I. POLITICAL
II. SCIENTIFIC
III. VOCATIONAL
IV. SOCIOLOGICAL
V. THE SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATION OF EDUCATION
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SELECTED READINGS
QUESTIONS ON THE READINGS
SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES
CONCLUSION; THE FUTURE
FOOTNOTES
PREFACE
PART I. CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER IV
PART II. CHAPTER V
CHAPTER VI
CHAPTER VII
CHAPTER VIII
CHAPTER IX
PART III. CHAPTER X
CHAPTER XI
CHAPTER XII
CHAPTER XIII
CHAPTER XIV
CHAPTER XV
CHAPTER XVI
CHAPTER XVII
CHAPTER XVIII
PART IV. CHAPTER XIX
CHAPTER X
CHAPTER XXI
CHAPTER XXII
CHAPTER XXIII
CHAPTER XXIV
CHAPTER XXV
CHAPTER XXVI
CHAPTER XXVII
CHAPTER XXVIII
CHAPTER XXIX
