The New Environmental Economics

The New Environmental Economics
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Too often, economics disassociates humans from nature, the economy from the biosphere that contains it, and sustainability from fairness. When economists do engage with environmental issues, they typically reduce their analysis to a science of efficiency that leaves aside issues of distributional analysis and justice. The aim of this lucid textbook is to provide a framework that prioritizes human well-being within the limits of the biosphere, and to rethink economic analysis and policy in the light of not just efficiency but equity. Leading economist Éloi Laurent systematically ties together sustainability and justice issues in covering a wide range of topics, from biodiversity and ecosystems, energy and climate change, environmental health and environmental justice, to new indicators of well-being and sustainability beyond GDP and growth, social-ecological transition, and sustainable urban systems. This book equips readers with ideas and tools from various disciplines alongside economics, such as history, political science, and philosophy, and invites them to apply those insights in order to understand and eventually tackle pressing twenty-first-century challenges. It will be an invaluable resource for students of environmental economics and policy, and sustainable development.

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Eloi Laurent. The New Environmental Economics

Contents

Guide

Pages

Dedication

The New Environmental Economics. Sustainability and Justice

Copyright page

Figures. Graphs

Boxes

Figures

Tables

Introduction: Economics for the twenty-first century

Notes

1 What the classics know about our world; what twentieth-century economics forgot

The physiocrats: Natural resources as political power

Malthus and sustainability analysis

David Ricardo and planetary boundaries

John Stuart Mill and the steady state

What twentieth-century economics forgot

Notes

2 Humans within the biosphere: The paradox of domination and dependence

Box 2.1 The population (on-going) problem

Human evolution toward planetary dominance: The small household and the bigger one

The biosphere: Interdependence and collaboration

Thermodynamics and material flow analysis: A wider economics

Social and natural systems, standing and collapsing together

Notes

3 Governing the commons fairly

Environmental history: Social and natural systems in perspective

The early beginnings of environmental governance: Preservation and conservation

Box 3.1 John Muir: Preservation and healing

Governing the commons, from Garrett Hardin to Elinor Ostrom

Box 3.2 the rules of the game of environmental cooperation

Notes

4 Spheres of environmental justice

Box 4.1 The top 20 of the “Toxic 100”

The Marxist approach

Eco-feminism

Indigenous environmentalism

Box 4.2 The ecological debt

Box 4.3 The Cochabamba Declarations. The Cochabamba Declaration of December 8, 2000

World People’s Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth April 22, 2010

The capabilities approach

Box 4.4 Air (ine)quality

Box 4.5 Environmental justice before the law

Notes

5 Natural resources, externalities, and sustainability: A critical toolbox

Box 5.1 Kenneth Boulding

The economic nature of environmental goods

The many values of natural resources

Box 5.2 The monetary cost of air pollution

The problem of social cost and its imperfect solutions

Notes

6 Biodiversity and ecosystems under growing and unequal pressure

Plants and animals

Box 6.1 Biodiversity, human development, and political freedom

Seas and oceans

Fresh water

Forests

Land and soil

Agriculture

Energy

Box 6.2 Fuel poverty in the UK

Notes

7 Beyond EXPOWA (extraction, pollution, and waste)

Physical trade

Pollution and waste

Resource efficiency

Box 7.1 Stanley Jevons and the “rebound effect”

Box 7.2 Four types of decoupling

Circular or perma-circular economy?

Notes

8 Energy, climate, and justice

Energy and climate: The carbon problem

Box 8.1 Taxing and subsidizing carbon

Climate policy: Mitigation

Box 8.2 How to mitigate climate change: A policy toolbox

Negotiating climate

Climate justice: Fair and efficient

Notes

9 Well-being and our environment: From trade-offs to synergies

Well-being and sustainability: From a vicious to a virtuous cycle

The health-environment double dividend

Energy transition and job creation

Box 9.1 Energy transition in France: The négaWatt scenarios

Measuring well-being, resilience, and sustainability to change policy for the better

Box 9.2 Three lessons from the Chinese growth experiment

Box 9.3 The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences 2018

Notes

10 Social-ecology: Connecting the inequality and ecological crises

The rise of environmental inequality

Risk, Noise, and Chemical Pollution

Access to natural resources (food, energy, water)

Exposure to social-ecological disasters

Box 10.1 Rousseau vs. Voltaire after the Lisbon earthquake of 1755

From the welfare state to the social-ecological state

Reading of Figure 10.2

Notes

11 The social-ecological transition in context: Capitalism, democracy, globalization, and digitalization

Anthropocene or Capitalocene?

Democracy or “green” dictatorship?

Globalization and its environmental discontent

Box 11.1 The CETA and environmental policy

Digital and ecological transition: Friends or foes?

Notes

12 Urban sustainability and polycentric transition

What is a city?

Box 12.1 The double penalty of urban sprawl: The case of France

The rise of cities

Justice and the city

The ecological impact of cities

The ecological impact on cities

Toward sustainable urban systems. Re-inventing the city

Measuring and advancing urban well-being

Box 12.2 Urban well-being: The case of Paris

Fostering the “polycentric transition”

Box 12.3 Urban success stories

Notes

Conclusion: Open economics

Notes

References

Index

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For Sylvie, for Lila, for Jonas, with everlasting love

5.1 Oil prices, 2008–2018

.....

5.1 The many values of natural resources

9.1 Human well-being and the biosphere: The self-destructive vicious circle

.....

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