Оглавление
Eric Fong. Segregation
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Segregation
Copyright Page
Tables and Figures. Tables
Figures
1 Introduction
Residential Segregation: Bird’s-Eye, Drive-By, and On-Foot Views
The Measurement and Explanation of Residential Segregation
Segregation in History
Chapter-by-Chapter Outline of the Book
Notes
2 What Is Segregation?
Causes of Segregation
Segregation and Boundaries
Consequences of Segregation
A Society without Segregation
Conclusion
3 The Measurement of Segregation
Segregation Indices
Index of Dissimilarity
Efforts to Clarify the Concept of Segregation
Dimensions of Segregation
First Direction: from Aspatial to Spatial Measures. The Checkerboard Problem
Individual Measures of Segregation
Second Direction: From Two-Group to Multi-Group Measures. Approaches for Developing Multi-Group Segregation Measures
The Spatial Version of the Multi-Group Segregation Measure
Third Direction: Scales of Segregation. Global and Local Measures of Segregation
Segregation and Geographic Scale
Conclusion
Notes
4 Racial and Ethnic Residential Patterns
Trends and Patterns: Segregation in the United States
Trends and Patterns: Racial and Ethnic Residential Segregation in Other Parts of the World
Explanations for Racial and Ethnic Residential Segregation
Spatial Assimilation
The Place Stratification Model
The Group Preference Model
The Social Structural Sorting Perspective
Evaluation of the Different Perspectives
Consequences of Racial and Ethnic Residential Segregation
Temporal, Spatial, and Structural Mechanisms of Residential Segregation
Conclusion
5 Income Segregation
Segregation by Income Level: Global Perspective
Racial/Ethnic Concentration of Poverty
Explanations for Income Residential Segregation
Income Inequality and Housing Supply
Neo-Liberalism and Income Residential Segregation
Economic Reform in China
Explanation for Racial/Ethnic Poverty of Concentration. The Flight of the Black Middle Class
The Role of Racial Segregation in the Concentration of Black Poverty
Explanations for the Decline of Racial/Ethnic Poverty Concentration in the 1990s and Its Rise in the 2000s
Consequences of Income Residential Segregation
Mechanisms of Poverty Concentration. Social Disorganization
Collective Efficacy
Interaction of Poverty Concentration and Residential Segregation
Conclusion
6 Ethnic Communities
Location of Ethnic Communities
Why and How Ethnic Groups Concentrate and Form Ethnic Communities
Social Explanation
Economic Explanation
Cultural Explanation
Consequences of Ethnic Community Concentration. Social Support
Ethnic Identity
Ethnic Mobilization
Economic Outcomes
Conclusion
7 Residential and Social Segregation of Immigrants
Three Major Theories of Integration
Classical Assimilation Perspective
Selective Assimilation Perspective
Segmented Assimilation Perspective
Residential Segregation of Immigrants
Neighborhood Qualities and Residential Segregation
Anomalies in Immigrant Residential Segregation
Possible Reasons for Anomalies
Preferences
Discrimination
Social Segregation of Immigrants
Inter-Group Contact
Occupational Segregation
Conclusion
8 Conclusion
References
Index
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Eric Fong, Kumiko Shibuya, and Brent Berry
2.1 Segregation and boundaries
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These observations lead us to ask a series of questions: What are the current patterns of residential and social segregation in the United States and other countries? Have the levels of residential and social segregation increased, decreased, or remained the same over the last few decades? What is the relationship between residential segregation and social segregation? Why do we find residential and social segregation among different social groups in almost every city? These questions are not simply asking, “Is there segregation?” but, “How much segregation is there in the city, and why?” More importantly, “Why do we need to be concerned about segregation?” To answer these and other questions, we first need to investigate some fundamental issues: What is segregation? Why are people segregated? What are the consequences of segregation? These are the key questions that will be addressed in this book.
Residential segregation is not a unique phenomenon in contemporary society. It has a very long history in human civilization, likely pre-dating the written record. Van der Spek (2009) indicated that ethnic segregation can be dated back to Hellenistic Babylon, while Cowgill (1997) even documented residential segregation in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, circa 100 BC. Jewish quarters emerged in many European cities centuries ago, such as the Venetian Ghetto in Venice, Italy, in the early 1500s. The Jewish quarter in Córdoba, Spain, which is visited by many tourists today, dates back even further, to the Middle Ages.
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