"Water Supply: the Present Practice of Sinking and Boring Wells" by Ernest Spon. Published by Good Press. Good Press publishes a wide range of titles that encompasses every genre. From well-known classics & literary fiction and non-fiction to forgotten−or yet undiscovered gems−of world literature, we issue the books that need to be read. Each Good Press edition has been meticulously edited and formatted to boost readability for all e-readers and devices. Our goal is to produce eBooks that are user-friendly and accessible to everyone in a high-quality digital format.
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Ernest Spon. Water Supply: the Present Practice of Sinking and Boring Wells
Water Supply: the Present Practice of Sinking and Boring Wells
Table of Contents
PREFACE
CHAPTER I. GEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Extent of Superficial Area
Mineral Character of the Formation
Position and General Conditions of the Outcrop
Height of Water-bearing Strata above Surface of Country
Rainfall in the District where the Water-bearing Strata Crop out
Disturbances of the Strata
CHAPTER II. THE NEW RED SANDSTONE
CHAPTER III. WELL SINKING
CHAPTER IV. WELL BORING
CHAPTER V. AMERICAN TUBE WELL
CHAPTER VI. WELL BORING AT GREAT DEPTHS
Kind-Chaudron System
Dru’s System
Mather and Platt’s System
CHAPTER VII. EXAMPLES OF WELLS EXECUTED, AND OF DISTRICTS SUPPLIED BY WELLS
Permian Strata
Trias Strata
Oolitic Strata
Cretaceous Strata
CHAPTER VIII. TABLES AND MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
Storing Well-water
Hints on Superintending Well-work
Rate of Progress of Boring (André.)
Cost of Boring
Tempering Boring Chisels
Gases in Wells
INDEX
E. & F. N. SPON’S NEW BOOKS
Catalogue of Books. RELATING TO. PRACTICAL SCIENCE. PUBLISHED AND SOLD BY. E. & F. N. SPON.LONDON: 48, CHARING CROSS. NEW YORK: 446, BROOME STREET
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Ernest Spon
With Geological Considerations and Examples of Wells Executed
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The next strata in which water is found are the upper and inferior oolites, between which are the Kimmeridge and Oxford clays, which are separated by the coral rag. There are instances in which the Oxford clay is met with immediately below the Kimmeridge, rendering any attempt at boring useless, because the water in the Oxford clay is generally so impure as to be unfit for use. And with regard to finding water in the oolitic limestone, it is impossible to determine with any amount of precision the depth at which it may be reached, owing to the numerous faults which occur in the formation. It will therefore be necessary to employ the greatest care before proceeding with any borings. Lower down in the order are the upper has, the marlstone, the lower has, and the new red sandstone. In the marlstone, between the upper and lower beds of the has, there may be found a large supply of water, but the level of this is as a rule too low to rise to the surface through a boring. It will be necessary to sink shafts in the ordinary way to reach it. In the new red sandstone, also, to find the water, borings must be made to a considerable depth, but when this formation exists a copious supply may be confidently anticipated, and when found the water is of excellent quality.
Every permeable stratum may yield water, and its ability to do this, and the quantity it can yield, depend upon its position and extent. When underlaid by an impervious stratum, it constitutes a reservoir of water from which a supply may be drawn by means of a sinking or a bore-hole. If the permeable stratum be also overlaid by an impervious stratum, the water will be under pressure and will ascend the bore-hole to a height that will depend on the height of the points of infiltration above the bottom of the bore-hole. The quantity to be obtained in such a case as we have already pointed out, will depend upon the extent of surface possessed by the outcrop of the permeable stratum. In searching for water under such conditions a careful examination of the geological features of the district must be made. Frequently an extended view of the surface of the district, such as may be obtained from an eminence, and a consideration of the particular configuration of that surface, will be sufficient to enable the practical eye to discover the various routes which are followed by the subterranean water, and to predicate with some degree of certainty that at a given point water will be found in abundance, or that no water at all exists at that point. To do this, it is sufficient to note the dip and the surfaces of the strata which are exposed to the rains. When these strata are nearly horizontal, water can penetrate them only through their fissures or pores; when, on the contrary, they lie at right-angles, they absorb the larger portion of the water that falls upon their outcrop. When such strata are intercepted by valleys, numerous springs will exist. But if, instead of being intercepted, the strata rise around a common point, they form a kind of irregular basin, in the centre of which the water will accumulate. In this case the surface springs will be less numerous than when the strata are broken. But it is possible to obtain water under pressure in the lower portions of the basin, if the point at which the trial is made is situate below the outcrop.
