Оглавление
Ernst Lueder. Liquid Crystal Displays
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
Guide
Pages
Wiley-SID Series in Display Technology
Liquid Crystal Displays. ADDRESSING SCHEMES AND ELECTRO-OPTICAL EFFECTS
Foreword
Preface to the Third Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
About the Authors
1. Introduction
2. Liquid Crystal Materials and Liquid Crystal Cells. 2.1 Properties of Liquid Crystals. 2.1.1 Shape and phases of liquid crystals
2.1.2 Material properties of anisotropic liquid crystals
2.2 The Operation of a Twisted Nematic LCD
2.2.1 The electro-optical effects in transmissive twisted nematic LC cells
2.2.2 The addressing of LCDs by TFTs
References
3. Electro-optic Effects in Untwisted Nematic Liquid Crystals. 3.1 The Planar and Harmonic Wave of Light
3.2 Propagation of Polarized Light in Birefringent Untwisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Cells. 3.2.1 The propagation of light in a Fréedericksz cell
3.2.2 The transmissive Fréedericksz cell
3.2.3 The reflective Fréedericksz cell
3.2.4 The Fréedericksz cell as a phase-only modulator
3.2.5 The DAP cell or the vertically aligned cell
3.2.6 The HAN cell
3.2.7 The π cell
3.2.8 Switching dynamics of untwisted nematic LCDs
3.2.9 Fast blue phase liquid crystals
References
4. Electro-optic Effects in Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystals. 4.1 The Propagation of Polarized Light in Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Cells
4.2 The Various Types of TN Cells. 4.2.1 The regular TN cell
4.2.2 The supertwisted nematic LC cell (STN-LCD)
4.2.3 The mixed mode twisted nematic cell (MTN cell)
4.2.4 Reflective TN cells
4.3 Electronically Controlled Birefringence for the Generation of Colour
References
5. Descriptions of Polarization
5.1 The Characterizations of Polarization
5.2 A Differential Equation for the Propagation of Polarized Light through Anisotropic Media
5.3 Special Cases for Propagation of Light. 5.3.1 Incidence of linearly polarized light
5.3.2 Incident light is circularly polarized
References
6. Propagation of Light with an Arbitrary Incident Angle through Anisotropic Media. 6.1 Basic Equations for the Propagation of Light
6.2 Enhancement of the Performance of LC Cells. 6.2.1 The degradation of picture quality
6.2.2 Optical compensation foils for the enhancement of picture quality. 6.2.2.1 The enhancement of contrast
6.2.2.2 Compensation foils for LC molecules with different optical axes
6.2.3 Suppression of grey shade inversion and the preservation of grey shade stability
6.2.4 Fabrication of compensation foils
6.3 Electro-optic Effects with Wide Viewing Angle
6.3.1 Multidomain pixels
6.3.2 In-plane switching
6.3.3 Optically compensated bend cells
6.4 Multidomain VA Cells, Especially for TV
6.4.1 The torque generated by an electric field
6.4.2 The requirements for a VA display, especially for TV. 6.4.2.1 The speeds of operation
6.4.2.2 Colour shift, change in contrast and image sticking
6.4.3 VA cells for TV applications. 6.4.3.1 Multidomain VA cells with protrusions (MVAs)
6.4.3.2 Patterned VA cells (PVAs)
6.4.3.3 PVA cells with two subpixels (CS-S-PVAs)
6.4.3.4 Cell technologies avoiding a delayed optical response
Polymer sustained alignment (PSA)
Mountain-shaped cell surface
6.4.3.5 The continuous pinwheel alignment (CPA)
6.5 Polarizers with Increased Luminous Output
6.5.1 A reflective linear polarizer
6.5.2 A reflective polarizer working with circularly polarized light
6.6 Two Non-birefringent Foils
References
7. Modified Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays
7.1 Polymer Dispersed LCDs (PDLCDs) 7.1.1 The operation of a PDLCD
7.1.2 Applications of PDLCDs
7.2 Guest-Host Displays. 7.2.1 The operation of Guest-Host Displays
7.2.2 Reflective Guest-Host Displays
References
8. Bistable Liquid Crystal Displays
8.1 Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Displays (FLCDs)
8.2 Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays
8.3 Bistable Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays
8.3.1 Bistable twist cells
8.3.2 Grating aligned nematic devices
8.3.3 Monostable surface anchoring switching
References
9. Continuously Light Modulating Ferroelectric Displays
9.1 Deformed Helix Ferroelectric Devices
9.2 Antiferroelectric LCDs
References
10. Addressing Schemes for Liquid Crystal Displays
References
11. Direct Addressing
12. Passive Matrix Addressing of TN Displays. 12.1 The Basic Addressing Scheme and the Law of Alt and Pleshko
12.2 Implementation of PM Addressing
12.3 Multiple Line Addressing. 12.3.1 The basic equations
12.3.2 Waveforms for the row selection
12.3.3 Column voltage for MLA
12.3.4 Implementation of multi-line addressing
12.3.5 Modified PM addressing of STN cells. 12.3.5.1 Decreased levels of addressing voltages
12.3.5.2 Contrast and grey shades for MLA
12.4 Two Frequency Driving of PMLCDs
References
13. Passive Matrix Addressing of Bistable Displays
13.1 Addressing of Ferroelectric LCDs
13.1.1 The V τmin addressing scheme
13.1.2 The V − 1/τ addressing scheme
13.1.3 Reducing crosstalk in FLCDs
13.1.4 Ionic effects during addressing
13.2 Addressing of Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays
References
14. Addressing of Liquid Crystal Displays with a-Si Thin Film Transistors (a-Si-TFTs)
14.1 Properties of a-Si Thin Film Transistors
14.2 Static Operation of TFTs in an LCD
14.3 The Dynamics of Switching by TFTs
14.4 Bias-Temperature Stress Test of TFTs
14.5 Drivers for AMLCDs
14.6 The Entire Addressing System
14.7 Layouts of Pixels with TFT Switches
14.8 Fabrication Processes of a-Si TFTs
14.9 Addressing of VA Displays
14.9.1 Overshoot and undershoot driving of LCDs
14.9.2 The dynamic capacitance compensation (DCC)
14.9.3 Fringe field accelerated decay of luminance
14.9.4 The addressing of two subpixels
14.9.5 Biased vertical alignment (BVA)
14.10 Motion Blur
14.10.1 Causes, characterization and remedies of blur
14.10.2 Systems with decreased blur
14.10.2.1 Edge enhancement for reduced blur
14.10.2.2 Black insertion techniques
14.10.2.3 Scanning backlights
14.10.2.4 Higher frame rates for reducing blur
14.10.3 Modelling of blur
14.11 The Optical Response of a VA Cell
14.12 Reduction of the Optical Response Time by a Special Addressing Waveform
References
15. Addressing of LCDs with Poly-Si TFTs
15.1 Fabrication Steps for Top-Gate and Bottom-Gate Poly-Si TFTs
15.2 Laser Crystallization by Scanning or Large Area Anneal
15.3 Lightly Doped Drains for Poly-Si TFTs
15.4 The Kink Effect and its Suppression
15.5 Circuits with Poly-Si TFTs
References
16. Liquid Crystal on Silicon Displays
16.1 Fabrication of LCOS with DRAM-Type Analog Addressing
16.2 SRAM-Type Digital Addressing of LCOS
16.3 Microdisplays Using LCOS Technology
References
17. Addressing of Liquid Crystal Displays with Metal-Insulator-Metal Pixel Switches
References
18. Addressing of LCDs with Two-Terminal Devices and Optical, Plasma, Laser and e-beam Techniques
References
19. Components of LCD Cells
19.1 Additive Colours Generated by Absorptive Photosensitive Pigmented Colour Filters
19.2 Additive and Subtractive Colours Generated by Reflective Dichroic Colour Filters
19.3 Colour Generation by Three Stacked Displays
19.4 LED Backlights. 19.4.1 The advantages of LEDs as backlights
19.4.2 LED technology
19.4.3 Optics for LED backlights
19.4.4 Special applications for LED backlights. 19.4.4.1 Saving power and realizing scanning with LED backlights
19.4.4.2 Field sequential displays with LED backlights
19.4.4.3 Active matrix addressed LED backlights
19.4.5 The electronic addressing of LEDs
19.5 Cell Assembly
References
20. Projectors with Liquid Crystal Light Valves
20.1 Single Transmissive Light Valve Systems. 20.1.1 The basic single light valve system
20.1.2 The field sequential colour projector
20.1.3 A single panel scrolling projector
20.1.4 Single light valve projector with angular colour separation
20.1.5 Single light valve projectors with a colour grating
20.2 Systems with Three Light Valves. 20.2.1 Projectors with three transmissive light valves
20.2.2 Projectors with three reflective light valves
20.2.3 Projectors with three LCOS light valves
20.3 Projectors with Two LC Light Valves
20.4 A Rear Projector with One or Three Light Valves
20.5 A Projector with Three Optically Addressed Light Valves
References
21. Liquid Crystal Displays with Plastic Substrates. 21.1 Advantages of Plastic Substrates
21.2 Plastic Substrates and their Properties
21.3 Barrier Layers for Plastic Substrates
21.4 Thermo-Mechanical Problems with Plastics
21.5 Fabrication of TFTs and MIMs at Low Process Temperatures. 21.5.1 Fabrication of a-Si:H TFTs at low temperature
21.5.2 Fabrication of low temperature poly-Si TFTs
21.5.3 Fabrication of MIMs at low temperature
21.5.4 Conductors and transparent electrodes for plastic substrates
21.6 Transfer of High Temperature Fabricated AMLCDs to a Flexible Substrate
References
22. Printing of Layers for LC Cells
22.1 Printing Technologies. 22.1.1 Flexographic printing
22.1.2 Knife coating
22.1.3 Ink-jet printing
22.1.4 Silk screen printing
22.2 Surface Properties for Printing
22.3 Printing of Components for Displays. 22.3.1 Ink-jet printed colour filters, alignment layers and phosphors for LED Backlights
22.3.2 Flexographic printing of alignment layers and of nematic liquid crystals
22.3.3 Printing of OTFTs
22.4 Cell Building by Lamination
References
23. Advances of TFTs and Structures for Enhancing Mobility. 23.1 Physical Properties of Oxide Semiconductors
23.2 Mobility and Other Performance Criteria of TFTs
23.3 Materials and Structures for the Fabrication of Oxide TFTs
23.3.1 Amorphous oxide TFTs. 23.3.1.1 Basic materials of amorphous oxide TFTs
23.3.1.2 Structures for enhanced mobility of a-oxide TFTs
23.3.2 Crystalline IGZO-TFTs
23.4 Printing of TFTs
23.5 Flexible Displays
23.6 Organic TFTs
23.7 LC Materials with a Short Switching Time
References
24. Fringe-Field Switching (FFS) Technologies. 24.1 Evolution of LC Technologies in TFT-LCDs
24.2 Fundamentals of the FFS Mode
24.2.1 Switching principle of the FFS mode
24.2.2 Flexoelectric effect in the FFS mode
24.2.3 Cell parameters affecting electro-optics of FFS mode
24.2.3.1 Sign and magnitude of dielectric anisotropy of LC
24.2.3.2 An angle between initial LC director and Ey
24.2.3.3 Cell gap and retardation of LC layers
24.2.3.4 Fine patterning of electrodes
24.2.3.5 Dark state
24.3 Pixel Structure of the FFS Mode. 24.3.1 Structural comparison between IPS and FFS LCDs and the evolution of pixel structures in FFS LCDs
24.3.2 Pixel structure for head-mounted VR-HMD displays
24.3.3 Pixel structure for viewing angle switchable displays
References
25 Automotive Applications of Liquid Crystal Displays. 25.1 Introduction
25.2 Communication Zones in the Vehicle
25.3 The Early Beginnings of Instrumentation
25.4 Overview and Display Solutions over Time. 25.4.1 Single instruments and the instrument cluster
25.4.2 Analogue instruments
25.4.3 Digital instruments
25.4.4 Graphic modules
25.4.5 Reconfigurable instrument clusters
25.4.6 Centre console
25.4.7 The windshield
25.4.8 The rear passenger compartment area
25.5 Display Technologies for Driver Information Systems
25.5.1 Mechanical instruments
25.5.2 Dial and display illumination
25.5.3 Instruments with segmented displays
25.5.4 Requirements for LC displays
25.5.5 Graphic display modules in the instrument cluster
25.5.6 Large graphic display screens in the instrument cluster
25.5.7 Three-dimensional instrument cluster
25.5.8 Graphic LCDs in the centre console
25.6 Fusion of the Instrument Cluster with the Centre Console Display Unit
25.6.1 The panorama cockpit
25.7 Head-up Displays
25.7.1 HUD principle
25.7.2 HUD applications
25.7.3 Night vision with HUD
25.8 Nomadic Devices
25.9 HMI for Vehicles
25.9.1 The human sensory channels
25.9.2 European Statement of Principles on HMI
References
Appendix 1: Formats of Flat Panel Displays
Appendix 2: Optical Units of Displays
Appendix 3: Properties of Polarized Light
Index
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