Introduction to Energy, Renewable Energy and Electrical Engineering

Оглавление

Ewald F. Fuchs. Introduction to Energy, Renewable Energy and Electrical Engineering

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Illustrations

Guide

Pages

Introduction to Energy, Renewable Energy, and Electrical Engineering. Essentials for Engineering Science (STEM) Professionals and Students

Acknowledgments

References

Summary

Key Features

Preface

P.1 Key Features

P.2 The Climate Dilemma

P.2.1 Is the Renewable Energy Approach Too Optimistic?

P.2.2 Prerequisites for the Understanding of the Material as Offered in This Book

References

Glossary of Symbols, Abbreviations, and Acronyms. A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

About the Companion Website

1 Basic Concepts

1.1 Energy Conservation: Laws of Thermodynamics

1.2 Converting Heat to Mechanical Power

1.2.1 Carnot Cycle, Carnot Machines, and Carnot Efficiency

Application Example 1.1 Adiabatic process and Carnot efficiency

Solution

1.2.2 Rankine Cycle

1.2.3 Brayton Cycle

1.2.4 Ericsson Cycle

1.2.5 Internal Combustion Engines

1.2.6 Steam, Gas, and Oil Turbines

Application Example 1.2 Combined heat and electric power plant (CHP) [14, 15]

1.2.7 Energy Content of Common Fuels (e.g. Gasoline, Diesel, Methanol, Hydrogen)

1.3 Heat Pumps and Air‐Conditioning Units

1.3.1 Heating Cycle Of Heat Pump

1.3.2 Combined Heating and Cooling Performance (CHCP) Coefficient of a Residence

Application Example 1.3 Operating point of groundwater to water heat pump for 220 m2 residence

Solution

1.4 Hydro Turbines

Application Example 1.4 Hydropower plant with Francis turbine

Solution

1.5 Wind Power and the Lanchester–Betz–Joukowsky Limit

Application Example 1.5 Analysis of a 2.3 MW wind power plant at an altitude of 728 m

Solution

1.6 Thermal Solar and PV Plants

Application Example 1.6 Energy‐independent residence [34], Munich, Germany

Solution

Application Example 1.7 Comparison of the yearly energy consumption of a household‐type refrigerator and a smartphone

1.7 Capacity Factors

1.8 Force Calculations Based on Coulomb’s Law

1.8.1 Electric Charge

1.8.2 Electrostatic Force

Application Example 1.8 Force calculation

Solution

1.9 Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors

1.10 Instantaneous Current i and Voltage v

1.10.1 Instantaneous Voltage v, Work/Energy work, and Power p

1.11 The Question of Frequency: AC Versus DC Distribution and Transmission Systems

Application Example 1.9 Measurement of pulse in beats per minute (bpm)

Application Example 1.10 Measurement of pulse in beats per minute (bpm) hiking up an alpine mountain

Application Example 1.11 Measurement of hearing sound intensity and hearing area

1.12 Reference Directions and Polarities of Voltages and Currents

1.13 Power p

1.14 Ideal Passive Electric Circuit Elements

1.15 Independent and Dependent Voltage and Current Sources

1.16 Galvanic Elements, Voltaic Series, and Lead–Acid Batteries

Application Example 1.12 Lithium‐gold battery

Application Example 1.13 Electric automobile

Solution

Application Example 1.14 Selection of a battery for an automobile

1.17 Electrolysis

1.18 Flow Batteries and Fuel Cells

1.19 Reformer

1.20 Energy Storage Plants

1.21 Current Projects and Issues with Potential Solutions

Application Example 1.15 Geothermal district heating in Munich [73–76]

Application Example 1.16 Global distribution of modern groundwater depth

Application Example 1.17 Controlled fusion

Solution

Application Example 1.18 Light pollution due to street and building lighting in Berlin

1.22 Software in Public Domain (e.g. PSPICE, Mathematica, MATLAB/Simulink)

1.23 Summary

Problems

References

Appendix 1.A Design Data of Photovoltaic Power Plant of Figure E1.6.1

1.A.1 Electric Data at STC

1.A.2 Electric Data at NOCT

1.A.3 Conclusions with Respect to the Rating of PV Power Plants

1.A.4 Inverter Sunny Boy 3000TL Data

1.A.5 Conclusions with Respect to the Rating of Inverters

References

Appendix 1.B The Nature of Electricity and Its Manufacturing. 1.B.1 Tangible Personal Property

1.B.2 Manufacturing of Electric Energy

1.B.3 Free and Endowed Electrons

1.B.4 Processing of Electric Energy

1.B.5 Sources and Sinks of Endowed Electrons

1.B.6 Valence and Conduction Bands of Copper Atoms [6]

1.B.7 Electron Migration

1.B.8 Conductor Atoms/Ions Continually Interact with Free and Endowed Electrons

1.B.9 Deployment of Step‐Up and Step‐Down Transformers

1.B.10 Voltage and Current Changes

1.B.11 Regulatory Accounting Procedure

1.B.12 Efficient Transmission of Electric Energy and Transformer Action

1.B.13 Voltage Levels Usable by Customers

1.B.14 Energy Becomes a Finished Good with Specified Composition (e.g. Mandated Voltage, Current, Frequency, Quality, and Safety)

1.B.15 Water Pipeline and Electric Conductor Analogy Is Erroneous

1.B.16 An Analogy Between Information Transmission via Cellular Phone and Electric Energy Supply via Transmission Lines Is Erroneous

1.B.17 Vehicle of Energy Transmission

1.B.18 Court Decisions in Which Electric Energy Has Been Determined to Be Manufactured

References

Appendix 1.C The Cost of Electricity in a Renewable Energy System

1.C.1 Summary

References

Note

2 Electric Circuit Laws

2.1 Ohm's Law and Instantaneous Electric Power p(t)

2.2 Kirchhoff's Current and Voltage Laws (KCL) and (KVL), Respectively

2.3 Application of KVL to Single‐Loop Circuits

2.3.1 Voltage Division or Voltage Divider

Conclusions

2.4 Single‐Node Pair Circuits

Conclusions

2.4.1 Current Division

Conclusions

2.5 Resistor Combinations

Application Example 2.1 Simplification/transformation/reduction of a bridge circuit

Application Example 2.2 Bridge circuit in series with resistor Rseries

Solution

2.6 Nodal Analysis

Application Example 2.3 A three‐node network using KCL and Ohm's law

Solution

Conclusions

2.7 Loop or Mesh Analysis

Application Example 2.4 Two‐mesh circuit with mesh currents i1(t) and i2(t)

Solution

2.8 Superposition

2.8.1 Principle of Superposition

Application Example 2.5 Circuit with two independent sources vA(t) and iA(t)

Solution

Conclusions

2.9 Source Exchange/Transformation

2.10 Thévenin's and Norton's Theorems

Application Example 2.6 Derivation and use of Thévenin and Norton equivalent circuits for a given network

Solution

2.10.1 Equivalency of Thévenin and Norton Circuits

Conclusions

2.11 Wheatstone and Thomson Bridges

Application Example 2.7 Application of circuit laws to unbalanced Wheatstone bridge

Solution

2.12 Summary

Problems

References

3 DC Circuit Transient Analysis

3.1 Capacitors. 3.1.1 Energy Stored in a Capacitor

Application Example 3.1 Charging and discharging of an ideal capacitor having a capacitance of C = 5 μF with a sawtooth‐type triangular voltage as illustrated in Figure E3.1.1a. Solution

3.1.2 Capacitor Combination Formulas

Conclusions

3.2 Inductors

3.2.1 Energy Stored in an Inductor

Application Example 3.2 Charging and discharging of an ideal inductor with inductance L = 10 mH with a triangular voltage as illustrated in Figure E3.2.1a

Solution

Conclusions

3.2.2 Inductor Combination Formulas

3.3 Transient Analysis Applied to Circuits Resulting in First‐Order, Ordinary Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients

3.3.1 RC Series Network and Time Constant τRC

Application Example 3.3 Closed‐form or analytical solution of a first‐order ordinary differential equation with constant coefficients as described by Eq. (3.24) Solution

3.3.2 RL Series Network and Time Constant τRL

3.4 Transient Analysis Applied to Circuits Resulting in Second‐Order, Ordinary Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients

Application Example 3.4 Analytic solution of second‐order ordinary differential equation [10] with constant coefficients based on characteristic equation. Solution

Conclusions

3.5 Summary

Problems

References

4 Alternating Current (AC) Steady‐State Analysis with Phasors

4.1 Sinusoidal and Cosinusoidal Functions

4.2 Sinusoidal/Cosinusoidal and Complex Number Relations

4.2.1 Definition of Phasors

Conclusions

Application Example 4.1 Solution of the current response in the complex number domain for an RL circuit with the AC complex forcing voltage (t)

Solution

Conclusions

Conclusions

Application Example 4.2 Solution of RL circuit in phasor domain

Solution

Conclusions

4.3 Phasor Relations for Circuit Elements such as Resistor, Inductor, and Capacitor. 4.3.1 Resistor

4.3.2 Inductor

4.3.3 Capacitor

4.3.4 Definition of Impedance and Admittance

Summary

4.4 Delta‐Wye Transformation

4.5 Solution Based on Kirchhoff’s Laws. Application Example 4.3 Solution of the currents and voltages in an RLC network for the forcing source (s) voltage employing the Kirchhoff’s laws in the phasor domain

Solution

4.6 Solution Using Nodal Analysis. Application Example 4.4 Solution of the currents and voltages in an RLC network for the forcing voltage source (s) and the forcing current source employing the nodal analysis

Solution

4.7 Solution with Mesh and Loop Analysis by Applying Kirchhoff’s and Ohm’s Laws. Application Example 4.5 Solution of the currents and voltages in an RLC network for the forcing source (s) voltage and the forcing current source employing the mesh or loop analysis

Solution

4.8 Solution Based on Superposition. Application Example 4.6 Solution of the currents and voltages in an RLC network for the forcing voltage source (s) and the forcing current source employing the principle of superposition

Solution

4.9 Solution with Source Transformation/Exchange. Application Example 4.7 Solution of the currents and voltages in an RLC network of Figure E4.7.1 for the forcing source (s) voltage and the forcing current source employing the source transformation/exchange

Solution

4.10 Solutions Employing Thévenin’s and Norton’s Theorems and Source Transformations. Application Example 4.8 Solution of the currents and voltages in an RLC network for the forcing source (s) voltage and forcing source current employing Thévenin’s and Norton’s theorems in the phasor domain

Solution

Application Example 4.9 Solution of the currents and voltages in an RLC network for the forcing source (s) voltage and the forcing source current , employing Thévenin’s and Norton’s theorems in the phasor domain and source transformations

Solution

4.11 Nonsinusoidal Steady‐State Response

Application Example 4.10 Rectangular or trigonometric form of Fourier series development without applying certain symmetry conditions, representing the general case

Solution

Application Example 4.11 Exponential form of Fourier series development without applying certain symmetry conditions, representing the general case

Solution

4.12 Summary

Problems

References

Appendix 4.A Conversion of Phasors from Rectangular to Polar Form

5 Instantaneous and Steady‐State Power Analysis. 5.1 Introduction

5.2 Instantaneous Power p(t)

5.3 Average (Real) Power P

Conclusion

5.4 Relation Between Root‐Mean‐Square (rms) or Effective (eff) Value and Amplitude

Application Example 5.1

Solution

5.5 Fundamental or Displacement Power Factor

Conclusions

Application Example 5.2 Calculation of line current, line loss, and real power delivered by a source through a transmission line for different load fundamental power factors

Solution

Conclusion

5.6 Complex Power

Conclusions

Conclusion

Conclusion

Conclusion

Conclusion

Conclusion

Application Example 5.3 Analysis of a transmission/distribution line feeder (Figure E5.3.1) Solution

5.7 Fundamental Power Factor Correction

Application Example 5.4 Power factor compensation (increase of fundamental power factor) of an industrial load

Solution

5.8 Residential Single‐Phase AC Power Circuits in the United States

5.8.1 Power Requirements for Lighting Equipment

Application Example 5.5 Comparison of incandescent, CFL, and LED lightbulbs

Application Example 5.6 Analysis of a residential power system

Solution

5.9 Three‐Phase Distribution and Transmission Networks

5.9.1 Balanced Wye (Y) Source‐Wye (Y) Load Connection

5.9.2 Balanced Wye (Y) Source‐Delta (Δ) Load Connection

5.9.3 Treatment of Delta (Δ)‐Connected Source

5.9.4 Power Relationships for Three‐Phase Balanced Systems

5.10 Summary

Problems

References

6 Coupled Magnetic Circuits, Single‐ and Three‐Phase Transformers. 6.1 Introduction

6.2 Magnetic Circuits

Application Example 6.1 Calculate magnetic field intensity HΦ and magnetic field density BΦ inside (HΦ_in, BΦ_in) and outside (HΦ_out, BΦ_out) of a single infinitely long conductor with radius R = 3 mm conducting a DC current of I = 50 A in a uniform manner as shown in Figure E6.1.1

Solution

Application Example 6.2 Calculation of reluctances and , flux linkages λ, and magnetic stored energy (or work) in the air gap and laminated core Wgap, Wcore, respectively, in a magnetic circuit representing an inductor with one winding using the MKSAK system of units

Solution

6.3 Magnetically Coupled Circuits, Definition of Self‐ and Mutual Inductances

6.4 Unsaturated or Linear Single‐Phase Transformer

Application Example 6.3 Circuit with transformer represented by two coupled inductors (see Figure 6.12) and load impedance

Solution

6.5 Ideal Transformer

Application Example 6.4 Analysis of circuit with two coupled inductors

Solution

Application Example 6.5 Circuit with ideal (iron‐core permeability μ → ∞) single‐phase transformer and known voltage source with resistive load Rload

Solution

Application Example 6.6 Circuit with ideal (iron‐core permeability μ → ∞) single‐phase transformer and known current source with inductive load (Rload + jωLload) at f = 60 Hz

Solution

Application Example 6.7 Circuit with ideal (iron‐core permeability μ → ∞) single‐phase transformer and known current source with inductive load in parallel with a power factor correction capacitor C

Solution

Conclusions

6.6 Applications of Single‐Phase Power Transformers

Application Example 6.8

Solution

Application Example 6.9 Circuit with linear single‐phase transformer at resistive–inductive load with lagging power factor (PF) (current lags the voltage)

Solution

Application Example 6.10 Circuit with linear single‐phase transformer at resistive–inductive load with parallel capacitor C = 2 mF, resulting in lagging but increased power factor (PF) (current lags voltage)

Solution

Conclusions

6.7 Three‐Phase Power Transformers

Application Example 6.11 Circuit with linear Y‐Y three‐phase transformer at Y‐connected load resistances Rload, that is, and line impedances

Solution

Application Example 6.12 Circuit with linear Y‐Y three‐phase transformer at Δ‐connected resistive–inductive load and line impedances with lagging power factor (PF) cos θ (load current lags the load voltage)

Solution

Application Example 6.13 Circuit with linear Δ‐Y three‐phase transformer at Y‐connected resistive–inductive load and line impedances with lagging power factor (PF) cos θ (load current lags the load voltage)

Solution

Conclusions

Application Example 6.14 Circuit with linear Δ‐Y three‐phase transformer at Y‐connected resistive–inductive load with power factor (PF) correction employing a Δ‐connected capacitor bank C leading to lagging but increased PF cos θ (phase load current lags the phase load voltage). The secondary neutral is identified by ns

Solution

Conclusions

6.8 To Ground or Not to Ground? That Is the Question

6.9 Results Obtained Through More Accurate Calculation and Measurement Methods

6.10 Summary

Problems

References

7 Frequency Characteristics of Electric Circuits. 7.1 Introduction

7.2 Sinusoidal/Cosinusoidal Frequency Analysis

7.3 Passive Filters

7.3.1 Poles and Zeros of Transfer Function

7.3.2 First‐Order RC Low‐Pass Filter Circuit and Its Frequency Characteristics. Application Example 7.1 First‐order low‐pass filter with phasor voltage and parameters R = 5 Ω, C = 10 μF

7.3.3 First‐Order RC High‐Pass Filter Circuit and Its Frequency Characteristics. Application Example 7.2 First‐order RC high‐pass filter with phasor voltage and parameters R = 5 Ω, C = 10 μF

7.3.4 Band‐Pass and Band‐Rejection (Second‐Order) Filter Circuits and Their Frequency Characteristics

Application Example 7.3 Band‐pass (second‐order) RLC filter with , R = 5 Ω, L = 1 mH, C = 10 μF

Application Example 7.4 Band‐rejection (second‐order) filter with , R = 5 Ω, L = 1 mH, C = 10 μF

7.3.5 Series and Parallel Resonant RLC (Second‐Order) Circuits

Application Example 7.5 Series RLC (second‐order) resonant circuit with the source voltage and the circuit components R = 5 Ω, L = 1 mH, C = 10 μF

Application Example 7.6 Parallel RLC (second‐order) resonant circuit with the source voltage and the circuit components R = 5 Ω, L = 1 mH, C = 10 μF

Application Example 7.7 Calculation of bandwidth BW

7.4 Active Filters

7.5 Summary

Problems

References

8 Operational Amplifiers. 8.1 Introduction

8.2 Ideal Operational (OP) Amplifier

8.3 Noninverting OP Amplifier

Application Example 8.1 Input and output voltages of a noninverting (NI) linear OP amplifier

Solution

8.4 Unity‐Gain OP Amplifier

Application Example 8.2 Output voltage of a unity‐gain linear operational amplifier

Solution

8.5 Inverting OP Amplifier

Application Example 8.3 Voltage gain of inverting linear operational amplifier

Solution

8.6 Differential Amplifier

Application Example 8.4 Output voltage vout(t) for a differential linear OP amplifier

Solution

8.7 Summing Networks

Application Example 8.5 Output voltage for summing network

Solution

8.8 Integrating and Differentiating Networks

Application Example 8.6 Determination of output voltage of integrating circuit

Solution

Application Example 8.7 Determine the output voltage of differentiating circuit

Solution

Conclusions

8.9 Active Filters

8.10 Current‐to‐Voltage Converter

Application Example 8.8 Calculation of transresistance of current‐to‐voltage converter

Solution

8.11 Controllers for Electric Circuits

8.11.1 P Controller

Application Example 8.9 Current i(t) and angular velocity ωm(t) control of variable‐speed electric drives

Solution

8.11.2 I Controller

8.11.3 PI Controller

8.11.4 D Controller

8.11.5 PID Controller

Application Example 8.10 PID control

Solution

Conclusions

8.11.6 PD Controller

8.12 Summary

Problems

References

9 Semiconductor Diodes and Switches

9.1 Introduction

9.2 The pn Junction: Elementary Building Block of Semiconductor Diodes and Switches

Application Example 9.1 Calculation of diode saturation current IS

9.3 Zener Diode

9.4 Varistor

9.5 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)

9.6 Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field‐Effect Transistor (MOSFET)

9.7 Thyristor (Current Gate) or Silicon‐Controlled Rectifier (SCR)

9.8 Triac

9.9 Insulated‐Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)

9.10 Gate Turn‐Off Thyristor (GTO)

9.11 Summary

References

10 Applications of Semiconductor Switches Using PSPICE: Uncontrolled and Controlled AC–DC Converters (Rectifiers), AC Voltage and Current Regulators and Controllers, and DC–AC Converters (Inverters)

10.1 Half‐Wave, Single‐Phase Rectification

Application Example 10.1 Ideal diode characteristic

Conclusions

Application Example 10.2 Diode characteristic approximated by VD = 0.7 V

Application Example 10.3 Diode characteristic approximated by exponential function

Conclusions

Application Example 10.4 Rectifier with the three different diode approximations of Figure 10.2a–c and inductive load (R = 3 Ω, L = 5 mH)

Conclusions

Application Example 10.5 Half‐wave, single‐phase diode rectifier with resistor R = 3 Ω, inductor L = 1 mH, and capacitor C = 500 μF

Conclusions

Application Example 10.6 Half‐wave, single‐phase diode peak rectifier

Conclusions

Application Example 10.7 Voltage regulator with time delay

Conclusions

Application Example 10.8 Single‐phase regulator with voltage limiter

Conclusions

Application Example 10.9 Half‐wave, single‐phase thyristor (TH) rectifier with resistor R

Conclusions

Application Example 10.10 Half‐wave, single‐phase thyristor TH rectifier with resistor R and capacitor C

Conclusions

Application Example 10.11 Half‐wave, single‐phase rectifier supplying power to a resistor R where a MOSFET is in series with a diode D

Conclusions

Application Example 10.12 Half‐wave, single‐phase rectifier supplying power to a resistor R and capacitor C where a MOSFET is in series with a diode D

Conclusions

10.2 Full‐Wave, Single‐Phase Rectification

Application Example 10.13 Full‐wave, single‐phase diode bridge rectifier with resistor R

Conclusions

Application Example 10.14 Full‐wave, single‐phase diode bridge rectifier with resistor R and parallel capacitor C

Conclusions

Application Example 10.15 Full‐wave, single‐phase half‐controlled thyristor bridge rectifier with resistor R and capacitor C

Conclusions

Conclusions

Application Example 10.16 Full‐wave, single‐phase MOSFET rectifier with resistor R and filter capacitors Cf1 and Cf2

Conclusions

10.3 AC Current Controllers. Application Example 10.17 Full‐wave, single‐phase triac AC controller with resistor R

Conclusions

Application Example 10.18 Full‐wave, single‐phase triac AC controller with resistor R and capacitor C as filter

Conclusions

Application Example 10.19 Single‐phase pulse‐width‐modulated (PWM) AC current controller using two antiparallel‐connected MOSFETs in series with two diodes

Conclusions

10.4 Clippers and Clampers

Application Example 10.20 Clipper and clamper

Conclusions

Conclusions

10.5 Three‐Phase Rectifiers

Application Example 10.21 Full‐wave, three‐phase diode bridge rectifier

Conclusions

Application Example 10.22 Full‐wave, three‐phase thyristor bridge rectifier

Conclusions

Application Example 10.23 Full‐wave, three‐phase MOSFET rectifiers

Conclusions

Conclusions

Application Example 10.24 Full‐wave, three‐phase diode bridge rectifier with step‐down delta/wye input transformer supplied by power system with finite impedances

Solution

Conclusions

10.6 Three‐Phase Inverters

Application Example 10.25 Brushless DC machine drive [9–17]

Solution

Conclusions

Application Example 10.26 Battery supplies Psupply = 56.62 kW into the rms 380 VL‐L power system via a three‐phase current‐controlled voltage source inverter at a leading displacement power factor of cos(36.87°) = 0.80 (consumer notation of power factor)

Solution

Conclusions

10.7 Design of a Photovoltaic (PV) Power Plant

Application Example 10.27 Design of a maximum power point (MPP) PAC_supply = 35 kW photovoltaic (PV) power plant

Solution

Solution

Conclusions

10.8 Design of a Wind Power Plant

Application Example 10.28 Wind power plant with power rating of Pout_inverter = 219 kW

Solution

10.9 Efficiency Increase of Induction Motors Based on Semiconductor Controllers and Influence of Harmonics on Power System Components

10.10 Power Quality and the Use of Input and Output Filters for Rectifiers and Inverters

Application Example 10.29 Electric drive‐train circuit of a locomotive

Conclusions

10.11 Summary

Problems

References

11 DC Machines Serving as Role Models for AC Rotating Machine Operation and Electronic Converters. 11.1 Introduction

11.2 Mechanical Commutation Concept

11.3 Equivalent Circuits and Voltage–Current Diagrams of Separately, Cumulatively, Differentially, Self‐Excited, and Series‐Connected DC Machines

Application Example 11.1 Separately excited DC motor

Solution

11.4 Speed and Torque Control. Application Example 11.2 Transient analysis of a separately excited DC machine (motor/generator) with armature compensation (addition or weakening of flux) winding in stator based on Mathematica [10, 31–36] and equivalent circuit Figure E11.2.1

Solution

Conclusions

Conclusions

11.5 Summary

Problems

References

Appendix 11.A Magnetic Field Computation Based on Numerical Methods

Conclusions

References

Appendix 11.B Sample Calculation of Self‐ and Leakage Inductances and Flux of a DC Machine Field Winding from Flux Plots

References

12 Permanent‐Magnet, Induction, and Synchronous Machines: Their Performance at Variable Speed and Torque

12.1 Revolving Magnetic Field

Conclusions

12.2 Permanent‐Magnet Materials

Application Example 12.1 Maximum energy product (−BmHm)max

Application Example 12.2 Application of Ampere's law in three and two dimensions in free space

12.3 Designs of Permanent‐Magnet Machines (PMMs)

Application Example 12.3 Design of a permanent‐magnet generator for a direct‐drive, variable speed 20 kW or 30 kVA wind power plant [17, 18]

Solution

Application Example 12.4 High power density and high‐efficiency permanent‐magnet motors [6, 11–13] for electric vehicle applications with field distributions based on a polycentric grid/mesh system (see Appendix 11.A, Figure 11.A.3a–c)

Application Example 12.5 High power density and high‐efficiency permanent‐magnet motors [5, 6, 11, 12] for electric vehicle applications with field distributions based on a polycentric grid/mesh system (see Chapter 11, Appendix 11.A, Figure 11.A.3a–c)

Application Example 12.6 Field distributions for PMM with flux weakening/addition [12–16] based on a polycentric grid/mesh system (see Chapter 11, Appendix 11.A, Figure 11.A.3a–c)

12.3.1 Speed and Torque Control of PMM

12.3.2 Applications of PMM to Automobiles and Wind Power Plants. Application Example 12.7 Brushless DC motor/machine

Solution

Conclusions

Application Example 12.8 Direct‐drive, variable‐speed wind power plant

Conclusions

12.4 Three‐Phase (Polyphase) IMs: Balanced Operation

12.4.1 Basic Principle of Operation

12.4.2 Equivalent Circuits

Application Example 12.9 No‐load operation of IM (slip s = 0)

Solution

Application Example 12.10 Stator iron‐core forces at no‐load rated voltage operation of three‐phase IM

Application Example 12.11 Rated‐load and starting operations of IM with rated slip s = srated = 0.03 per unit (pu) and slip at starting (start) sstart = 1.0 pu, respectively

Solution

Application Example 12.12 Starting operation [32–35] of squirrel‐cage‐type IM with s = 1.0

12.4.3 Types of Induction Machines

12.4.4 Speed and Torque Control with Semiconductor Converters and Controllers of IM as Applied to Heat Pumps, Automobiles, Trains, and Wind Power Plants

Conclusions

12.4.5 Optimization of Three‐ and Single‐Phase IMs with Respect to Efficiency for Given Performance Constraints

12.5 Polyphase Non‐salient and Salient Pole Synchronous Machines (SMs)

12.5.1 Equivalent Circuits, Phasor Diagrams, and Magnetic Field Distributions Based on Polycentric Grid/Mesh Systems

Application Example 12.13 Analysis of non‐salient pole synchronous motor

Solution

Application Example 12.14 Inverter‐fed non‐salient pole synchronous motor with and without CFW [22, 23]

Solution

Solution

Solution

Conclusions

Application Example 12.15 Analysis of non‐salient pole synchronous generator

Solution

Application Example 12.16 Non‐salient pole synchronous generator feeding a rectifier

Solution

Conclusions

12.5.2 Applications of SMs When Independently Controlling Speed and Torque

12.6 Summary

Problems

References

Index. a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j

k

l

m

n

o

p

r

s

t

u

v

w

z

WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

Отрывок из книги

Ewald F. Fuchs

University of ColoradoBoulder, CO, USA

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Figure P.6 The breakup of China's southern power grid due to the concentration of high‐voltage DC transmission lines in Guangdong, making the AC grid unstable.

As a prerequisite to this effort, students must understand the following core competencies based on Applied Mathematics (APPM) 2350 Calculus III:

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