Ensuring Poverty

Ensuring Poverty
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In Ensuring Poverty , Felicia Kornbluh and Gwendolyn Mink assess the gendered history of welfare reform. They foreground arguments advanced by feminists for a welfare policy that would respect single mothers' rights while advancing their opportunities and assuring economic security for their families. Kornbluh and Mink consider welfare policy in the broad intersectional context of gender, race, poverty, and inequality. They argue that the subject of welfare reform always has been single mothers, the animus always has been race, and the currency always has been inequality. Yet public conversations about poverty and welfare, even today, rarely acknowledge the nexus between racialized gender inequality and the economic vulnerability of single-mother families. Since passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) by a Republican Congress and the Clinton administration, the gendered dimensions of antipoverty policy have receded from debate. Mink and Kornbluh explore the narrowing of discussion that has occurred in recent decades and the path charted by social justice feminists in the 1990s and early 2000s, a course rejected by policy makers. They advocate a return to the social justice approach built on the equality of mothers, especially mothers of color, in policies aimed at poor families.

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Felicia Kornbluh. Ensuring Poverty

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Ensuring Poverty

Welfare Reform in Feminist Perspective

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Title I of the welfare reform law allowed the prerogatives of individual states to billow. To be sure, TANF legislation charged states with new duties, in cluding enforcement of new program rules. Further, TANF provisions required states to meet certain program participation goals in exchange for federal funds. Also, the new funding formula, block grants to states, capped federal funding to each state and required states to maintain a financial contribution to overall welfare spending under a “maintenance of effort” provision. Still, within the punitive paradigm, states were given wide disciplinary discretion over how to spend those funds—discretion wider than they had had at any time since the implementation of federal public assistance in the 1930s and 1940s.41

Under the 1996 law, individual state governments can turn away applicants for aid even if they meet every criterion of eligibility. If, for example, certain people have the misfortune to apply after state funds and the federal block grant have been exhausted, officials can legitimately turn them away. States also can discourage TANF enrollment even if funds are available, as many have done through “diversion” programs that direct applicants to exhaust all possible private aid before turning to public welfare. Indeed, caseload reduction incentives in the TANF law, combined with sanctions provisions and capped funding, have pushed states to constrict TANF participation even as the need for aid has failed to abate.

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