Оглавление
Fernando Suarez. Periodontics
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CONTRIBUTORS
1. ANATOMY. Miguel Romero Bustillos, DDS, PhD. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
Periodontium: Attachment Apparatus. PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT
Origin
Composition
ALVEOLAR BONE
CEMENTUM
GINGIVA
Free gingiva
Attached gingiva
Oral epithelium
Sulcular epithelium
Junctional epithelium
SUPRACRESTAL TISSUE ATTACHMENT
Peri-Implant Attachment Apparatus
References
2. EXAMINATION AND DIAGNOSIS. Shan-Huey Yu, DDS, MS. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
Clinical Examination
PROBING DEPTH
CLINICAL ATTACHMENT LEVEL
ATTACHED GINGIVA AND KERATINIZED GINGIVA
BLEEDING ON PROBING
FURCATION INVOLVEMENT
Horizontal destruction
Vertical destruction
MOBILITY
Radiographic Interpretation
Advanced and Emerging Examination
Classifications of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions
1989 WORLD WORKSHOP IN CLINICAL PERIODONTICS
1999 INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP FOR A CLASSIFICATION OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES AND CONDITIONS
2017 WORLD WORKSHOP ON THE CLASSIfiCATION OF PERIODONTAL AND PERI-IMPLANT DISEASES AND CONDITIONS
Conclusion
References
3. GINGIVITIS AND PERIODONTITIS. Carlos Parra Carrasquer, DDS. Fernando Suárez López del Amo, DDS, MS. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
Epidemiology
PREVALENCE
Periodontitis
Gingivitis
Aggressive periodontitis
Tooth loss
Dental Biofilm
Theories of Pathogenesis
NONSPECIFIC PLAQUE THEORY
SPECIFIC PLAQUE THEORY
ECOLOGICAL PLAQUE HYPOTHESIS
Gingivitis
Non-Plaque-Induced Gingival Diseases
Chronic Periodontitis
MODELS OF DISEASE PROGRESSION
Aggressive Periodontitis
Periodontitis as a Manifestation of Systemic Diseases
Necrotizing Periodontal Diseases
References
4. RISKS. Theodoros Katsaros, DDS, MSD. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
Risk Factors. SMOKING
Local effects
Systemic effects
Treatment outcomes
DIABETES MELLITUS
Local effects
Treatment outcomes
PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
Risk Determinants. GENETICS
AGE
SEX
RACE
Risk Indicators. OBESITY
OSTEOPOROSIS
STRESS
ALCOHOL
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
OTHER
Risk Markers. BLEEDING ON PROBING
PROBING DEPTH
FURCATION INVOLVEMENT
CRESTAL LAMINA DURA
References
5. LOCAL ANATOMICAL AND CONTRIBUTING FACTORS. Carlos Garaicoa-Pazmiño, DDS, MS. Vahid Khoshkam, DDS, MS. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
Biofilm and Calculus
MECHANISM OF CALCULUS ATTACHMENT
Developmental Deformities. ENAMEL PROJECTIONS
ENAMEL PEARLS
Furcations. FURCATION MORPHOLOGY
LOCATION OF FURCATION ENTRANCE
CLASSIFICATION OF FURCATION DEFECTS
FURCATION ARROW
Root Morphology. ROOT SURFACE AREA
ROOT CONCAVITIES
Root Proximity. DEFINITION AND CHARACTERISTICS
CLASSIFICATION FOR ROOT PROXIMITY
Root Surface Anomalies. INTERMEDIATE BIFURCATIONAL RIDGE
Grading system
PALATORADICULAR GROOVES
ACCESSORY CANALS
Classification
ENDODONTIC-PERIODONTAL RELATIONSHIP
CEMENTICLES
CEMENTAL TEARS
Palatal Exostosis (Tubercles)
Dental Materials and Tooth Position–Related Factors. IMPACT OF DENTAL MATERIALS
LOCATION OF THE RESTORATIVE MARGIN
SUBGINGIVAL PLAQUE AND DENTAL RESTORATIONS
STATUS OF THE RESTORATIVE MARGIN
OVERHANGING RESTORATIONS
OPEN INTERPROXIMAL CONTACTS
MARGINAL RIDGE DISCREPANCIES
TOOTH POSITION–RELATED CONDITIONS
IMPACTED THIRD MOLARS
RETENTION OF HOPELESS TEETH
References
6. OCCLUSAL TRAUMA. Emilio Couso-Queiruga, DDS, MS. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
Occlusal Trauma and Periodontal Disease
GLICKMAN’S CONCEPT
WAERHAUG’S CONCEPT
ANIMAL STUDIES
American group
Scandinavian group
CLINICAL STUDIES
Contributing Factors. OCCLUSAL DISCREPANCIES
BRUXISM
Diagnostic Considerations
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF OCCLUSAL TRAUMA
Occlusal Trauma and Related Manifestations. OCCLUSAL TRAUMA AND GINGIVAL RECESSION
TRAUMATIC OCCLUSAL FORCES AND ABFRACTION
Occlusal Trauma and Dental Implants
Occlusal Treatment
OCCLUSAL ADJUSTMENT
STABILIZATION OF TEETH
Conclusion
References
7. PROGNOSIS. Carlos Garaicoa-Pazmiño, DDS, MS. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
Endpoints of Prognosis Systems. TOOTH LOSS
Patterns of individual tooth loss
Prediction of tooth loss vs therapeutic outcomes
PERIODONTAL STABILITY
Determining Factors for Assigning Prognosis
Duration of Prognosis (Short- Versus Long-Term)
Classifications
Miscellaneous
References
8. TREATMENT PLANNING. Carlos Parra Carrasquer, DDS. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
Treatment Goals
Sequence of Therapeutic Procedures. PRELIMINARY (EMERGENCY) OR SYSTEMIC PHASE
INITIAL THERAPY: DISEASE CONTROL (PHASE 1)
SURGICAL THERAPY (PHASE 2)
RESTORATIVE THERAPY (PHASE 3)
MAINTENANCE PHASE: SPT (PHASE 4)
Periodontal Considerations. RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY
ENDODONTICS
ORTHODONTICS
DENTAL IMPLANTS
Case Presentation
PATIENT INFORMATION
MEDICAL HISTORY
DENTAL HISTORY
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ANESTHESIOLOGY (ASA) MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS
PERIODONTAL DIAGNOSIS
PROGNOSIS. Based on McGuire61
Based on Kwok and Caton62
RECOMMENDED TREATMENT PLAN
References
9. NONSURGICAL THERAPY. Federico Ausenda, DDS, MS. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
Oral Hygiene Instructions and Devices
Instruments. MANUAL, SONIC, AND ULTRASONIC
Removal of Contaminated Cementum
Adjunctive Therapy. IRRIGATION
ANTIBIOTICS
LASERS
PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY
POWDERS
Operative Considerations. THERAPEUTIC OBJECTIVES
TECHNIQUE SELECTION
QUADRANT SRP VERSUS FMD
Limitations of Nonsurgical Therapy
NONSURGICAL VERSUS SURGICAL
CRITICAL PROBING DEPTH
MULTIROOTED TEETH
THE POSTPROPHYLAXIS ABSCESS
Reevaluation
References
10. SURGICAL NONREGENERATIVE THERAPY. Anusha Reddy Etikala, BDS, MS. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
Techniques. MODIFIED WIDMAN FLAP
OSSEOUS SURGERY
EXCISIONAL NEW ATTACHMENT PROCEDURE
LASER-ASSISTED NEW ATTACHMENT PROCEDURE
Longitudinal Studies. MICHIGAN STUDIES
Maintenance care
Tooth mobility
Conclusions from Michigan longitudinal studies
MINNESOTA STUDIES
Molar and nonmolar comparison
Conclusions from Minnesota longitudinal studies
NEBRASKA STUDIES
Effects of smoking
Conclusions from Nebraska longitudinal studies
LOMA LINDA–LUND STUDIES
Oral hygiene
Conclusions from Loma Linda–Lund longitudinal studies
ARIZONA STUDIES
Mean annual tooth loss rate in periodontitis patients
Conclusions from Arizona longitudinal studies
WASHINGTON STUDIES
Conclusions from Washington longitudinal studies
SWEDISH STUDIES
Critical probing depth
Conclusions from Swedish longitudinal studies
DENMARK STUDIES
Conclusions from Denmark longitudinal studies
Conclusions
References
11. SURGICAL REGENERATIVE THERAPY. Mustafa Tattan, BDS. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
Criteria and Rationale for GTR
Barrier Membranes
NONABSORBABLE MEMBRANES
ABSORBABLE MEMBRANES
Bone Grafting Materials
AUTOGRAFTS
ALLOGRAFTS
XENOGRAFTS
ALLOPLASTS
Biologics
Clinical Considerations and Outcomes
GTR VERSUS OFD. Intrabony defects
Furcation defects
GTR WITH ABSORBABLE VERSUS NONABSORBABLE MEMBRANES. Intrabony defects
Furcation defects
GTR WITH OR WITHOUT GRAFTING MATERIAL. Intrabony defects
Furcation defects
Determining Factors
PATIENT-RELATED FACTORS
Oral hygiene
Smoking
Miscellaneous
DEFECT-RELATED FACTORS
Intrabony defects
Furcation defects
TECHNIQUE-RELATED FACTORS
Postoperative Considerations
Conclusion
References
12. TISSUE ENGINEERING. Juan C. Rodríguez, DDS, MS. Miguel Romero Bustillos, DDS, PhD. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
Periodontal Tissue Engineering
Cell-Based Therapy
EXTRAORAL MSCs
INTRAORAL MSCs
Gene-Delivery Therapy
Signaling Molecules
PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTORS
BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS
FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 2
GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR 5
ENAMEL MATRIX DERIVATIVES
PLATELET-RICH CONCENTRATES
TERIPARATIDE
Scaffolding Matrices
PREFABRICATED SCAFFOLDS
INJECTABLE SCAFFOLDS
COMPUTER-BASED DESIGNED AND FABRICATED SCAFFOLDS
Conclusions
References
13. PERIODONTAL CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS. Andrea Ravidà, DDS, MS. Lorenzo Tavelli, DDS, MS. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
Systemic Antibiotics. INDICATIONS
TIMING OF ANTIBIOTIC ADMINISTRATION
AZITHROMYCIN
METRONIDAZOLE
COMBINATION THERAPY: METRONIDAZOLE AND AMOXICILLIN
TETRACYCLINE
Local Antimicrobials
MINOCYCLINE MICROSPHERES AND OINTMENT
AZITHROMYCIN GEL
DOXYCYCLINE
TETRACYCLINE FIBER
METRONIDAZOLE GEL
Host-Modulating Agents
MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE INHIBITORS
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY THERAPIES
BONE-SPARING AGENTS
Conclusions
References
14. PERIODONTAL WOUND HEALING. Lorenzo Tavelli, DDS, MS. Andrea Ravidà, DDS, MS. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
Principles of Wound Healing
Factors Affecting Wound Healing
Healing Following Periodontal Procedures. NONSURGICAL THERAPY
GINGIVECTOMY
FLAPS
SPLIT- VERSUS FULL-THICKNESS FLAP
APICALLY POSITIONED FLAP
OSSEOUS SURGERY
SOFT TISSUE GRAFTING. Free gingival graft
Connective tissue graft
Palatal harvesting
GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION
Microsurgical Approach
Complications During Wound Healing
References
15. ALVEOLAR RIDGE PRESERVATION. Fernando Suárez López del Amo, DDS, MS. Juan C. Rodríguez, DDS, MS. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
Anatomical Characteristics
Postextraction Socket Healing
DIMENSIONAL TISSUE ALTERATIONS
Hard tissue
Soft tissue
Management of the Extraction Socket
ALVEOLAR RIDGE PRESERVATION
IMMEDIATE IMPLANT PLACEMENT
ALTERNATIVE TREATMENTS
Conclusions
References
16. DENTAL IMPLANTS. Aaeshah Alkanderi, BMedSc, BDM, MS. Fernando Suárez López del Amo, DDS, MS. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
Osseointegration
Implant versus Tooth
Implant Design and Components
IMPLANT BODY
Threads
Morphology
Surface
Width
Length
Crown-to-implant ratio
CONNECTION
Protocols
TIMING OF IMPLANT PLACEMENT
TIMING OF IMPLANT RESTORATION
GUIDED SURGERY
Performance. SURVIVAL
SUCCESS
IMPLANT FAILURE
COMPLICATIONS
Positioning Guidelines
MESIODISTAL. Implant-tooth distance
Interimplant distance
APICOCORONAL
BUCCOLINGUAL
Alternatives to Titanium. ZIRCONIA
References
17. MARGINAL BONE LOSS. Vahid Khoshkam, DDS, MS. Fernando Suárez López del Amo, DDS, MS. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
Etiology
Implant-Abutment Interface. LOCATION
ABUTMENT CHARACTERISTICS. Properties
Size (platform switching)
IMPLANT-ABUTMENT CONNECTION
Implant Size
LENGTH
WIDTH
Implant Positioning. RELATIVE TO THE ALVEOLAR CREST
RELATIVE TO ADJACENT DENTITION
RELATIVE TO ADJACENT IMPLANTS
Biologic Factors. FORMATION OF SUPRACRESTAL ATTACHED TISSUES
PERI-IMPLANT SOFT TISSUES
Mechanical Factors. OCCLUSAL FORCES
INSERTION TORQUE
Other Factors. METAL PARTICLES
TIMING OF IMPLANT PLACEMENT AND IMPLANT LOADING
Conclusion
References
18. PERI-IMPLANT DISEASES. Alberto Monje, DDS, MS, PhD. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
Diagnosis
Prevalence
Etiology
Risk Factors and Risk Indicators. PERI-IMPLANT MUCOSITIS
PERI-IMPLANTITIS
Risk factors
Risk indicators
Areas of future research
Histopathologic Characteristics and Progression Pattern. HISTOPATHOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS
ONSET AND PROGRESSION
Prognosis. MUCOSITIS
PERI-IMPLANTITIS
Treatment. THERAPEUTIC CRITERIA FOR SUCCESS
PREREQUISITES FOR TREATMENT
MUCOSITIS
PERI-IMPLANTITIS
Peri-implant defect morphology
Therapeutic outcomes
Conclusion
References
19. HORIZONTAL BONE AUGMENTATION. Vahid Khoshkam, DDS, MS. Fernando Suárez López del Amo, DDS, MS. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
Classifications
Principles for Successful Bone Augmentation
Surgical Techniques
GUIDED BONE REGENERATION
Barrier membranes
Bone grafting materials
BLOCK GRAFTING
RIDGE SPLIT
TISSUE EXPANSION
References
20. VERTICAL BONE AUGMENTATION. Arash Khojasteh, DDS, MS, PhD. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
Determining Factors
Grafting Alternatives
AUTOGENOUS
Extraoral donor sites
Intraoral donor sites
XENOGRAFT
ALLOGRAFT
BIOLOGIC AGENTS
Bone morphogenetic proteins
Platelet derivatives
Cells
Augmentation Techniques
ONLAY GRAFTING
GUIDED BONE REGENERATION
GBR type I
GBR type II
GBR type III
INLAY GRAFTING
Distraction Osteogenesis
Healing
Complications
References
21. SINUS AUGMENTATION. Basel Elnayef, DDS, MS, PhD. Carlos Garaicoa-Pazmiño, DDS, MS. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
Anatomy of the Maxillary Sinus
SINUS MEMBRANE
SEPTUM
Origin
Extension
Size
Prevalence
VASCULARIZATION
Techniques
CRESTAL APPROACH
LATERAL WINDOW
Grafting Materials
NO GRAFTING MATERIAL
AUTOGENOUS BONE
XENOGRAFT
ALLOGRAFT
ALLOPLASTS
SUMMARY
Barrier Membranes
Implant Placement Protocol
Complications
References
22. MUCOGINGIVAL THERAPY. Fernando Suárez López del Amo, DDS, MS. Vahid Khoshkam, DDS, MS. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
Gingival Recession. PREVALENCE
ETIOLOGY
CLASSIFICATIONS
Treatment. THERAPEUTIC OBJECTIVES
TECHNIQUES
OUTCOMES. Untreated gingival recessions
Treated gingival recessions
Creeping attachment
Long-term outcomes
Grafting Materials. AUTOGENOUS GRAFTS
ALTERNATIVES TO AUTOGENOUS GRAFTS
Modifying Factors
SMOKING
CRITICAL FACTORS IN MUCOGINGIVAL THERAPY
NONCARIOUS CERVICAL LESIONS
Mucosal Recession Around Dental Implants
References
23. PERIODONTAL AND PERI-IMPLANT MAINTENANCE. Lucía Barallat, DDS, MS, PhD. Jose Nart, DDS, PhD. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
Importance of SPT
PROGRESSION OF PERIODONTAL DISEASE IN NONCOMPLIANT PATIENTS
PROGRESSION OF PERIODONTAL DISEASE IN COMPLIANT PATIENTS
MAINTENANCE INTERVALS
EFFECTIVENESS OF SPT ON PERI-IMPLANT HEALTH
SPT Visit
SPT Risk Assessment
PATIENT LEVEL
Compliance with the recall system
Oral hygiene
Bleeding on probing
Residual pockets 5 mm or greater
Tooth loss (out of 28 teeth)
Bone loss in relation to patient’s age
Systemic and genetic factors
Cigarette smoking
How to determine patient’s individual periodontal risk assessment
TOOTH LEVEL. Furcation involvement
Iatrogenic factors
Tooth mobility
Residual periodontal support
Tooth position
Initial tooth prognosis
SITE LEVEL
Bleeding on probing
Probing depth
Suppuration
Peri-Implant Maintenance. MONITORING PERI-IMPLANT HEALTH STATUS
MAINTENANCE OF DENTAL IMPLANTS
References
24. INTERDISCIPLINARY TREATMENT. Gonzalo Blasi, DDS, MS. Ignacio Blasi, DDS, MS, PhD. Alvaro Blasi, DDS, CDT. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
Periodontic–Orthodontic Interrelationship
ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT AND GINGIVAL RECESSION
RESPONSE OF THE PERIODONTIUM TO ORTHODONTIC MOVEMENT
ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT AND PERIODONTAL HEALTH
TIMING BETWEEN ORTHODONTIC AND PERIODONTAL TREATMENT
ORTHODONTIC MOVEMENT INTO INTRABONY DEFECTS
EXTRUSION AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE PERIODONTIUM
Periodontic–Prosthodontic Interrelationship
ESTHETIC PARAMETERS FOR PERIODONTAL TREATMENT
ESTHETIC CROWN LENGTHENING
OSSEOUS SURGERY FOR NONRESTORABLE TEETH
PROSTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR RESTORING TEETH WITH A REDUCED PERIODONTIUM. Crown-to-root ratio
Splinting teeth
Preparation design
INFLUENCE OF RESTORATIONS ON THE PERIODONTIUM. Overhanging restorations and periodontal health
Violation of the biologic width
Interdental contacts
Periodontic–Endodontic Interrelationship
PRIMARY ENDODONTIC LESION
PRIMARY PERIODONTAL LESION
PRIMARY ENDODONTIC, SECONDARY PERIODONTAL LESION
PRIMARY PERIODONTAL, SECONDARY ENDODONTIC LESION
TRUE COMBINED LESION
CONCOMITANT LESION
References
25. EVIDENCE-BASED DENTISTRY. Guo-Hao Lin, DDS, MS. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
Study Protocol. PICOS QUESTION
NULL HYPOTHESIS
POWER ANALYSIS/CALCULATION
Frequency Distribution. CONTINGENCY TABLE
Types of Studies. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES
Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. PRISMA
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
META-ANALYSIS
HETEROGENEITY ANALYSIS
RISK-OF-BIAS ASSESSMENT
References
26. ORAL MEDICINE AND PATHOLOGY. Vivian Petersen Wagner, DDS, PhD. Manoela Domingues Martins, DDS, PhD. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
Developmental Disorders. EXOSTOSES
Local Soft Tissue Lesions. TRAUMATIC ULCERS
FRICTIONAL KERATOSIS
RECURRENT APHTHOUS STOMATITIS
DRUG-INDUCED GINGIVAL LESIONS
PLASMA CELL GINGIVITIS
NONNEOPLASTIC PROLIFERATIVE LESIONS
GIANT CELL FIBROMA
Infectious Diseases. VIRAL INFECTIONS. Herpetic
Human papillomavirus
Other viral infections
FUNGAL INFECTIONS. Oral candidiasis
Systemic mycoses
Autoimmune Diseases
LICHEN PLANUS
PEMPHIGUS VULGARIS
MUCOUS MEMBRANE PEMPHIGOID (CICATRICIAL PEMPHIGOID)
SJöGREN SYNDROME
Pigmented Disorders. PHYSIOLOGIC PIGMENTATION
SMOKER’S MELANOSIS
AMALGAM TATTOO
MELANOTIC MACULE AND NEVUS
MELANOMA
Potentially Malignant Disorders. LEUKOPLAKIA
LICHEN PLANUS
Neoplasms
BENIGN NEOPLASMS
MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS. Squamous cell carcinoma
Osteosarcoma
Lymphomas
Leukemic gingival infiltration
Oral metastasis
Odontogenic Cysts and Tumors
ODONTOGENIC TUMORS. Ameloblastic carcinoma
Ameloblastoma
Unicystic ameloblastoma
Odontoma
Other benign odontogenic tumors
ODONTOGENIC AND NONODONTOGENIC CYSTS. Periapical cyst and other apical inflammatory lesions
Gingival cyst of adult and periodontal lateral cyst
Dentigerous and eruption cysts
Odontogenic keratocyst
Nasopalatine duct cyst
Other Bone Lesions. FIBROOSSEOUS LESIONS
OSTEOMYELITIS
MEDICATION-RELATED OSTEONECROSIS OF THE JAW
OSTEORADIONECROSIS OF THE JAWS
CENTRAL GIANT CELL GRANULOMA
Oral Manifestations of Genetic Disorders
Oral Complications of Chemotherapy and Head/Neck Radiation
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
References
27. PHARMACOLOGY. Alexandra Plonka Hosking, DDS, MS. Rachel Sheridan Sinacola, DDS, MS. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
ASA Classification
Antibiotics
INDICATIONS FOR ANTIBIOTICS IN PERIODONTAL THERAPY
Treatment of abscess or infection
Adjunct to periodontal therapy
Preventive
Premedication
ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS
Candidates for antibiotic prophylaxis
Antibiotic selection
Nonnarcotic Pain and Anti-Inflammatory Medications. POSTSURGICAL PAIN OVERVIEW
NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDs)17
ASPIRIN17
ACETAMINOPHEN17
SYSTEMIC CORTICOSTEROIDS17
TOPICAL CORTICOSTEROIDS17
Oral and Intravenous Sedation Medications, Reversal Agents, and Opioid Analgesics
OVERVIEW. Continuum of depth of sedation
BENZODIAZEPINES
OPIOIDS FOR SEDATION AND ANALGESIA
NITROUS OXIDE30
Local Anesthesia
Anticoagulants. TESTS FOR BLEEDING RISK
COMMON MEDICATIONS FOR PATIENTS WITH COAGULATION DISORDERS
Antiviral Agents
Antifungal Agents
References
28. MEDICAL EMERGENCIES. Farah Asa’ad, BDS, MSc, PhD. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
Loss of Consciousness. VASOVAGAL SYNCOPE (FAINT)
Causes at the dental chair
Signs and symptoms
Treatment and management
POSTURAL HYPOTENSION
Causes at the dental chair
Signs and symptoms
Treatment and management
Prevention
HYPOGLYCEMIC COMA
Causes at the dental chair
Signs and symptoms
Treatment and management
Prevention
ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY
Causes at the dental chair
Signs and symptoms
Treatment and management
Prevention
Respiratory Distress. ASTHMA
Causes at the dental chair
Signs and symptoms
Treatment and management
HYPERVENTILATION (PANIC ATTACK)
Causes at the dental chair
Signs and symptoms
Treatment and management
Allergic Reactions. ANAPHYLAXIS
Causes at the dental chair
Signs and symptoms
Treatment and management
ANGIOEDEMA
Causes at the dental chair
Signs and symptoms
Treatment and management
Prevention
Epileptic Seizures. TONIC-CLONIC SEIZURES (GRAND MAL SEIZURES)
Causes at the dental chair
Signs and symptoms
Treatment and management
Bleeding Disorders
Causes at the dental chair
Signs and symptoms
Treatment and management
Prevention
Chest Pain. ANGINA PECTORIS
Causes at the dental chair
Signs and symptoms
Treatment and management
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (HEART ATTACK)
Signs and symptoms
Treatment and management
Cardiac Arrest
Causes at the dental chair
Signs and symptoms
Treatment and management
Rescue breaths
Foreign Body Aspiration and Choking
Causes at the dental chair
Signs and symptoms
Treatment and management
Prevention
Emergency Kit
Conclusions
Reference
Further Reading
INDEX
