Mineral Resource Economics 1

Оглавление

Florian Fizaine. Mineral Resource Economics 1

Table of Contents

List of Illustrations

List of Tables

Guide

Pages

Mineral Resources Economics 1. Context and Issues

Introduction

I.1. Why are mineral resources important?

I.1. Should we fear a new mineral jump caused by the decarbonation of energy?

I.1. Systemic mechanics associated with multiple corollaries: insights provided by interdisciplinarity

I.1. References

1. Assessment of European Demand for Mineral Resources by Material Flow Analyses: The Case of Cobalt

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Cobalt market: structure and operation

1.2.1. Diverse and highly concentrated resources

1.2.2. Production and actors

1.2.3. A market undergoing profound change

1.3. A method combining value chain analysis and material flow analysis

1.3.1. Value chain methodology. 1.3.1.1. Value chain and competitiveness

1.3.1.2. The value chain as a tool for economic development

1.3.2. Material flow analysis, for a better understanding of cobalt demand. 1.3.2.1. Origins and characteristics of material flow analysis

1.3.2.2. MFA steps

1.4. Results of and discussions on cobalt flow analysis in the European Union

1.4.1. Changes in flows and stocks: lessons from MFA

1.4.2. Value chain partnerships and flow analysis assistance

1.5. Conclusion

1.6. Appendix: quantities of cobalt contained in primary and refined streams, recycling rates, and cobalt waste management

1.7. References

2. Financialization of the Minerals and Metals Market: Origin, Challenges and Prospects

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Dynamics of financialization: understanding the heterogeneity of the minerals and metals sector

2.2.1. Functions of a raw material chain and outsourcing price risk

2.2.2. Business practices and the role of futures

2.3. Effects of financialization: from price dynamics to value chain change

2.3.1. Financialization and dynamics of raw material prices

2.3.2. Effects of financialization on the structuring of commodity chains

2.4. Conclusion

2.5. References

3. Geopolitics of Metals: Between Strategies of Power and Influence

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Natural resources doctrine

3.3. Abundant, sensitive, critical, and strategic metals

3.4. Competitive consumption

3.5. Proliferation of “unobtanium metals”

3.6. Strategy of influence, strategic stock, and exploration

3.7. Conclusion

3.8. References

4. Mineral Wealth Endowment, a Construct

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Mineral endowment, an attempt at clarification

4.2.1. Production and reserves

4.2.2. Resources and perception

4.3. Unequal distribution of resources

4.3.1. Copper

4.3.2. Tin

4.4. Discussion: building mining endowment

4.5. Conclusion

4.6. Acknowledgements

4.7. References

5. Modeling the Long-Term Evolution of Primary Production Energy and Metal Prices

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Relationship between concentration and production energy

5.3. Equivalence between energy and price

5.4. Technological improvement and evolution of production energy and metal prices over time

5.5. Application to copper primary production

5.6. Application to nickel, aluminum, silver, and gold

5.7. Conclusion

5.8. References

6. Environmental Footprint of Mineral Resources

6.1. Introduction

6.2. Notion of environmental footprint. 6.2.1. Beginnings of the footprint

6.2.2. Lifecycle assessment and impacts

6.2.3. How are impacts translated into a footprint?

6.2.4. Towards a more integrative impact footprint

6.3. Principles of input–output analysis. 6.3.1. Input–output tables: summary tables of the economy. 6.3.1.1. What are they?

6.3.1.2. What are they for?

6.3.2. IOTs and redistributions within the economy. 6.3.2.1. From the IOT to the technical coefficients (IO) table

6.3.2.2. Transfers of added value between industries

6.4. Towards IOTs extended to the environment

6.4.1. Current extensions

6.4.1.1. Emissions (NAMEA)

6.4.1.2. Resources

6.4.1.3. Waste: “products” or environmental extension?

6.4.2. Inclusion of direct environmental extensions in IOTs

6.4.3. Imports and environmental extensions

6.5. Calculation of environmental footprints of metals by MRIO analysis. 6.5.1. Basic principles of MRIO analysis

6.5.2. Available databases

6.5.3. Metal requirements for French final demand

Box 6.1.Metal production activities in Exiobase v3

6.5.4. Environmental footprint of metal production

6.6. Conclusion

6.7. References

7. Why Should We Fear Energy and Material Savings? Deconstructing a Sustainability Myth

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Conceptual critique of the “eco-efficiency” principle

7.2.1. Historical review of the rise of eco-efficiency, or how to “produce more with less” 7.2.1.1. The 1970s, a period faced with the resource crisis

7.2.1.2. 1980–1990: eco-efficiency, a means of collective mobilization to operationalize sustainable development

7.2.1.3. 2000–2010: eco-efficiency at the root of environmental innovation and green growth

7.2.2. Conceptual evolution and broadening the boundaries of eco-efficiency. 7.2.2.1. An individual approach

7.2.2.2. Towards a structured holistic and systemic approach to the circular economy

7.2.3. Eco-efficiency and environmental preservation: an equivocal synergy. 7.2.3.1. Efficiency, productivity, and wealth creation: a feeling of déjà vu

7.2.3.2. Are the principles of eco-efficiency (ultimately) based on the environmental dimension?

7.3. Rebound effects or unintended consequences of “producing more with less” at the macrosystemic level

7.3.1. Optimizing to “burn” better, returning to the origin of rebound effects. 7.3.1.1. Rebound effects, a new challenge posed by the Marginalist school of thought

7.3.1.2. Rebound effects, a new topic of discussion in the midst of the oil and ecological crisis

7.3.2. A compilation of rebound effects according to the development levels of our societies. 7.3.2.1. A theoretical explanation of the diversity of rebound effects…

7.3.2.2. …and its empirical confirmation according to the different development levels of societies

7.3.2.3. Sustainable development at the origin of new paradoxes: “circular economy rebound effects”

7.3.2.4. Towards the awareness of public authorities?

7.4. Conclusion

7.5. References

8. The “Resource Curse” in Developing Mining Countries

8.1. Introduction

8.2. How to take into account the contribution of exhaustible resources to sustainability and measure the “resource curse”

8.2.1. From natural resources to natural capital

8.2.2. Natural capital, sustainability and the “resource curse”

8.3. Mining activity and the “resource curse”: macroeconomic and sectoral issues

8.3.1. Mining economics and Dutch disease

8.3.2. A long-term economic handicap

8.4. Mining income: an unstable and toxic income for States

8.4.1. Hypothesis of a deterioration in the terms of trade

8.4.2. Weight of history

8.4.3. Sharing the rent

8.4.4. Institutional weaknesses

8.4.5. Armed civil conflicts

8.5. Is the “resource curse” inevitable?

Box 8.1.Botswana’s diamonds (Exama 2018)

8.5.1. (In)effective public policies

8.5.2. Promoting traceability and transparency

8.5.3. Necessary governance of mining industries

8.6. Conclusion

8.7. References

9. Industrial and Artisanal Exploitation of Natural Resources: Impacts on Development

9.1. Introduction

9.2. Impacts of industrial extraction. 9.2.1. Presentation of industrial extraction

9.2.2. Macroeconomic impact of industrial extraction

9.2.3. Local impact of industrial extraction

9.3. The case of artisanal mines. 9.3.1. Presentation of artisanal exploitation

9.3.2. Local impact of artisanal enterprises

9.4. Conclusion

9.5. Acknowledgements

9.6. References

Conclusion

C.1. Mineral resources issues, object of human representation

C.2. Some enlightenment regarding physico-socio-economic feedback

C.3. References

List of Authors

Index. A, B

C

D, E, F

G, I

L, M

N, O, P

R

S

T, W

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Отрывок из книги

Energy, Field Directors – Alain Dollet, Pascal Brault Raw Materials and Materials for Energy, Subject Heads – Olivier Vidal and Frédéric Schuster

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In a chapter focusing on the struggle between technical progress and the geological depletion of metal deposits, Olivier Vidal (Chapter 5) shows how two antagonistic approaches (optimistic and pessimistic) can be pooled into a formal approach of dilution–energy and energy–price relationships. Using formal theoretical tools, as well as empirical calibration on past data, he questions the perpetuation of observable price declines for most metals. This downward trend in prices should be reversed by the end of the century if the rate of technical improvement remains the same and if we continue to exploit increasingly less concentrated deposits.

Measuring the environmental footprint of mineral resources is a challenge that Jacques Villeneuve and his co-authors at BRGM propose to take up (Chapter 6). Indeed, the environmental footprint of human activities goes beyond its sole measurement in terms of surface area used to take into account all the environmental impacts on the lifecycle of products. The aim here is to measure this footprint using an extended input–output table (IOT) that determines the consumption of mineral resources and their environmental impacts, induced by final demand with a fine level of disaggregation. These IOTs are then interconnected within a multi-regional model to assess the final impact, including imports, of national demand. In spite of limitations related to the difficulty of obtaining databases comparing data on a global scale, it can be seen that the environmental footprint of the demand for metals required for French final demand is mainly made abroad.

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