Оглавление
Frank E. Beddard. Mammalia
Mammalia
Table of Contents
Scheme of the Classification Adopted In This Book
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY
CHAPTER II. STRUCTURE AND PRESENT DISTRIBUTION OF THE MAMMALIA
Skeleton
CHAPTER III. THE POSSIBLE FORERUNNERS OF THE MAMMALIA
CHAPTER IV. THE DAWN OF MAMMALIAN LIFE
CHAPTER V. THE EXISTING ORDERS OF MAMMALS. Prototheria—Monotremata
CHAPTER VI. INTRODUCTION TO THE SUB-CLASS EUTHERIA. Sub-Class II.—EUTHERIA
CHAPTER VII. EUTHERIA—MARSUPIALIA. Order I. MARSUPIALIA[67]
Sub-Order 1. DIPROTODONTIA
Sub-Order 2. POLYPROTODONTIA
CHAPTER VIII. EDENTATA—GANODONTA. Order II. EDENTATA
Sub-Order 1. XENARTHRA
Sub-Order 2. NOMARTHRA
Order III. GANODONTA.[113]
CHAPTER IX. UNGULATA—CONDYLARTHRA—AMBLYPODA—ANCYLOPODA—TYPOTHERIA—TOXODONTIA—PROBOSCIDEA—HYRACOIDEA. Order IV. UNGULATA
Sub-Order 1. CONDYLARTHRA
Sub-Order 2. AMBLYPODA
Sub-Order 3. ANCYLOPODA
Sub-Order 4. TYPOTHERIA
Sub-Order 5. TOXODONTIA
Sub-Order 6. PROBOSCIDEA
Sub-Order 7. HYRACOIDEA
CHAPTER X. UNGULATA (continued)—PERISSODACTYLA (ODD-TOED UNGULATES)—LITOPTERNA. Sub-Order 8. PERISSODACTYLA
Sub-Order 9. LITOPTERNA
CHAPTER XI. UNGULATA (continued)—ARTIODACTYLA (EVEN-TOED UNGULATES)—SIRENIA. Sub-Order 10. ARTIODACTYLA
Group I.—SUINA
Group II.—RUMINANTIA
A. TRAGULINA
B. TYLOPODA
C. PECORA
Extinct Families of Artiodactyla
Order V. SIRENIA
CHAPTER XII. CETACEA—WHALES AND DOLPHINS. Order VI. CETACEA.[221]
Sub-Order 1. MYSTACOCETI
Sub-Order 2. ODONTOCETI
Sub-Order 3. ARCHAEOCETI
CHAPTER XIII. CARNIVORA[257]—FISSIPEDIA. Order VII. CARNIVORA
CHAPTER XIV. CARNIVORA (CONTINUED)—PINNIPEDIA (SEALS AND WALRUSES)—CREODONTA. Sub-Order 2. PINNIPEDIA
Order VIII. CREODONTA
CHAPTER XV. RODENTIA—TILLODONTIA. Order IX. RODENTIA[315]
Sub-Order 1. SIMPLICIDENTATA. Section 1. Sciuromorpha
Section 2. Myomorpha
Section 3. Hystricomorpha
Sub-Order 2. DUPLICIDENTATA
Order X. TILLODONTIA
CHAPTER XVI. INSECTIVORA—CHIROPTERA. Order XI. INSECTIVORA
Sub-Order 1. INSECTIVORA VERA
Sub-Order 2. DERMOPTERA
Order XII. CHIROPTERA
Sub-Order 1. MEGACHIROPTERA
Sub-Order 2. MICROCHIROPTERA
CHAPTER XVII. PRIMATES. Order XIII. PRIMATES
Sub-Order 1. LEMUROIDEA.[390]
Sub-Order 2. ANTHROPOIDEA
Group I. PLATYRRHINA
Group II. CATARRHINA
INDEX
THE CAMBRIDGE NATURAL HISTORY. Edited by Sir S. F. Harmer, K.B.E., Sc.D., F.R.S., and A. E. Shipley, G.B.E., M.A., F.R.S. In Ten Volumes. Fully Illustrated. Medium 8vo. 21s. net each
VOLUME I
VOLUME II
VOLUME III
VOLUME IV
VOLUME V
VOLUME VI
VOLUME VII
VOLUME VIII
VOLUME IX
VOLUME X
LONDON: MACMILLAN AND CO., Ltd
Отрывок из книги
Frank E. Beddard
Published by Good Press, 2021
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The second vertebra, which is known as the axis or epistropheus, is a compound structure, the anterior "odontoid process," which fits into the ring of the atlas, being in reality the detached centrum of that vertebra.[11] It is a curious fact about that process that it has independently become spoon-shaped in two divisions of Ungulates; that it has become so seems to be shown by the fact that in the earlier types of both it has the simple peg-like form, which is the prevailing form. The cervical vertebrae are occasionally wholly (Right Whales) or partially (many Whales, Jerboa, certain Edentates) welded into a combined mass. Indications of this have even been recorded in the human subject.
The dorsal vertebrae vary greatly in number: nine (Hyperoodon) seems to be the lowest number existing normally; while there may be as many as nineteen, as in Centetes, or twenty-two, as in Hyrax. These vertebrae are to be defined by the fact that they carry ribs, and the first one or two lumbars are often "converted into" dorsals by the appearance of a small supernumerary rib. The spinous processes of these vertebrae are commonly long, and sometimes very long. It is only among the Glyptodons that any of these vertebrae are fused together into a mass.
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