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Frank Amthor
Neurobiology For Dummies
Читать книгу Neurobiology For Dummies - Frank Amthor - Страница 1
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Neurobiology For Dummies® To view this book's Cheat Sheet, simply go to
www.dummies.com
and search for “Neurobiology For Dummies Cheat Sheet” in the Search box. Table of Contents
List of Illustrations
Guide
Страница 6
Страница 7
Страница 8
Welcome to the World of Neurobiology
Introducing Neurons
Evolving cells on early earth
Looking at the origin of single cells
Catalyzing reactions in the primordial soup
Separating inside from out: Membranes
Comparing eukaryotes to prokaryotes
Multicellularity: Sensing and moving
Detecting food, waste, and toxins
Detecting other cells: Hormones and neurotransmitters
Detecting energy
Cellular motors
Cilia and flagella
Contraction
Coordinating responses in simple circuits
Robotics and bionics
Organizing the Nervous System
Movement basics: Muscles and motor systems
The spinal cord and autonomic nervous system
The brainstem, limbic system, hypothalamus, and reticular formation
Basal ganglia, cerebellum, motor and premotor cortex, and thalamus
The neocortex
The neocortex goes digital
Perceiving the World, Thinking, Learning, and Remembering
Looking at vision and audition
Feeling, smelling, and tasting
Learning and memory: Circuits and plasticity
The frontal lobes and executive brain
Language, emotions, lateralization, and thought
Developmental, Neurological, and Mental Disorders and Treatments
Developing the brain and nervous system
Movement disorders and symptoms
Neural dysfunctions and mental illness
Repair and enhancement with artificial brains
Страница 43
Building Neurons from Molecules
Getting into Genetics
Introducing inheritance
Doubling genes
Phenotype and genotype
Determining dominant and recessive traits
Greeting chromosomes and genes
Replicating DNA and the cell life cycle
DNA replication
The cell cycle
Coding for proteins: RNA and DNA
The genetic code
Transcription mechanisms
Protein synthesis
Regulating genes
Introns and exons
Protein synthesis versus regulation
Post-translational processing
Epigenetics
Meeting Cell Molecules: Important Ions and Proteins
Eyeing important ions
Sizing up proteins
Going through membrane proteins
Peeking at the Parts of a Cell
Cytoplasm and organelles
Nucleus
Secretion and hormones
Setting Boundaries: Cell Membrane Lipids
Focusing on phospholipid chemistry
Seeing cells’ differences
Regulating Water and Cell Volume
Observing osmotic pressure
Responding to osmotic challenges
Moving water with aquaporins
Knowing the Neuron: Not Just Another Cell
Noticing neuron anatomy
Understanding what neurons do
Taking in information: Receptors
Transforming information: Interneurons
Moving our limbs: Motor neurons
When Things Go Wrong: Genetics and Neurological Illness
Mutations and transcriptional errors
Modifying genes: Fixing or Frankenstein?
Animal research
Gene therapy
Страница 89
Gating the Membrane: Ion Channels and Membrane Potentials
Looking at Membrane Channels
Talking about transporters
Checking out channels
Ion-selective channels
Secretory mechanisms
Membrane receptors
Getting a Charge Out of Neurons
Pumping Ions for Information
Sodium-potassium pump
Other important pumps
Discovering Diffusion and Voltage
The Nernst equation
The Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz equation
Signaling with Electricity in Neurons
Exploring potential
Controlling ion permeability: Gated channels
Making Spikes with Sodium and Potassium Channels
Getting back to resting potential
Voltage-dependent channels
Reaching action potential
Refractory periods and spike rate coding
Cable properties of neurons: One reason for action potentials
Passive electrotonic conduction
Active propagation of depolarization
Insulating with Glial Cells
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