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Frederic Austin Ogg. The Governments of Europe
The Governments of Europe
Table of Contents
PREFACE
GOVERNMENTS OF EUROPE
PART I.—GREAT BRITAIN
CHAPTER I
THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION. I. The Importance of Historical Background
II. Anglo-Saxon Beginnings
III. The Norman-Plantagenet Period
IV. The Rise of Parliament
V. Administrative and Judicial Development
VI. The Tudor Monarchy
VII. Parliament under the Tudors
VIII. The Stuarts: Crown and Parliament
IX. The Later Stuarts: the Revolution of 1688–1689
CHAPTER II
THE CONSTITUTION SINCE THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. I. Crown and Parliament after 1789
II. Rise of the Cabinet and of Political Parties
III. The Scottish and Irish Unions
IV. The Nature and Sources of the Constitution
CHAPTER III
THE CROWN AND THE MINISTRY. I. The Crown: Legal Status and Privileges
II. The Powers of the Crown
III. The Importance and Strength of the Monarch
IV. Privy Council, Ministry, and Cabinet
V. The Executive Departments
VI. The Cabinet: Composition and Character
VII. The Cabinet in Action
CHAPTER IV
PARLIAMENT: THE HOUSE OF COMMONS
I. The House of Commons Prior to 1832
II. Parliamentary Reform, 1832–1885
III. The Franchise and the Electoral Questions of To-day
IV. Electoral Procedure and Regulations
CHAPTER V
PARLIAMENT: THE HOUSE OF LORDS. I. Composition
II. The Reform of the Lords: the Question prior to 1909
III. The Question of the Lords, 1909–1911
IV. The Parliament Act of 1911 and After
CHAPTER VI
PARLIAMENT: ORGANIZATION, FUNCTIONS, PROCEDURE. I. The Assembling of the Chambers
II. Organization of the House of Commons
III. Organization of the House of Lords
IV. Privileges of the Houses and of Members
V. The Functions of Parliament
VI. General Aspects of Parliamentary Procedure
VII. The Conduct of Business in the Two Houses
CHAPTER VII
POLITICAL PARTIES. I. Parliamentarism and the Party System
II. Parties in the Later Eighteenth and Earlier Nineteenth Centuries
III. The Second Era of Whig [Liberal] Ascendancy, 1830–1874
IV. The Second Era of Conservative Ascendancy, 1874–1905
V. The Liberal Revival
VI. The Rule of the Liberals, 1906–1912
VII. The Parties of To-day
CHAPTER VIII
JUSTICE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT. I. English Law
II. The Inferior Courts
III. The Higher Courts
IV. Local Government to the Municipal Corporations Act, 1835
V. Local Government Reform, 1835–1912
VI. Local and Central Government
VII. Local Government To-day: Rural
VIII. Local Government To-day: Urban
PART II.—GERMANY
CHAPTER IX
THE EMPIRE AND ITS CONSTITUTION. I. Political Development Prior to 1848
II. The Creation of the Empire
III. The Constitution: Nature of the Empire
IV. The Empire and the States
CHAPTER X
THE IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT: EMPEROR, CHANCELLOR, AND BUNDESRATH. I. The Emperor
II. The Chancellor
III. The Bundesrath
CHAPTER XI
THE IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT: REICHSTAG, PARTIES, JUDICIARY. I. Composition of the Reichstag—Electoral System
II. Organization and Powers of the Reichstag
III. The Rise of Political Parties
IV. Party Politics after 1878
V. Parties since 1907
VI. Law and Justice
CHAPTER XII
THE CONSTITUTION OF PRUSSIA-THE CROWN AND THE MINISTRY. I. The German States and their Governments
II. The Rise of Constitutionalism in Prussia
III. The Crown and the Ministry
CHAPTER XIII
THE PRUSSIAN LANDTAG—LOCAL GOVERNMENT. I. Composition of the Landtag
II. The Movement for Electoral Reform
III. Organization and Functions of the Landtag
IV. Local Government: Origins and Principles[388]
V. Local Government: Areas and Organs
CHAPTER XIV
THE MINOR GERMAN STATES—ALSACE-LORRAINE
I. The More Important Monarchies
II. The Lesser Monarchies and the City Republics
III. Alsace-Lorraine
PART III.—FRANCE
CHAPTER XV
CONSTITUTIONS SINCE 1789. I. A Century of Political Instability
II. The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Era
III. From the Restoration to the Revolution of 1848
IV. The Second Republic and the Second Empire
V. The Establishment of the Third Republic
VI. The Constitution of To-day
CHAPTER XVI
THE PRESIDENT, THE MINISTRY, AND PARLIAMENT. I. The President
III. Parliament: Senate and Chamber of Deputies
IV. The Problem of Electoral Reform
CHAPTER XVII
PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURE—POLITICAL PARTIES. I. Organization and Workings of the Chambers
II. Political Parties since 1871
CHAPTER XVIII
JUSTICE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT. I. French Law
II. The Courts
III. Local Government: Development since 1789
IV. Local Government To-day
PART IV. ITALY
CHAPTER XIX
CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. I. The Era of Napoleon
II. The Restoration and the Revolution of 1848
III. The Achievement of Unification
IV. The Constitution
CHAPTER XX
THE ITALIAN GOVERNMENTAL SYSTEM. I. The Crown and the Ministry
II. Parliament: the Senate
III. The Chamber of Deputies—Parliamentary Procedure
IV. The Judiciary
V. Local Government
CHAPTER XXI
STATE AND CHURCH—POLITICAL PARTIES. I. Quirinal and Vatican
II. Parties and Ministries, 1861–1896
III. The Era of Composite Ministries, 1896–1912
IV. Phases of Party Politics
PART V.—SWITZERLAND
CHAPTER XXII
THE CONSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM—THE CANTONS. I. The Confederation and Its Constitution
II. The Nation and the States
III. Cantonal Legislation: the Referendum and the Initiative
IV. The Cantonal Executive and Judiciary
CHAPTER XXIII
THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. I. The Executive
II. Legislation: the Federal Assembly
III. Legislation: the Referendum and the Initiative
IV. Political Parties
V. The Judiciary
PART VI—AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
CHAPTER XXIV
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY PRIOR TO THE AUSGLEICH
I. Austrian Political Development to 1815
II. Hungarian Political Development to 1815
III. The Era of Metternich
IV. The Revolution of 1848
V. The Revival of Constitutionalism: the Ausgleich
CHAPTER XXV
THE GOVERNMENT AND PARTIES OF AUSTRIA. I. The Constitution
II. The Crown and the Ministry
III. The Reichsrath—the Electoral System
IV. Political Parties
V. The Judiciary and Local Government
CHAPTER XXVI
THE GOVERNMENT AND PARTIES OF HUNGARY. I. The Constitution
II. The Crown and the Ministry
III. Parliament—the Electoral System
IV. Political Parties
V. The Judiciary and Local Government
CHAPTER XXVII
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: THE JOINT GOVERNMENT
I. The Common Organs of Government
II. The Territories of Bosnia and Herzegovina
PART VII.—THE LOW COUNTRIES
CHAPTER XXVIII
THE GOVERNMENT OF HOLLAND. I. A Century of Political Development
II. The Crown and the Ministry
III. The States-General and Political Parties
IV. The Judiciary and Local Government
CHAPTER XXIX
THE GOVERNMENT OF BELGIUM. I. The Constitution—the Crown and the Ministry
II. The Houses of Parliament—the Electoral System
III. Parties and Electoral Reform Since 1894—Parliamentary Procedure
IV. The Judiciary and Local Government
PART VIII.—SCANDINAVIA
CHAPTER XXX
THE GOVERNMENT OF DENMARK. I. Development Prior to 1814
II. The Rise of Constitutionalism, 1814–1866
III. The Crown and the Ministry
IV. The Rigsdag—Political Parties
V. The Judiciary and Local Government
CHAPTER XXXI
THE SWEDISH-NORWEGIAN UNION AND THE GOVERNMENT OF NORWAY. I. Political Development to 1814
III. The Norwegian Constitution—Crown and Ministry
IV. The Storthing—Political Parties
V. The Judiciary and Local Government
CHAPTER XXXII
THE GOVERNMENT OF SWEDEN. I. The Constitution—the Crown and the Ministry
III. The Riksdag in Operation—Political Parties
IV. The Judiciary and Local Government
PART IX.—THE IBERIAN STATES
CHAPTER XXXIII
THE GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN. I. The Beginnings of Constitutionalism
II. Political and Constitutional Development, 1833–1876
III. The Present Constitution
IV. The Crown and the Ministry
V. The Cortes
VI. Political Parties
VII. The Judiciary and local Government
CHAPTER XXXIV
THE GOVERNMENT OF PORTUGAL. I. A Century of Political Development
II. The Government of the Kingdom
III. The Revolution of 1910
IV. The Constitution of 1911
INDEX
Printed in the United States of America
Social Progress in Contemporary Europe
The Opening of the Mississippi
Readings in American Government and Politics
American Government and Politics
A History of Political Theories
The American Commonwealth
The Government of American Cities
The Government of European Cities
The Government of England
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