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Fridtjof Nansen. In Northern Mists: The History of Arctic Exploration
In Northern Mists: The History of Arctic Exploration
Table of Contents
Volume 1
Table of Contents
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I. ANTIQUITY, BEFORE PYTHEAS
CHAPTER II. PYTHEAS OF MASSALIA
THE VOYAGE TO THULE
CHAPTER III. ANTIQUITY, AFTER PYTHEAS
CHAPTER IV. THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES
CHAPTER V. THE AWAKENING OF MEDIÆVAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE NORTH
KING ALFRED, OTTAR, ADAM OF BREMEN
CHAPTER VI. FINNS, SKRIDFINNS (LAPPS), AND THE FIRST SETTLEMENT OF SCANDINAVIA
CHAPTER VII. THE VOYAGES OF THE NORSEMEN: DISCOVERY OF ICELAND AND GREENLAND
SHIPBUILDING
CHAPTER VIII. VOYAGES TO THE UNINHABITED PARTS OF GREENLAND IN THE MIDDLE AGES
THE EAST COAST OF GREENLAND
CHAPTER IX. WINELAND THE GOOD, THE FORTUNATE ISLES, AND THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA
Footnotes:
Volume 2
Table of Contents
CHAPTER IX [continued] WINELAND THE GOOD, THE FORTUNATE ISLES, AND THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA
CHAPTER X. ESKIMO AND SKRÆLING
CHAPTER XI. THE DECLINE OF THE NORSE SETTLEMENTS IN GREENLAND
CHAPTER XII. EXPEDITIONS OF THE NORWEGIANS TO THE WHITE SEA, VOYAGES IN THE POLAR SEA, WHALING AND SEALING
EXPEDITIONS TO THE WHITE SEA
WHALING AND SEALING VOYAGES OF THE NORWEGIANS IN THE POLAR SEA
CHAPTER XIII. THE NORTH IN MAPS AND GEOGRAPHICAL WORKS OF THE MIDDLE AGES
CHAPTER XIV. JOHN CABOT AND THE ENGLISH DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA
CHAPTER XV. THE PORTUGUESE DISCOVERIES IN THE NORTH-WEST
VOYAGES OF THE BROTHERS CORTE-REAL
CONCLUSION
LIST OF THE MORE IMPORTANT WORKS REFERRED TO
Footnotes:
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Fridtjof Nansen
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Places where amber is found (marked with crosses)
The most important sources of amber in Europe are the southern coast of the Baltic, especially Samland, and the west coast of Jutland with the North Frisian islands. It is also found in small quantities in many places in western and central Europe, on the Adriatic, in Sicily, in South Africa, Burmah, the west coast of America, etc. Northern amber, from the Baltic and the North Sea, is distinguished from other kinds that have been investigated, by the comparatively large proportion of succinic acid it contains, and it seems as though almost all that was used in early antiquity in the Mediterranean countries and in Egypt was derived from the north. Along the coasts of the Baltic and North Sea the amber is washed by the waves from the loose strata of the sea-bottom and thrown up on the beach. When these washed-up lumps were found by the fishers and hunters of early times they naturally attracted them by their brilliance and colour and by the facility with which they could be cut. It is no wonder, therefore, that amber was used as early as the Stone Age for amulets and ornaments by the people on the Baltic and North Seas, and spread from thence over the whole of the North. In those distant times articles of amber were still rare in the South; but in the Bronze Age, in proportion as gold and bronze reach the north, they become rarer there, but more numerous farther south. In the passage-graves of Mycenæ (fourteenth to twelfth centuries B.C.) there are many of them, as also in Sparta at the time of the Dorian migration (twelfth to tenth centuries B.C.; cf. p. 14). It is evident that amber was the medium of exchange wherewith the people of the North bought the precious metals from the South, and in this way it comes that the two classes of archæological finds have changed their localities. The neolithic ornaments of amber at Corinth, already referred to, the amber beads of the Fifth Dynasty in Egypt, and those of the neolithic period in Spain, show, however, if they are northern, that this connection between South and North goes back a very long way. But the Greek tribes among whom the Iliad originated do not appear to have known amber, as it is not mentioned in the poem, and it is first named in the more recent portions of the Odyssey (put into writing in the eighth century B.C.). Among the jewels which the Phœnician merchant offered to the Queen of Syria was “the golden necklace hung with pieces of amber” [Od. xv. 460]. We must therefore believe that the Phœnicians were the middlemen from whom the Greeks obtained it at that time. But it was not so much esteemed by the Greeks of the classical period as it became later, and they rejected it in their art industries, for which reason it is seldom mentioned by Greek authors. Thales of Miletus (600 B.C.) discovered that when rubbed it attracted other bodies, and from this important discovery made so long ago has sprung the knowledge of that force which dominates our time, and which has been named from the Greek word for amber, “electron.”
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