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Friedrich von Hügel. The Mystical Element of Religion (Vol. 1&2)
The Mystical Element of Religion (Vol. 1&2)
Table of Contents
VOLUME 1
Table of Contents
PREFACE
THE MYSTICAL ELEMENT OF RELIGION
PART I. INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I. THE THREE CHIEF FORCES OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION
Introductory. 1. An enigma of life: the Universal and Abiding does not move the will; and what does move it is Individual and Evanescent
2. Our personal experience as regards our own convictions
3. Our experience in our attempt to win others
4. This mysterious law appears to obtain in precise proportion to the depth and importance of the truths and realities in view
5. The experience of the human race: the two series of personalities, movements, races
6. The dark, intuitive personalities and schools, apparently a mere stop-gap, transition, or reaction against the clear, discursive ones
7. This seems especially to apply to the Intuitive-Emotional element of Religion
8. Yet this adverse judgment will appear largely misleading, if we study the matter more fully
I. The First of the Three Forces: Hellenism, the Thirst for Richness and Harmony
1. The antinomy in the pre-Socratics
2. In Socrates
3. In Plato
4. In Aristotle
5. In Plotinus and Proclus
II. The Second of the Three Forces: Christianity, the Revelation of Personality and Depth
1. The unique fulness and closeness of unity in multiplicity of our Lord’s life
2. This rich unity of life occasions three special presentations of it, the “Petrine,” “Pauline,” “Joannine.”
3. The “Petrine” attestations: their special message
4. The “Pauline” group of writings: its special teaching
5. The “Joannine” group: its characteristic truths
III. Science: the Apprehension and Conception Of Brute Fact and Iron Law
1. Three characteristics of this scientific spirit
2. Fundamental motive of entire quest, deeply legitimate, indeed religious: Spinoza, Leibniz, Kant
3. Place and function of such science in the totality of man’s life
4. Science to be taken, throughout our life, in a double sense and way
5. All this seen at work in man’s actual history
IV. Summing up: Hellenism or Harmonization, Christianity or Spiritual Experience, and Science or Acceptance of a Preliminary Mechanism, all three necessary to Man
CHAPTER II. THE THREE ELEMENTS OF RELIGION
Introductory
I. The Three Elements, as they successively appear in the Child, the Youth, and the Adult Man
1. Sense and Memory, the Child’s means of apprehending Religion
2. Question and Argument, the Youth’s mode of approaching Religion
3. Intuition, Feeling, and Volitional requirements and evidences, the Mature Man’s special approaches to Faith
II. Each Element ever accompanied by some amount of the other two. Difficulty of the Transitions from one stage to the other
1. Utility of this joint presence
2. The two crises of the soul, when it adds Speculation to Institutionalism, and Mysticism to both
III. Parallels to this Triad of Religious Elements
1. The three constituents of Knowledge
2. The three links in the chain of Reflex Action
IV. Distribution of the Three Elements amongst Mankind and throughout Human History
1. The Elements: their distribution among man’s various ages, sexes, professions, and races
2. Co-existence and succession of the Three Elements in history generally
3. The Three Elements in the great Religions
V. Causes operative in all Religion towards Minimizing or Suppressing one or other Element, or towards denying the need of any Multiplicity
1. The religious temper longs for simplification
2. Yet every truly living Unity is constituted in Multiplicity
VI. The Special Motives operating in each Element towards the Suppression of the other Elements
1. In the Historical and Institutional Element, as against all else
2. In the Emotional and Volitional Element, as against the Historical and Institutional Element
3. In the Emotional and Volitional, singly or in combination with the Historical and Institutional, as against the Analytic and Speculative Element
VII. Three Final Objections to such a conception of Religion, and their Answers
1. This conception not excessively intellectual
2. Such a conception not Pelagian
3. Such a conception not Epicurean
PART II. BIOGRAPHICAL
CHAPTER III. CATHERINE FIESCA ADORNA’S LIFE, UP TO HER CONVERSION; AND THE CHIEF PECULIARITIES PREDOMINANT THROUGHOUT HER CONVERT YEARS
Introductory. Each of the three Elements of Religion, again multiple. The two main functions of each
I. Proposed Study of the Mystical-Volitional Element in a Particular, Concrete Instance: St. Catherine of Genoa
1. Disadvantages of such a method and of this particular instance
2. The drawbacks of the instance outweighed by its rare combination of characteristics
3. Men who have been devoted to her spirit. Its vitality
II. The Materials and Aids towards such a Study. 1. The “Vita e Dottrina,” 1551
2. Later books on Catherine
3. The Manuscripts
III. Peculiarities of the Genoese Climate And Geographical Position; of the Ligurian Character; and of the Times into which Catherine was born. Her Family, Father and Mother
1. The Genoese country and character
2. The times into which Catherine was born
3. The Fieschi family
IV. Catherine’s Life, up to the Preliminaries of her Conversion: Autumn 1447-Mid-March 1474. 1. The house where she was born; her brothers and sister
2. Catherine’s physical appearance; her qualities and habits of body and of mind
3. The few certain details concerning her early years. Santa Maria delle Grazie
4. Catherine’s marriage. The Adorni family
5. Giuliano’s character. Catherine’s pre-conversion married life
V. Her Conversion, with its immediate Preliminaries and Consequences, March 1474. 1. Her prayer, March 20, 1474. Her conversion, March 22
2. Views and truths concerning this Experience
3. The Second Experience, in the Palace
4. Two peculiarities of this Experience
5. Her general confession
VI. The Two Conceptions concerning the Character and Rationale of her Penitential Period and of her whole Convert Life. The Position adopted here
1. The older conception
2. The later conception
3. Position adopted in this study concerning Catherine’s spiritual growth
VII. Catherine and the Holy Eucharist. 1. A daily Communicant from May 1474 onwards
2. Her practice as regards the Holy Eucharist, throughout her Convert Life
VIII. Catherine and Confession and Direction. 1. Catherine arouses criticism in the matter of Direction
2. The facts concerning Catherine’s confessions. Catholic obligations
3. Probable course of Catherine’s confession-practice
IX. Catherine and Indulgences
1. The assertions of the “Vita.”
2. Three points to be noted here
X. Peculiarities concerning the Invocation of Saints and Intercessory Prayer
1. The facts
2. The rich variety of her life
CHAPTER IV. CATHERINE’S LIFE FROM 1473 TO 1506 AND ITS MAIN CHANGES AND GROWTH
I. First Period of Catherine’s Convert Life: Giuliano’s Bankruptcy and Conversion; their Work among the Poor, March 1473 to May 1477. 1. Giuliano’s affairs. Catherine’s attitude
2. Life in the little house outside the Hospital
II. Catherine and Tommasa Fiesca: their Difference of Character and attrait. Peculiarity of Catherine’s Penitence and Health during this time. 1. Catherine’s penances
2. Catherine and Tommasina
3. Peculiarity of Catherine’s penitence
4. Her physical health
III. Change in the Temper of Catherine’s Penitence, from May 1474 onwards
IV. Catherine’s Great Fasts. 1. The assertions of the “Vita.”
2. Substantial accuracy of these accounts. Three facts to be remembered
3. Effect of these Fasts, and her attitude towards them
4. The fasts form no part of her penitence
V. Second, Central Period of Catherine’s Convert Life, 1477-1499: its Special Spiritual Features
1. Interior change
2. The Three Rules of Love. The Divine method of the soul’s purification
3. Her Ecstasies
4. Pure Love, independent of any particular state or form of life
VI. Catherine and Giuliano move into the Hospital in 1479, never again to quit it. She is Matron from 1490 to 1495
1. Catherine and Giuliano occupy two small rooms in the Hospital
2. Catherine’s double life here, 1479-1490
3. Matron of the Hospital, 1490-1496
VII. Catherine and the Plague. The Outbreak of 1493
1. Catherine’s general activity
2. The pestiferous woman
VIII. Catherine and Ettore Vernazza, 1493-1495
1. Ettore’s family, marriage, and philanthropic work
2. Ettore’s character; Catherine’s chief biographer
IX. Catherine’s Health breaks down, 1496; other Events of the Same Year
1. Three external changes
2. End of the extraordinary Fasts
3. She continues within the Hospital precincts. Her two maid-servants
X. Events of 1497
1. Birth of Tommasina (Battista) Vernazza
2. Giuliano’s death
3. Giuliano’s Will
4. Catherine’s execution of Giuliano’s Will
5. Ettore’s “Mandiletto”-work
XI. Beginning of her Third, Last Period; End of the Extraordinary Fasts; First Relations with Don Marabotto
1. End of the Fasts; transfer of the “carati.”
2. Beginning of Catherine’s relations with Don Marabotto
3. Don Marabotto’s family and character; Catherine’s attitude towards him
4. Catherine’s first Confession to Don Cattaneo
XII. Her Conversations with her Disciples; “Caterina Serafina.” Don Marabotto and the Possessed Maid. 1. Pure Love and Heaven
2. “Caterina Serafina”
XIII. Catherine’s Sympathy with Animal- and Plant-Life: her Love of the Open Air. Her Deep Self-knowledge as to the Healthiness or Morbidness of her Psycho-Physical States. 1. Increase of suffering and of range of sympathy
2. She alone keeps the sense of the truly spiritual, in the midst of her psycho-physical states
3. Catherine’s health does not break up completely till 1507
XIV. Catherine’s Social Joys and Sorrows, 1501-1507. 1. Birth of Ettore’s last two daughters
2. Deaths of Limbania, Jacobo, and Giovanni
3. The Triptych “Maestà.”
4. Increasing care for Thobia
5. Argentina del Sale; story of Marco del Sale’s death
6. Catherine’s social interests in 1506
CHAPTER V. CATHERINE’S LAST FOUR YEARS, 1506 TO 1510—SKETCH OF HER CHARACTER, DOCTRINE, AND SPIRIT
I. Catherine’s External Interests and Activities up to May 1510. Occasional Slight Deviations from her Old Balance. Immensely Close Interconnection of her whole Mental and Psycho-Physical Nature. Impressions as connected with the Five Senses. 1. Indications of external interests
2. Occasional imperfection of judgment
3. Close-knittedness of her psycho-physical organism: her spiritual utilization of this
4. Impressions connected with the sense of touch
5. Impressions connected with taste and smell
6. Hearing and Sight
II. More or Less Maladif Experiences and Actions
1. Desire for death, 1507
2. The scent-impression from Don Cattaneo’s hand
3. Shifting of her burial-place
4. The “scintilla”-experience; spiritual refreshment derived from a picture
5. Catherine’s sense of intense cold, and her attitude towards Don Marabotto
6. Events from January to May 1510
III. Catherine’s History from May to September 9, 1510. 1. Catherine and the Physicians
2. Catherine and Don Carenzio, Argentina, and Ettore Vernazza
3. Psycho-physical condition and its utilization, August 10 to 27
4. Persistent self-knowledge and excessive impressionableness
5. Three spiritually significant events, September 4-9
IV. The Last Six Days of Catherine’s Life, September 10-15
1. A great consultation of Physicians, September 10
2. The final Codicil, September 12
3. Symptoms of organic lesion and delirium, September 13
4. Catherine’s death, dawn of September 15, 1510
5. Intimations of her death vouchsafed to friends
6. Alleged miraculous condition of Catherine’s skin and heart
V. Sketch of Catherine’s Spiritual Character and Significance
1. Her special temperament
2. Catherine and Marriage
3. Catherine and Friendship and the Poor
4. Her Absorptions and Ecstatic States
5. Catherine’s teaching
6. Catherine’s literary obligations. Her corrections of the Neo-Platonist positions
7. Her attitude towards Historical and Institutional Religion
8. Three stages of the Spiritual Life; Catherine represents the third
9. The lessons of Catherine’s life
10. Three points where Catherine is comparatively original; and a fourth point where she is practically unique
CHAPTER VI. CATHERINE’S DOCTRINE
1. Four difficulties in the utilization of the sources
2. Catholic principles concerning the teaching of Canonized Saints
3. The fortunate circumstances of Catherine’s teaching
4. The theological order of presentation adopted
5. Literary sources of Catherine’s teaching
6. The Psycho-physical Occasions or Reflexes of her Doctrine. Her special reaction under and use of her literary sources shall be examined in a later chapter
I. God as Creative Love. The Creature’s True and False Self; True and False Love. 1. Creation, an overflow of Goodness
2. Natural conformity between God and all rational creatures
3. Relations between Love, God; love of our true self; and false self-love
4. The true self instinctively hungers after God
5. Superiority of interior graces over exterior manifestations. No good within herself apart from divine grace
6. God is Pure Love, Grace, Peace, and the Soul’s True Self
II. Sin, Purification, Illumination. 1. The soul’s continuous imperfection. Self-love and Pure Love, their contradictory characters. Every man capable of Pure Love
2. Exactingness of Pure Love
3. Blinding effect of all self-seeking. The gradual transformation of the soul
4. Suddenness and gratuitousness of God’s light; the obstacles to its operation
5. God’s way of winning souls and raising them towards pure love. The fruits of full trust
III. The Three Categories and the Two Ways
1. The Three Categories: “In” Concentration; “Out” Liberation; “Over,” Elevation
2. The Two Ways: the Negative Way, God’s Transcendence; the Positive Way, God’s Immanence
IV. The Other Worlds
1. No absolute break in the spirit’s life at the body’s death
2. Hell
3. Purgatory; the initial experience and act
4. Purgatory: the subsequent process
CHAPTER VII. CATHERINE’S REMAINS AND CULTUS; THE FATE OF HER TWO PRIEST FRIENDS AND OF HER DOMESTICS; AND THE REMAINING HISTORY OF ETTORE VERNAZZA
Introductory
I. The Burial and the Events immediately surrounding it. September 15 to December 10, 1510. 1. The Burial, September 16
2. Catherine’s possessions at the time of her death
3. Distribution of Catherine’s chattels
II. The Different Removals of the Remains, and the Chief Stages of her Official Cultus. 1. Opening of the “Deposito.” Successive “translations.”
2. Motives operating for Catherine’s Canonization
3. Canonization, 1737
III. The Fate of Catherine’s Priest Friends. Introductory
1. Don Carenzio, 1510-1513
2. Don Marabotto, 1510-1528
IV. The Fate of Catherine’s Three Maid-Servants
1. Benedetta
2. Mariola
3. Argentina
V. The Two Vernazzas: their Debt to Catherine, and Catherine’s Debt to them
VI. Ettore Vernazza’s Life, from 1509 to 1512. Introductory
1. Ettore’s married life; and thought of the monastic state
2. Ettore’s great Will of 1512
VII. Ettore in Rome and Naples; his Second Will; his Work in the Genoese Prisons. 1. Ettore in Rome
2. Ettore in Naples
3. Ettore’s Will of 1517
4. Ettore in the Genoese prisons
VIII. Ettore again in Naples; his Death in Genoa; Peculiarities of his Posthumous Fame. 1. Naples and the Signora Lunga
2. The Plague and Ettore’s death in Genoa, June 1524
3. His posthumous fame; its unlikeness to Catherine’s celebrity
CHAPTER VIII. BATTISTA VERNAZZA’S LIFE
Introductory
I. Battista’s Life, from April 1497 to June 1510
II. Battista and her God-father, Tommaso Moro
1. The early stages of Lutheranism and Calvinism
2. Moro becomes a Calvinist: probable causes of this step
3. Battista’s letter to Moro, September 1537; its effect
III. Battista’s Colloquies, November 1554 to Ascension-Day 1555
1. Experience of November 17, 1554
2. Experience of November 25, 1554
3. Experience of December (9?), 1554
4. Experience of December 16, 1554
5. Experience of December 23, 24, 1554
6. Experience of December 27, 1554
7. Experience of January 6, 1555
8. Experience of the Second Sunday in Lent, 1555
9. Experience of Ascension Day, 1555
IV. Some further Letters of Battista, 1575 to 1581
1. Letter to Donna Anguisola, 1575
(1) Opening of the letter
(2) Central part of the letter
(3) Conclusion of the letter
2. Letter to Padre Collino, 1576
3. Second letter to Padre Collino, 1581
V. Battista’s Death, 1587
CONCLUSION. WHEREIN LIES THE SECRET OF SPIRITUAL PERSUASIVENESS
I. The Question
II. The Answer
APPENDIX TO PART II. CHRONOLOGICAL ACCOUNT AND CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE MATERIALS FOR THE RE-CONSTITUTION OF SAINT CATHERINE’S LIFE AND TEACHING
Introduction
I
1. Three Laws
2. The third law tends to confuse the operation of the other two
3. Examples
4. Three different attitudes possible
II
First Division: Account and Analysis of the Documents previous, and immediately subsequent to, the “Vita e Dottrina” with the “Dicchiarazione.”
I. First Stage, 1456 to September 12, 1510, all Legal
1. Deed of 1456
2. Catherine’s Marriage Settlement, January 1463
3. Catherine’s first Will, June 1484
4. Giuliano’s Will, October 1494
5. Four minor documents, 1496-1497
6. Catherine’s second Will, May 1498
7. Deed of Cession, September 18, 1499; and Codicil of January 1503
8. Third Will, May 21, 1506; and Codicil of November 1508
9. Fourth and last Will, March 18, 1509; and two last Codicils, August 3 and September 12, 1510
II. Second Stage: Five further Official and Legal Documents, 1511-1526; and Four Mortuary Dates, 1524-1587
III. Third Stage: Bishop Giustiniano’s Account of Catherine’s Life, Remains, and Biography, 1537
1. The text
2. Its testimony
3. Surviving eyewitnesses
IV. Fourth Stage: The Two Oldest Extant Manuscripts of the “Vita e Dottrina” with the “Dicchiarazione.”
1. Manuscript A. 1. Its date and scribe
2. Comparison with the Printed “Life.”
3. Modification from a tripartite scheme to a quatripartite one
2. Manuscript B. 1. Its very primitive heading
2. Body of MS. B dependent upon MS. A
3. Order, division, numeration of the Chapters
4. Laceration at end of Manuscript
V. Fifth Stage: Manuscript C
1. Differences in text of MS. C from MSS. A and B
2. The great addition: the “Dialogo,” Part First (1) The “Dialogo” originally no longer
(2) The “Dialogo’s” two stages, each comprising two steps, and their suggestions in the “Vita.”
3. The “Dialogo” intensifies or softens certain narratives and sayings given by the “Vita.”
(1) Cases of intensifying
(2) Cases of softening
4. Re-statement of the Conversion-experiences of March 1474
5. Three new authentic details
6. Battista Vernazza, the author of this first “Dialogo.”
(1) Particular circumstances
(2) General considerations
VI. Sixth Stage: First Printed Edition of the “Vita-Dottrina-Dicchiarazione,” 1551; Examination of all it possesses in addition to MSS. A, B and C, apart from the “Dialogo.”
1. Title-page
2. The Approbation
3. The Preface
4. The Subscription
VII. Seventh Stage: The Second “Chapter” of the “Dialogo,” which appears for the First Time in the Printed “Vita,” 1551. 1. Three remarks concerning the two Parts of this “Chapter.”
2. General indications of identity of authorship for “Chapters” First and Second
3. Closer examination of the earlier portion of “Chapter” Second
4. Closer examination of later portion of “Chapter” Second
VIII. Seventh Stage continued: Minute Analysis of one Passage from the Second “Chapter.”
Catherine as “Garzonzello” or “Figliuolino.”
IX. Seventh Stage concluded: Character and Authorship of this Second “Chapter.”
1. The writer’s power
2. Indications of special knowledge
3. Schematic, intensely abstract psychology
4. Rigorism
5. Pronounced Christo-centrism and daring Anthropomorphism
Second Division: Analysis, Assignation, and Appraisement of the “Vita-Dottrina-Dicchiarazione” Corpus, in Eight Sections
I. The “Dicchiarazione”: the Two Stages Of its Existence. 1. The “Dicchiarazione,” from the first a booklet by itself
2. Three differences between the first seven and the last ten Chapters
3. Remaining passages of the last ten Chapters not accounted for by the three peculiarities just detailed
4. “Dic.” 1 and “Dic.” 2 referred to, respectively, by the first and second sentences of the Dicchiarazione’s present Introduction
II. The earlier “Dicchiarazione,” and its Theological Glosses
1. The two Sayings-paragraphs of Chapter First (“Vita,” pp. 169c, 170a, c.)
2. The first two paragraphs of Chapter Second (pp. 170c-171b)
3. Third paragraph of Chapter Third
4. First paragraph of Chapter Fourth
5. First two sentences of Chapter Fifth
III. Five Conclusions concerning the History of the “Dicchiarazione.”
IV. The “Vita”-proper, its Divisions and Parts, and Chief Secondary and Authentic Constituents. 1. The three great divisions, and their clearly secondary parts
2. Five main additions of the Printed Vita as against the extant MSS
V. Age and Authorship of the Literature retained
1. Indications concerning Ettore Vernazza
2. Indications of Marabotto
3. References to other witnesses
VI. Analysis of the Conversion-Narratives
The Two Conversion-Scenes, pp. 4a-5c (a) In the Chapel
(b) In the Palace
VII. The Sayings-Passages: Three Tests for discriminating Authentic from Secondary Sayings
1. Rhythm
2. Simplicity
3. Originality
VIII. Conclusion. At least Six Stages in the upbuilding of the Complete Book of 1551. The Slight Changes introduced since then. First claims to Authorship for Catherine. 1. The Stages
2. The Changes
FOOTNOTES
VOLUME 2
Table of Contents
THE MYSTICAL ELEMENT OF RELIGION
PART III. CRITICAL
CHAPTER IX. PSYCHO-PHYSICAL AND TEMPERAMENTAL QUESTIONS
Introductory. 1. Plan of Part Three
2. Defects of ancient psycho-physical theory
3. Slow growth of Neurology
4. Permanent values of the ancient theory
5. Difficulties of this inquiry
6. Threefold division
I. Catherine’s Third Period, 1497 to 1510. 1. Increasing illness of Catherine’s last years
2. Abnormal sensations, impressions and moods
II. Conclusions Concerning Catherine’s Psycho-physical Condition During This Last Period. 1. Her illness not primarily physical. Her self-diagnosis
2. Her preoccupation with the spiritual suggestions afforded by the phenomena
3. Interaction and mutual suggestion of her spiritual and physical states
4. Only two cases of spiritually unsuggestive impressions
III. Catherine’s Psycho-physical Condition, its Likeness and Unlikeness To Hysteria
1. Misapprehensions as to hysteria
2. Hysteriform phenomena observable in Catherine’s case
3. Catherine’s personality not disintegrated
IV. First Period of Catherine’s Life, 1447 to 1477, in its Three Stages
1. From her childhood to her conversion
2. Her conversion not sudden nor visionary
3. Peculiarities of her Active Penitence
V. The Second, Great Middle Period of Catherine’s Life, 1477 to 1499
1. Her extraordinary fasts
2. Her ecstasies and visions
3. Special character of her spiritual warfare
4. Two remarkable consequences of this kind of warfare
5. Precise object and end of her striving
6. Catherine possessed two out of the three conditions apparently necessary for stigmatization
VI. Three Rules which seem to govern the Relations between Psycho-physical Peculiarities and Sanctity in general
1. Intense spiritual energising is accompanied by auto-suggestion and mono-ideism
2. Such mechanisms specially marked in Philosophers, Musicians, Poets, and Mystical Religionists
3. Ecstatics possess a peculiar psycho-physical organization
VII. Perennial Freshness of the Great Mystics’ Main Spiritual Test, in Contradistinction To Their Secondary, Psychological Contention. Two Special Difficulties. 1. A false and a true test of mystical experience
2. First special difficulty in testing ecstasies
3. Second special difficulty in testing ecstasies
CHAPTER X. THE MAIN LITERARY SOURCES OF CATHERINE’S CONCEPTIONS
INTRODUCTORY. 1. The main literary sources of Catherine’s teaching are four
2. Plan of the following study of these sources
I. The Pauline Writings: the Two Sources of their Pre-Conversion Assumptions; Catherine’s Preponderant Attitude towards each Position
1. St. Paul’s Anthropology in general
2. St. Paul’s conception of “Spirit.”
3. The Angry and the Loving God
4. The Risen Christ and the Heavenly Adam
5. Reconciliation, Justification, Sanctification
6. Pauline Social Ethics
7. Sacramental Teachings
8. Eschatological matters
II. The Joannine Writings
1. Joannine teaching contrasted with other systems
2. Joannine teaching considered in itself
III. The Areopagite Writings
1. God’s general action
2. Symbols of God’s action
3. The soul’s reaction
4. Terminology of the soul’s reaction
5. Deification, especially through the Eucharist
6. Dionysius and Catherine; three agreements and differences
IV. Jacopone Da Todi’s “lode.”
1. Lode XIII, XXIII, XXXV, XLV
2. Lode LVIIIa, LVIIIb
3. Lode LXXIV, LXXIX, LXXXI, LXXXIII
4. Lode LXXXVIII, LXXXIX, LXXXX, LXXXXVIII, LXXXXIX
V. Points Common to all Five Minds; and Catherine’s Main Difference from her Four Predecessors
CHAPTER XI. CATHERINE’S LESS ULTIMATE THIS-WORLD DOCTRINES
Introductory: Catherine’s less ultimate Positions, concerning our Life here, are Four
I. Interpretative Religion. 1. Difficulties of the Subjective element of Religion
2. Answers to the above difficulties
3. Partial developments of the full Gospel Ideal
4. The exclusive emotionalism of Dionysius and Jacopone
5. Catherine’s interpretation of the Gospel Ideal
II. Dualistic Attitude towards the Body
1. New Testament valuations of the body
2. Platonic, Synoptic, and Pauline elements in Catherine’s view
3. Dualism pragmatic, not final. Its limits
III. Quietude and Passivity. Points in this tendency to be considered here
1. Distinction between experiences, their expression, and their analysis
2. Four causes of inadequate analysis
3. Four Quietistic aberrations
4. Rome’s condemnation of Quietism
5. Rome’s alleged change of front
6. Four needs recognised by Quietism
7. Multiplicity and unity, in different proportions, needful for all spiritual life
IV. Pure Love, or Disinterested Religion: its Distinction from Quietism
1. New Testament teaching as to Pure Love
2. The “Pure Love” controversy
3. Cognate Problems
4. Spinoza, Leibniz, Kant
5. Four important points
CHAPTER XII. THE AFTER-LIFE PROBLEMS AND DOCTRINES
I. The Chief Present-day Problems, Perplexities, and Requirements with Regard to the After-Life in General
1. Three Historical Difficulties
2. Two Philosophical Difficulties
3. Three Ethico-Practical Difficulties
II. Catherine’s General After-Life Conceptions
1. Forecasts of the Hereafter, based upon present experience
2. Catherine’s forecasts and present experience correspondingly limited
3. Catherine’s forecast influenced by Plato
4. Simplifications characteristic of Catherine’s Eschatology
III. Catherine and Eternal Punishment. Introductory: four doctrines and difficulties to be considered
1. Eternity dependent on the earthly life’s last moment
2. The reprobate will of the lost
4. The Endlessness of Hell
IV. Catherine and Purgatory. 1. Introductory (1) Changed feeling concerning Purgatory
(2) Causes of the previous prejudice
(3) Catherine’s purgatorial conceptions avoid those causes. Her conceptions harbour two currents of thought
1. Jewish prayers for the dead
2. Alexandrine Fathers on Purgatory
3. The true and the false in the Orphic conception
4. Catherine’s conceptions as to the character of the stains and of their purgation
5. Judaeo-Roman conception of Purgatory
6. The Judaeo-Roman conception must be taken in synthesis with the Alexandrine
7. A final difficulty
V. Catherine and Heaven—Three Perplexities to be considered
1. Time and Heaven
2. The Ultimate Good, concrete, not abstract
3. The pain-element of Bliss
CHAPTER XIII. THE FIRST THREE ULTIMATE QUESTIONS. THE RELATIONS BETWEEN MORALITY, MYSTICISM, PHILOSOPHY, AND RELIGION. MYSTICISM AND THE LIMITS OF HUMAN EXPERIENCE AND KNOWLEDGE. MYSTICISM AND THE NATURE OF EVIL
I. The Relations between Morality and Mysticism Philosophy and Religion
1. Kant’s non-mystical religion
2. Ritschlian modification of Kant’s view
3. Hermann’s impossible simplification concerning philosophy
4. Religion and Morality, their kinship and difference
II. Mysticism and the Limits of Human Knowledge and Experience
1. Positivist Epistemology an error
2. No distinct faculty of Mystical apprehension
3. The first four pairs of weaknesses and strengths special to the Mystics
4. Criticism of the fourth pair, mystical “Agnosticism.”
III. Mysticism and the Question of Evil. Introductory: Exclusive and Inclusive Mysticism in Relation to Optimism
1. Mysticism, too optimistic. Evil positive, but not supreme
2. Mysticism and the Origin of Evil
3. The warfare against Evil. Pseudo-Mysticism
CHAPTER XIV. THE TWO FINAL PROBLEMS: MYSTICISM AND PANTHEISM. THE IMMANENCE OF GOD, AND SPIRITUAL PERSONALITY, HUMAN AND DIVINE
INTRODUCTORY. Impossibility of completely abstracting from the theoretical form in the study of the experimental matter
I. Relations between the General and the Particular, God and Individual Things, according to Aristotle, the Neo-Platonists, and the Medieval Strict Realists. 1. Aristotle, Plato, Plotinus, Proclus
2. The Anti-Proclian current, in the Areopagite’s view
3. Continuators of the Proclian current
4. Inconsistencies of Aquinas and Scotus
5. Eckhart’s Pantheistic trend
6. The logical goal of strict Realism
II. Relations between God and the Human Soul
1. Plato and Aristotle. “The Noûs.”
2. St. Paul. The “Spirit.”
3. Plotinus
4. Eckhart’s position. Ruysbroek
5. St. Teresa’s mediating view
6. Immanence, not Pantheism
III. Mysticism and Pantheism: their Differences and Points of Likeness
1. Plotinus and Spinoza compared
2. Complete Pantheism non-religious; why approached by Mysticism
3. Points on which Mysticism has usefully approximated to Pantheism
4. Christianity excludes complete and final Pantheism
2. Aquinas on our direct semi-consciousness of God’s indwelling
3. Gradual recognition of the function of subconsciousness
CHAPTER XV. SUMMING UP OF THE WHOLE BOOK. BACK THROUGH ASCETICISM, SOCIAL RELIGION, AND THE SCIENTIFIC HABIT OF MIND, TO THE MYSTICAL ELEMENT OF RELIGION
I. Asceticism and Mysticism
1. Ordinary Asceticism practised by Mystics
2. God’s Transcendence a source of suffering
3. Discipline of fleeing and of facing the Multiple and Contingent
II. Social Religion and Mysticism. Introductory: the ruinousness of Exclusive Mysticism
1. True relation of the soul to its fellows. God’s “jealousy.”
2. Ordinary Ascesis corrected by Social Christianity
3. Preliminary Pessimism and ultimate Optimism of Christianity
4. Subdivision of spiritual labour: its necessity and its dangers
5. Mystics and Spiritual Direction
III. The Scientific Habit and Mysticism. Introductory. Difficulty yet Necessity of finding a True Place and Function for Science in the Spiritual Life
1. Science and Religion: each autonomous at its own level; and, thus, each helpful to the other
2. Science builds up a preliminary world that has to be corrected by Philosophy and Religion, at and for their deeper levels
3. Necessity of the “Thing-element” in Religion
4. Three possible relations between Thing and Thought, Determinism and Spirit
5. Purification of the Personality by the impersonal
6. This position new for Science, not for Religion
7. Three kinds of occupation with Science
8. Historical Science, Religion’s present, but not ultimate, problem
9. Return to Saints John of the Cross and Catherine of Genoa
IV. Final Summary and Return to the Starting-point of the Whole Inquiry: the Necessity, and yet the Almost Inevitable Mutual Hostility, of the Three Great Forces of the Soul and of the Three Corresponding Elements of Religion
1. Each of these three forces and elements is indeed necessary, but ruinously destructive where it more or less ousts the other two
2. Each element double; endless combinations and conflicts
3. Our entire religious activity but one element of our complete spirit-life
4. Two conditions of the fruitfulness of the entire process
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