Оглавление
Fuad Nesf Alasfour. Introduction to Desalination
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Introduction to Desalination. Systems, Processes and Environmental Impacts
Preface
1 Introduction. 1.1 What Is Desalination?
1.2 Aims of Desalination Processes
1.3 Desalination Processes
1.4 Desalination Technologies
1.4.1 Thermal Desalination System
Example 1.1 Boiling Phenomenon
Solution
Example 1.2 Flashing Phenomenon
Solution
Example 1.3 Feedwater Heat Exchanger
Solution
1.4.2 Membrane Desalination System
Example 1.4 Reverse Osmosis
1.5 Which Desalination System Is the Best?
1.6 Thermo‐Physical Properties of Water. 1.6.1 Potable Water
1.6.2 Seawater
Example 1.5 Heat Exchanger with Feed Seawater
Solution
Example 1.6 Performance of Feed Pump
Solution
Example 1.7 Exergy Analysis of Rankine Cycle (Review)
Solution
References
A. Review Questions
2 Multi‐effect Evaporator (MEE) 2.1 Introduction
2.2 Vaporization
2.3 MEE Processes
2.4 MEE Configurations
2.5 Mathematical Modeling Algorithm for Thermal Systems
2.6 MEE Mathematical Model
2.6.1 Forward Flow Mathematical Modeling MEE‐FF
2.6.1.1 Energy Analysis
Example 2.1 SEE System
Solution
2.6.1.2 Exergy Analysis
Example 2.2 SEE System with Two Thermal Loads
Solution
Example 2.3 SEE: Apple Juice Application
Solution
Example 2.4 MEE‐FF Desalination System
Solution
2.6.2 Backward Flow Mathematical Model MEE‐BF
Example 2.5 MEE‐BF system
Solution
Example 2.6 MEE‐BF: Concentration System Tomato Paste (Adapted and Modified from [2))
Solution
2.6.3 Parallel Flow Mathematical Model MEE‐PF‐Cross Type
2.7 MEE Integrated Auxiliary Devices
2.8 Characteristics of MEE Desalination Systems
Case Study 2.1. Three MEE Desalination Configurations: FF, BF, and PF [Adapted from [4]]
2.9 MEE Energy Consumption and Cost
References
A. Review Questions
B. Problems
C. Essay, Design, and Open‐Ended Problems
3 Multi‐stage Flashing (MSF)
Example 3.1 Flashing Process
Solution
3.1 Flashing Stage
3.2 MSF Once‐Through Configuration MSF–OT
3.2.1 MSF–OT Once‐Through Model
Example 3.2 MSF–OT Desalination System
Solution
Example 3.3 MSF–OT (n = 21)
Solution
3.2.1.1 Optimum Number of MSF Stages
3.3 MSF–Brine Recirculation (MSF–BR)
3.3.1 Detailed Mathematical Model of MSF–BR System1
Case Study 3.1
3.4 MSF with Brine Mixer (MSF–BM)
3.5 Material of Construction
References
A. Review Questions
B. Problems
C. Essay, Design and Open‐Ended Problems
Note
4 Vapor Compression: Thermal Vapor Compression (TVC), Mechanical Vapor Compression (MVC), and Mechanical Vapor Recompression (MVR)
4.1 Thermal Vapor Compression (TVC)
4.2 TVC Mathematical Modeling
Example 4.1 SEE–TVC Desalination System
Solution
Example 4.2 MEE–PF–TVC Actual Plant (Adapted and Modified from [4])
Solution
Example 4.3 SEE–TVC Desalination System
Solution
Example 4.4 Economic Analysis of MEE–TVC (Adapted from [5))
Solution
4.3 Mechanical Vapor Compression (MVC)
4.4 SEE–MVC Mathematical Modeling
Example 4.5 MEE–BF–MVC (n = 2)
Solution
Example 4.6 SEE–MVC Shale Gas Flow Back Water Desalination (Adapted from [6])
Solution
4.5 Mechanical Vapor Recompression (MVR)
Example 4.7 MEE–BF–MVR (n = 2) Shale Gas Flow Back Water Desalination (adapted and modified from [7])
Solution
4.6 Characteristics of VC Desalination System
References
A. Review Questions
B. Problems
C. Essay, Design and Open‐Ended Problem
5 Pressure Gradient Driving Force: Reverse Osmosis (RO), Nanofiltration (NF), Ultrafiltration (UF), Microfiltration (MF)
5.1 Semipermeable Membrane: Properties and Modules
5.2 Membrane Modules (Configurations)
5.3 Natural Osmosis Phenomenon
Example 5.1 Osmotic pressure
Solution
Example 5.2 Seawater osmotic pressure
Solution
5.4 Reverse Osmosis (RO)
5.5 Membrane Performance
5.5.1 Recovery Ratio (RR)
5.5.2 Net Driving Pressure (NDP)
5.5.3 Solute Rejection Rate (RjR)
5.5.4 Volume Recovery (VR)
5.5.5 Permeate Flux (J)
5.5.6 Specific Energy Consumption (SEC)
5.5.7 Concentration Polarization Factor (β)
5.5.8 Rate of Solvent Pass
5.5.9 Rate of Solute Pass
5.5.10 Concentration Factor (CF)
Example 5.3 RO performance
Solution
Example 5.4 RO recovery ratio
Solution
Example 5.5 Two‐stage RO
Solution
5.6 RO System Components
5.7 RO Advantages and Disadvantages
5.8 RO Performance Using Software
Example 5.6 BWRO system
Solution
Example 5.7 BWRO – 3 elements system
Solution
Example 5.8 BWRO – blending system
Solution
5.9 RO Mathematical Model
5.10 Energy Recovery Device (ERD)
5.10.1 Pressure Exchanger (PX)
Example 5.9 BWRO – two stages with booster pump
Solution
Example 5.10 BWRO – EDR system
Solution
5.11 MF, UF, and NF Membranes: Materials and Applications. 5.11.1 MF and UF
5.11.2 Nanofiltration (NF)
Example 5.11 BWNF system
Solution
References
A. Review Questions
B. Problems
C. Essay, Design and Open‐Ended Problems
6 Electrical Potential Driving Force: Electrodialysis (ED), Electrodialysis Reversed (EDR)
6.1 Electrodialysis
6.2 Electrodialysis Principle
6.3 Conservation of Ionic Mass
6.4 ED Mathematical Modeling
6.5 ED Characteristics
6.5.1 Limiting Current Density (LCD)
6.5.2 Substance Removal Rate (G)
6.5.3 Normality (N)
6.5.4 Current Intensity (I)
Example 6.1 ED performance
Solution
Example 6.2 ED recycle ratio
Solution
6.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of ED
6.7 Electrodialysis Reversed (EDR)
References
A. Review Questions
B. Problems
C. Essay, Design and Open‐Ended Problems
7 Temperature Gradient Driving Force: Membrane Distillation (MD)
7.1 MD Processes and Configurations
7.2 MD Advantages and Disadvantages
7.3 Characteristics of Hydrophobic Membranes
7.3.1 Liquid Entry Pressure (LEP)
7.3.2 Trans‐membrane Flux (N)
7.3.3 Membrane Thermal Conductivity (Km)
7.4 Heat and Mass Transfer Models for DCMD
7.4.1 DCMD Heat Transfer Mathematical Model
7.4.2 MD Mass Transfer Model
Example 7.1 AGMD Desalination System (Adapted from [11])
Solution
Example 7.2 DCMD Desalination System (Adapted and Modified from [12])
Solution
7.4.2.1 Fouling and Scaling in MD
References
A. Review Questions
B. Problems
C. Essay, Design, and Open‐Ended Problems
8 Concentration Gradient Driving Force: Natural Osmosis, Forward Osmosis (FO), Pervaporation (PV), Dialysis
8.1 Forward Osmosis (FO)
8.1.1 FO Advantages and Disadvantages
8.1.2 FO Solvent and Solute Fluxes
Example 8.1 Draw solution osmotic pressure (Adapted from 8)
Solution
8.1.3 FO Mass Transfer
8.1.4 FO Configuration
Example 8.2 FO–RO Desalination system (Adapted and Modified from 12)
Solution
8.1.5 FO Concentration Polarization (CP)
Example 8.3 FO regeneration system
Solution
Case Study 8.1. FO‐UF Desalination System (Adapted and Modified from [14])
Solution
8.2 Pervaporation (PV)
8.2.1 Pervaporation Mathematical Modeling and Performance Parameters
Example 8.4 Pervaporation Desalination System (Adapted and Modified from 18)
Solution
8.3 Dialysis
8.3.1 Neutralization Dialysis (ND)
8.4 Summary: Membrane Desalination Systems
References
A. Review Questions
B. Problems
C. Essay, Design, and Open‐Ended Problems
9 Renewable Energy and Desalination: Solar, Wind, Geothermal
9.1 Solar Energy
9.1.1 Direct Solar Desalination Systems. 9.1.1.1 Solar Pond
9.1.1.2 Solar Still
9.1.1.3 Internal Heat Transfer
9.1.1.4 External Heat Transfer
Example 9.1 Double Effect Solar Still (Adapted and Modified from [8])
Solution
9.1.2 Indirect Solar Collectors
9.1.2.1 Thermal Solar Collectors (TSC)
Example 9.2 Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Solution
Example 9.3 Solar Collector
Solution
9.1.2.2 Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
9.2 Calculation of Solar Radiation on Inclined Surface
Example 9.4 PV–MVC Desalination System (Adapted and modified from [10])
Solution
9.3 Wind Energy
9.3.1 Wind Turbine Configurations
9.3.2 Wind Turbine Mathematical Model
Example 9.5 Wind Turbine Power
Solution
Example 9.6 WT–MVC Desalination System
Solution
Case Study 9.1. WT‐SWRO Desalination System (Adapted and Modified from [15])
9.3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Turbine
Example 9.7 Numerical Wind Turbine Design
Solution
9.4 Geothermal Energy
9.5 Geothermal Well Performance
9.5.1 Geothermal Energy and Desalination
Example 9.8 Membrane Desalination System Integrated with Geothermal Well
Solution
Example 9.9 GE–MEE System
Solution
9.6 Advantages of Geothermal Energy
Case Study 9.2. Exergy Analysis of Dry Steam Geothermal Plant (Adapted from [21])
References
Questions and Problems. Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Geothermal Energy
10 Hybrid Desalination System
10.1 Case I: Cogeneration–MSF–RO Hybrid Desalination Systems
Example 10.1 Cogeneration–MSF–RO Hybrid Power‐Desalination System (Adapted from [2])
10.2 Case II: Hybrid SEF–Geothermal Desalination System
Example 10.2 SEF–Geothermal (Adapted from [3])
Mathematical Modeling for SEF‐G Desalination System
Results
10.3 Case III: Hybrid MEE–Solar Desalination System (Adapted from [4])
10.3.1 MEE‐FF System
10.3.2 Solar Flat‐Plate Collector
10.3.3 Mathematical Modeling for Solar Flat‐Plate Collector
10.4 Case IV: Hybrid MD–RO Desalination System (Adapted from [5])
10.4.1 Modeling and Simulation
10.4.2 Results and Discussion
10.5 Case V: Hybrid Humidification–Dehumidification Desalination System [6]
Example 10.3 HDH Hybrid Desalination System (Adapted from [6])
References
Essay, Design, and Open‐Ended Problems
Appendix A Thermo‐Physical Properties of Seawater
Index
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