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About the authors
Introduction
Chapter 1. Qualimetry in Outline
1.1. General Information about Quality and Quality Control
1.1.2. The Term Control and Its Difference from Other Similar Terms
1.1.3. The Origin, Growth and Future of Qualimetry
1.1.3.2. History of Qualimetry: From Aristotle to Our Times
1.1.3.3. Qualimetry in Russia Today
1.1.3.4. Qualimetry Beyond Russia Today
1.1.3.5. The Future of Qualimetry: Developing in Breadth and in Depth
1.1.4. Qualimetry: An Independent Scientific Discipline
1.1.5. Interrelations of Qualimetry
1.1.6. Qualimetry’s Birthplace and Time of Origin Revisited
Chapter 2. Main Methods of Qualimetry
2.2. Main Methods of Qualimetry: Features and Areas of Application
2.3. Expert and Non-expert Quality Evaluation Methods: Pros and Cons
2.3.2. Non-expert Methods
2.3.3. Features of the Expert Quality Evaluation Process
2.3.3.1. Forming a Steering Group (SG)
2.3.3.2. Formation of a Technical Group (TG)
2.3.3.3. Determining the Required Strength of an Expert Group (EG)
2.3.3.4. Forming an Expert Group
2.3.4. Qualimetric Scales
2.3.4.1. Ordinal Scale (Synonym: Rank Scale)
2.3.4.2. Interval Scale
2.3.4.3. Ratio Scale
2.4. Quality Assessment Algorithm
2.5. Defining the Evaluation Context
2.5.2. Questions Regarding Features of Application / Use / Operation / Consumption of Objects of the Kind Being Evaluated
2.5.2.2. Must the Possibility of a Future Modernisation of the Object Be Taken into Account?
2.5.2.3. What Is the Life of an Object to be Centred On: Its Depreciation Period, Obsolescence Period or Both?
2.5.2.4. What Groups of People Contacting with the Object Must Be Taken into Consideration in Quality Evaluation?
2.5.2.5. What Is the Place of the Evaluation Object in the Dimensional Classification?
2.5.2.6. Which Climatic and Natural Conditions Affect the Quality of an Object and Thus Must be Taken into Account in Its Evaluation?
2.5.2.7. What Properties of an Object Reflecting Its Environmental Impact Must Be Considered in Evaluating Its Quality?
2.5.3. Features of Application of the Quality Index
2.5.3.2. Must the Quality of an Object Be Evaluated on the Basis of the Quality Index or the Integral Quality Index?
2.5.3.3. Must an Object Be Evaluated by the Rigorous, Approximate or Short-Cut Method?
2.5.3.4. Is the Comparability of Quality Index Values Desirable? If It Is, What Type?
2.5.3.5. In Which Scale Must a Quality Index Be Expressed: Rank or Ratio?
2.5.3.6. What Is the Time Limit for Evaluating One Object?
2.5.3.7. How Often Is a QEM to Be Used: Once Only or Repeatedly?
2.5.3.8. Is a Quality Index Calculated Manually or on Computer?
2.5.3.9. Do Quality Indices Need to Be Differentiated By Element, Application Environment etc.?
2.5.4. Questions Concerning QEM Development Features
2.5.4.2. Has the QEM Designer the Opportunity to Get Hold of Any Supplementary Material Needed for QEM Development?
2.5.4.3. What Are the Allowable Labour Costs of QEM Development in a Particular Context?
2.5.4.4. What is the Allowable Time Cost of QEM Development in a Particular Context?
2.6. Building a Property Tree and Identifying the Indices to be Appraised
2.6.2. The Tree as a Knowledge Tool: A Brief Historical Note
2.6.3. Terminology
2.6.4. Tree Derivation Methods
2.6.5. Tree Derivation Rules
2.6.5.1. General Derivation Rules for Tangible Product Property Trees
2.6.5.2. General Rules for Deriving Purpose Property Sub trees
2.6.5.3. Specific Rules for the Application of the Expert Method to Weight Factor Determination
2.6.5.4. Specific Rules to Be Used if the Amount of Information Obtained in a Quality Assessment Can be Reduced Through the Use of the Rank Scale
2.6.5.5. Specific Rules to Be Used if the Amount of Information Obtained in Quality Assessment May / May Not Be Reduced by More Precise Methods
2.6.6. Completion of the Property Tree Derivation
2.6.6.1. Completion of the Purpose Property Sub tree Derivation
2.6.6.2. Completing the Derivation of Sub trees Other than Purpose Properties Ones
2.6.6.3. Choosing Property Indices
2.6.6.4. Preparing a Property Tree for Use
2.7. Determining Weight Factor Values
2.7.2. Analytical Method for Determining WF Values
2.7.3. Expert Method for Determining WF Values
2.7.3.1. Procedure of Interviewing by an SG Facilitator (as Applied to the Figure 25 Tree and the Sample Individual Form in Table 5)
2.7.3.2. Processing Expert Survey Results
2.7.3.3. WF Normalisation Tier-Wise
2.8. Determining Reference and Rejection Values of Properties
2.8.2. Determining the Values of qref and qrej for Property Indices Having no Physical Units of Measurement
2.8.3. Documentary Method for qref and qrej Determination
2.8.4. Expert Method for qref and qrej Determination
2.8.5. Determining the Reference Value of the Reliability Index
2.9. Determining the Values of Property Indices and Quality in General
2.9.1.1. Non-expert Methods
2.9.1.2. Expert Method
2.9.2. Determining Relative Index Values
2.9.3. Convolution of Indices (Final Problem Solution)
Appendix
Constitution of the QEM Development and Application Groups (SG, EG and TG)
A Case Study of a Qualimetric Methodology
References
Professor Garry G. Azgaldov, a pioneer of Qualimetry, is a Doctor of Economics and a fellow of the International Academy of Informatisation, the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, the Academy of Economic Sciences and Business, the Futures Research Academy, the Academy of Quality Problems and the International Guild of Quality Professionals. He is a chief researcher at the Central Economics and Mathematics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.
Contact phone: +7(495)6143024; e-mail: gazgaldov@mail.ru
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The term qualimetry (from the Latin quale, “of what kind”, and the Greek μετρεω, “to measure”) was initially applied to a scientific discipline studying the methodology and problems of quantitative assessment of the quality of various objects, mainly of industrial products [3]. By 1970 enough experience had accumulated to permit a thorough investigation of qualimetry, its subject matter and its relations with various scientific fields. At the same time there was a growing awareness of the need to expand the scope of qualimetry from product quality (which was the focus of some researchers) to the quality of objects of whatever nature, including socio-economic objects such as the quality of life.
When the term (and the respective concept) was first used it seemed unexpected, almost fortuitous; some still regard it so.
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