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Gary M. Baxter. Manual of Equine Lameness
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Manual of Equine Lameness
Contributors
Preface
Common Terminologies and Abbreviations
About the Companion Website
1 Assessment of the Lame Horse. Introduction
Adaptive Strategies of Lame Horses
Classification of Lameness
Anatomic Problem Areas
Signalment and Use
History
Visual Examination at Rest
Palpation and Manipulation. Overview
Foot
Coronet and heel bulbs
Pastern
Fetlock
Metacarpus/Metatarsus (MC/MT)
Suspensory Ligament
Flexor Tendons
Carpus
Forearm (Antebrachium) and Elbow
Shoulder and Scapula
Tarsus (Hock)
Tibia
Stifle
Femur
Hip and Pelvis
Back
Neck
Flexion Tests/Manipulation. Overview
Distal Limb/Phalangeal/Fetlock Flexion
Carpal Flexion
Elbow Flexion
Shoulder/Upper Forelimb Flexion
Tarsal/Hock Flexion
Stifle Flexion
Full Limb Forelimb and Hindlimb Flexion
Navicular Wedge Test/Distal limb Manipulation
Direct or Local Pressure Plus Movement
Subjective Assessment of Lameness. Overview
Subjective Scoring Methods
Evaluation of Lameness at the Walk
Evaluation of Lameness at the Trot
Box 1.2 Observations that may be used to detect lameness in the hindlimb
Use of Vertical Movement of the Head for Forelimb Lameness
Use of Withers Movement for Forelimb Lameness
Use of Vertical Pelvic Movement (VPM) for Hindlimb Lameness
Use of Pelvic Rotation Method (PRM) for Hindlimb Lameness
Observing Movement of the Limbs
Joint Angle Measurements Associated with Lameness
Stride Timing and Length Variables Associated with Lameness
Hoof Trajectory Associated with Lameness
Evaluation of Lameness at the Lunge
Evaluation of Lameness Under Saddle
Objective Assessment of Lameness. Overview
Kinetics – Measurement of Ground Reaction forces
Kinematics – Measurement of Movement
The Q® and Lameness Locator®
Measuring Forelimb Lameness Using the Lameness Locator®
Measuring Hindlimb Lameness Using the Lameness Locator®
Detecting Compensatory Lameness
Perineural Anesthesia. Overview
Types of Anesthetics
Skin Preparation and Restraint
Assessment of Response to Perineural Blocks
Palmar Digital (PD) Block (Figures 1.71 and 1.72)
Basisesamoid or High PD Block (Figures 1.73 and 1.74)
Abaxial Sesamoid Block (Figure 1.75)
Low Palmar or 4‐point Block (Figure 1.76)
Lateral Palmar Block (Lateral Approach; Figures 1.78 and 1.79)
Lateral Palmar Block (Medial approach; Figures 1.78 and 1.80)
High Two‐point Block (Figure 1.79)
Ulnar, Median, and Medial Cutaneous Antebrachial Nerve Blocks (Figure 1.81)
The Hindlimb
Low Plantar Block
Deep Branch of the Lateral Plantar Nerve (DBLPN) Block
Tibial and Peroneal Block (Figure 1.85)
Direct Infiltration of Anesthetic
Intrasynovial Anesthesia. Overview
Skin Preparation and Restraint
Assessment of Response to Intrasynovial Blocks
Distal Interphalangeal (DIP) Joint – Dorsolateral Approach
Distal Interphalangeal (DIP) Joint – Dorsal Perpendicular Approach
Distal Interphalangeal (DIP) Joint – Dorsal Parallel Approach
Distal Interphalangeal (DIP) Joint – Lateral Approach
Proximal Interphalangeal (PIP) Joint – Dorsolateral Approach
Proximal Interphalangeal (PIP) Joint – Palmar/Plantar Approach
MCP/MTP (Fetlock) Joint – Proximal Palmar/Plantar Approach
MCP/MTP (Fetlock) Joint – Collateral Sesamoidean Ligament Approach
MCP/MTP (Fetlock) Joint – Distal Palmar/Plantar Approach
MCP/MTP (Fetlock) Joint – Dorsal Approach
Middle Carpal Joint – Dorsal Approach
Middle Carpal Joint – Palmarolateral Approach
Radiocarpal Joint – Dorsal Approach
Radiocarpal Joint – Palmarolateral Approach
Elbow Joint – Lateral Approach
Elbow Joint– Caudolateral Approach
Elbow Joint– Caudal Approach
Scapulohumeral (Shoulder) Joint – Craniolateral Approach
Scapulohumeral (Shoulder) Joint – Lateral Approach
Tarsometatarsal (TMT) Joint – Plantarolateral Approach
Distal Intertarsal (DIT; Centrotarsal) Joint – Medial Approach
Distal Intertarsal (DIT; Centrotarsal) Joint – Dorsolateral Approach
Tarsocrural (TC) Joint – Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Approaches
Tarsocrural (TC) Joint – Plantarolateral and Plantaromedial Approaches
Medial Femorotibial (MFT) Joint – Medial Approach
Femoropatellar (FP) Joint – Cranial Approach
Femoropatellar (FP) Joint – Lateral Approach
Lateral Femorotibial (LFT) Joint – Lateral Approach
Coxofemoral Joint – Craniodorsal Approach
Digital Flexor Tendon Sheath (DFTS) – Proximal Approach
Digital Flexor Tendon Sheath (DFTS) – Distal Approach
Digital Flexor Tendon Sheath (DFTS) – Basilar Sesamoidean Approach
Digital Flexor Tendon Sheath (DFTS) – Axial Sesamoidean Approach
Tarsal Sheath – Medial Approach
Podotrochlear (Navicular) Bursa – Palmar/Plantar Approach
Podotrochlear (Navicular) Bursa – Abaxial Approach (Medial or Lateral)
Calcaneal Bursa – Lateral Approach
Bicipital Bursa – Distal Approach
Bicipital Bursa – Proximal Approach
Trochanteric Bursa
Bibliography
Note
2 Common Conditions of the Foot. Navicular Region and Soft Tissue Injuries of the Foot. Navicular Disease/Syndrome. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Box 2.1 Abnormalities that may exist in horses classified as having navicular disease, navicular syndrome, palmar foot syndrome, or palmar heel pain
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Fractures of the Navicular (Distal Sesamoid) Bone. Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Soft Tissue Injuries in the Foot (DDFT and Podotrochlear Apparatus) Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Injuries to the CLs of the DIP Joint. Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Coffin Joint and Distal Phalanx. Osteoarthritis (OA) of the DIP Joint. Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Fractures of the Distal Phalanx (P3, Coffin Bone) Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Ossification of the Collateral Cartilage of the Distal Phalanx (Sidebone) Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Miscellaneous Conditions of the Foot. Sole Bruises, Corns, and Abscesses. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Septic Pedal Osteitis (PO) Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Penetrating Injuries of the Foot. Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Keratoma. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
White Line Disease. Overview
Anatomy and Imaging (Please refer to previous section on “Keratoma”) Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Thrush. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Canker. Overview
Anatomy and Imaging (see above section on “Thrush”) Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Laminitis. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Foot Care and Farriery. Basic Foot Care. Overview
Static Observation
Dynamic Observation
Hoof Imbalances
Guidelines for Trimming
Hoof Capsule Distortions/Abnormal Conformation. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Toe Cracks, Quarter Cracks, Heel Cracks. Overview
Anatomy and Imaging (Please refer to previous section on “Hoof Capsule Distortions”) Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Note
3 Common Conditions of the Forelimb. Pastern. OA of the Proximal Interphalangeal (PIP) Joint. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Osteochondrosis (OC) of the PIP Joint. Overview
Anatomy (Please refer to previous section on “OA of PIP Joint”)
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Luxation/Subluxation of the PIP Joint. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Fractures of the Middle Phalanx (P2) Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment. Osteochondral Fractures
Eminence Fractures
Comminuted P2 Fractures
Prognosis
Fractures of the Proximal Phalanx (P1) Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment. Noncomminuted P1 Fractures
Comminuted Fractures
Prognosis. Noncomminuted Fractures
Comminuted Fractures
Desmitis of the Distal Sesamoidean Ligaments (DSLs) Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
SDFT and DDFT Injuries in the Pastern. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs. SDFT Branch Injuries
DDFT
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Fetlock. Osteochondral (Chip) Fractures of Proximal P1. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Fractures of the Proximal Sesamoid Bones. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Sesamoiditis. Overview
Anatomy (Please refer to previous section on “PSB Fractures”) Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Axial Osteitis/Osteomyelitis of the PSBs. Overview
Anatomy (Please refer to the section on “PSB Fractures”) Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs and Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Traumatic OA of the MCP/MTP Joint. Overview
Anatomy (Please refer to the anatomy section under “Osteochondral Fractures of P1”) Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Palmar/Plantar Osteochondral Disease. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Fetlock Subchondral Cystic Lesions (SCLs) Overview
Anatomy (Please refer to section on “Osteochondral Fractures of P1”) Imaging (Please refer to section on “OA of Fetlock Joint”) Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Traumatic Rupture of the Suspensory Apparatus. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Palmar/Plantar Annular Ligament (PAL) Constriction and DFTS Tenosynovitis. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Metacarpus/Metatarsus. Bucked Shin Complex and Stress Fractures of Dorsal MCIII. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
MCIII/MTIII Condylar Fractures. Overview
Anatomy (Please refer to previous section on “POD”) Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Complete Fractures of the MCIII/MTIII (Cannon Bone) Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs and Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Metacarpal/Metatarsal Exostosis (Splints) Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Fractures of the Small MC/MT (Splint) Bones. Introduction
Anatomy (Please refer to previous section on “Splint Exostoses”) Imaging (Please refer to previous section on “Splint Exostoses”) Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment. Distal Fractures
Middle Fractures
Proximal Fractures
Prognosis
Suspensory Ligament (SL) Desmitis. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Degenerative Suspensory Ligament Desmitis (DSLD) Overview
Anatomy (Please refer to previous section on “SL Desmitis”) Imaging (Please refer to previous section on “SL Desmitis”) Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Superficial Digital Flexor (SDF) Tendinitis (Bowed Tendon) Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Carpus. Common Digital Extensor (CDE) Tendon Rupture. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Extensor Carpi Radialis (ECR) Tendon Damage. Overview
Anatomy (Please refer to previous section on “CDE Tendon Rupture”) Imaging (Please refer to previous section on “CDE Tendon Rupture”) Etiology
Clinical Signs and Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Intra‐Articular (IA) Carpal Fractures. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Accessory Carpal Bone Fractures. Overview
Anatomy (Please refer to previous sections on “IA Carpal Fractures Carpal Sheath Tenosynovitis”) Imaging (Please refer to previous sections on “IA Carpal Fractures and Carpal Sheath Tenosynovitis”) Etiology
Clinical Signs and Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
OA of the Carpus/Carpometacarpal OA. Overview
Anatomy (Please refer to previous section on “IA Carpal Fractures”) Imaging (Please refer to previous section on “IA Carpal Fractures”) Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Carpal Sheath Tenosynovitis/Osteochondroma of Radius. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Antebrachium, Elbow, and Humerus. Fractures of the Radius. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Fractures of the ULNA. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Subchondral Cystic Lesions (SCLs) of the Elbow. Overview
Anatomy (Please refer to previous section on “Ulnar Fractures”) Imaging (Please refer to previous section on “Ulnar Fractures”) Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bursitis of the Elbow (Olecranon Bursitis) Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Fractures of the Humerus. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Shoulder and Scapula. Bicipital (Intertubercular Bursa) Bursitis. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Osteochondrosis (OC) of the Scapulohumeral (Shoulder) Joint. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Osteoarthritis (OA) of the Scapulohumeral (Shoulder) Joint. Overview
Anatomy (Please refer to previous section on “Shoulder OC”) Imaging (Please refer to previous section on “Shoulder OC”) Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Suprascapular Nerve Injury (Sweeny) Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Fractures of the Scapula/Supraglenoid Tubercle (SGT) Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Note
4 Common Conditions of the Hindlimb. Distal Hindlimb and Foot. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs and Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Tarsus. Distal Tarsal Osteoarthritis (OA) Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD) of the TC Joint/Bog Spavin. Overview
Anatomy (Please refer to previous section on “Distal Tarsal OA”) Imaging (Please refer to the previous section on “Distal Tarsal OA”) Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Slab/Sagittal Fractures of the Small Tarsal Bones. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Subluxation/Luxation of the Tarsal Joints. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Fractures of the Tibial Malleoli. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Tarsal Collateral Ligament (CL) Injuries. Overview
Anatomy (Please refer to previous sections on “Tarsal Luxation and Tibial Malleoli Fractures”) Imaging (Please refer to previous sections on “Tarsal Luxation and Tibial Malleoli Fractures”) Etiology
Clinical Signs and Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Capped Hock/Calcaneal Bursitis. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment. Capped Hock
Nonseptic Calcaneal Bursitis
Septic Calcaneal Bursitis
Prognosis
Luxation of the SDFT from the Calcaneus. Overview
Anatomy (Please refer to previous section on “Calcaneal Bursitis/Capped Hock”) Imaging (Please refer to previous section on “Calcaneal Bursitis/Capped Hock”) Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Tarsal Sheath Tenosynovitis (Thoroughpin) Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Rupture of the Peroneus Tertius (Fibularis Tertius) Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Stringhalt. Overview
Anatomy and Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Tibia and Crus. Tibial Stress Fractures. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Diaphyseal and Metaphyseal Tibial Fractures. Overview
Anatomy (Please refer to previous section on “Tibial Stress Fractures”) Imaging (Please refer to previous section on “Tibial Stress Fractures”) Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Tibial Tuberosity/Crest Fractures. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Fractures of the Proximal Tibial Physis. Overview
Anatomy (Please refer to previous section on “Tibial Tuberosity Fractures”) Imaging (Please refer to previous section on “Tibial Tuberosity Fractures”) Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Gastrocnemius Disruption in Foals and Adults. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs and Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Stifle – Femoropatellar Region. Femoropatellar OCD. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Fractures of the Patella. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Upward Fixation of the Patella (UFP) Overview
Anatomy (Please refer to previous section on “Patella Fractures”) Imaging (Please refer to previous section on “Patella Fractures”) Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Stifle – Femorotibial Region. Subchondral Cystic Lesions (SCLs) of the Stifle. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Meniscal Injuries. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Collateral/Cruciate Ligament Injury. Overview
Anatomy (Please refer to sections on “SCLs and Meniscal Injuries”) Imaging (Please refer to sections on “SCLs and Meniscal Injuries”) Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Synovitis/Capsulitis/OA of the Femorotibial Joints. Overview
Anatomy (Please refer to section on “SCLs and Meniscal Injuries”) Imaging (Please refer to section on “SCLs and Meniscal Injuries”) Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Femur and Coxofemoral Region. Fibrotic Myopathy. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Trochanteric Bursitis (Whirlbone Lameness) Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs and Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Diaphyseal and Metaphyseal Femoral Fractures. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Capital Physeal Fractures of the Femoral Head. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Coxofemoral Joint Luxation/Subluxation (Dislocation of the HIP Joint) Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
OA of the Coxofemoral Joint. Overview
Anatomy (See previous section on coxofemoral joint luxation/subluxation) Imaging (See previous section on coxofemoral joint luxation/subluxation) Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Infectious Arthritis and OC of the Coxofemoral Joint. Overview
Anatomy (Please refer to previous sections on “Capital Physeal Fracture and Coxofemoral Joint Luxation”) Imaging (Please refer to previous sections on “Capital Physeal Fracture and Coxofemoral Joint Luxation”) Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Note
5 Common Conditions of the Axial Skeleton. The Pelvis. Pelvic Fractures. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Ilial Wing Fractures. Anatomy (Please refer to previous section on “Pelvic Fractures”) Imaging (Please refer to previous section on “Pelvic Fractures”) Etiology
Clinical Signs and Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Tuber Coxae Fractures. Anatomy (Please refer to previous section on “Pelvic Fractures”) Imaging (Please refer to previous section on “Pelvic Fractures”) Etiology
Clinical Signs and Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Acetabular Fractures. Anatomy (Please refer to previous section on “Pelvic Fractures”) Imaging (Please refer to previous section on “Pelvic Fractures”) Etiology
Clinical Signs and Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Fractures of the Sacrum and Coccygeal Vertebrae. Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
The Sacroiliac (SI) Region. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Thoracolumbar Region/Back. Overriding/Impingement of Dorsal Spinous Processes. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Supraspinous Ligament Injuries. Anatomy (Please refer to previous section on “Overriding Dorsal Spinous Processes”) Imaging (Please refer to previous section on “Overriding Dorsal Spinous Processes”) Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Fractures of the Spinous Processes. Anatomy (Please refer to previous section on “Overriding Dorsal Spinous Processes”) Imaging (Please refer to previous section on “Overriding Dorsal Spinous Processes”) Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Vertebral Fractures. Anatomy (Please refer to previous section on “Overriding Dorsal Spinous Processes”) Imaging (Please refer to previous section on “Overriding Dorsal Spinous Processes”) Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Discospondylitis. Overview
Anatomy (Please refer to previous section on “Overriding Dorsal Spinous Processes”) Imaging (Please refer to previous section on “Overriding Dorsal Spinous Processes”) Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Spondylosis. Overview
Anatomy (Please refer to previous section on “Overriding Dorsal Spinous Processes”) Imaging (Please refer to previous section on “Overriding Dorsal Spinous Processes”) Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Facet Joint OA and Vertebral Facet Joint Syndrome. Overview
Anatomy (Please refer to previous section on “Overriding Dorsal Spinous Processes”) Imaging (Please refer to previous section on “Overriding Dorsal Spinous Processes”) Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Neck and Poll. Nuchal Ligament Desmopathy/Nuchal Bursitis. Overview
Anatomy
Imaging
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Cervical Facet Joint OA. Overview
Anatomy (Please refer to previous section of “Nuchal Ligament Desmopathy”) Imaging (Please refer to previous section of “Nuchal Ligament Desmopathy”) Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Note
6 Therapeutic Options. Systemic/Parenteral. Overview
Parenteral NSAIDs
Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycans
Pentosan Polysulfate (PPS; in a Sodium or Calcium Derivative)
Hyaluronan
Bisphosphonates
Tetracyclines
Estrogen
Robaxin (Methocarbamol)
Gabapentin
Topical/Local. Overview
Topical NSAIDs
Topical First Aid (Cold Therapy and Bandaging)
Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ESWT)
Regional Perfusion
Therapeutic Ultrasound, Lasers, and Electromagnetics
Counterirritation
Intrasynovial. Overview
Corticosteroids
Hyaluronan
Corticosteroid and HA Combinations
Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycans
Polyglycan®
Autologous Conditioned Serum (ACS)
Platelet rich Plasma (PRP)
Autologous Protein Solution (APS)
Bone‐Marrow‐ or Fat‐Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy
Polyacrylamide Hydrogel
Intralesional. Overview
Hyaluronan and Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycans
Autologous Cell Therapies: Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy, Tendon‐Derived Progenitor Cells
Blood‐Derived Biologics: PRP, ACS, and Bone Marrow Aspirate
Corticosteroids
Sarapin
Oral/Nutritional. Nonsteroidal Anti‐inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Overview
Phenylbutazone (PBZ; Butazolidin®, Butatron™, Bizolin®, Phenylbute™, Phenylzone®, Equiphen®, Butequine®, Superiorbute®, Equizone 100™)
Flunixin Meglumine (Banamine®)
Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin)
Meclofenamic Acid (Arquel)
Naproxen (Equiproxen®, Naprosyn)
Firocoxib (Equioxx®)
Carprofen (Zenecarp, Rimadyl®)
Vedaprofen (Quadrisol®)
Meloxicam (Metacam®)
Nutraceuticals. Overview
Glucosamine (GLN)
Chondroitin Sulfate (CS)
Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate (GLN‐CS)
Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM)
Avocado and Soybean Unsaponifiable Extracts (ASU)
Fatty Acids
Collagen Hydrolysate (CH)
Resveratrol
Manual Therapy. Overview
Massage Therapy
Passive Stretching
Mobilization
Manipulation/Mobilization
Rehabilitation/Physical Therapy. Overview
Soft Tissue and Joint Mobilization
Mobilization with Movement Techniques/ Exercises
Proprioceptive Facilitation/Neuromotor Control Techniques
Physical Modalities
Bibliography
Note
7 Musculoskeletal Emergencies. Severe Unilateral Lameness. Overview
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Severely Swollen Limb. Overview
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Long Bone Fractures/Luxations. Overview
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
First‐Aid Fracture Management
Methods of Immobilization Based on Location (Figure 7.6) Phalanges and Distal Metacarpus
Mid‐Forelimb (Mid‐Metacarpus to Distal Radius)
Middle and Proximal Radius
Proximal to the Elbow
Phalanges and Distal Metatarsus
Middle and Proximal Metatarsus
Tarsus and Tibia
Transportation
Definitive Treatment
Prognosis
Synovial Infections. Overview
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Tendon and Ligament Lacerations. Overview
Etiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Note
Index. a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
z
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