Оглавление
George F. Elmasry. Dynamic Spectrum Access Decisions
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Dynamic Spectrum Access Decisions. Local, Distributed, Centralized, and Hybrid Designs
Copyright
About the Author
Preface
List of Acronyms
About the Companion Website
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Summary of DSA Decision‐making Processes
1.2 The Hierarchy of DSA Decision Making
1.3 The Impact of DSA Control Traffic
1.4 The Involvedness of DSA Decision Making
1.5 The Pitfalls of DSA Decision Making
1.6 Concluding Remarks
Exercises
Bibliography
Notes
Chapter 2 Spectrum Sensing Techniques
2.1 Multidimensional Spectrum Sensing and Sharing
2.2 Time, Frequency, and Power Spectrum Sensing
2.3 Energy Detection Sensing
2.3.1 Energy Detection Sensing of a Communications Signal (Same‐channel in‐band Sensing)
2.3.2 Time Domain Energy Detection
2.3.3 Frequency Domain Energy Detection
2.4 Signal Characteristics Spectrum Sensing
2.4.1 Matched Filter Based Spectrum Sensing
2.4.2 Autocorrelation Based Spectrum Sensing
2.4.3 Spreading Code Spectrum Sensing
2.4.4 Frequency Hopping Spectrum Sensing
2.4.5 Orthogonality Based Spectrum Sensing
2.4.6 Waveform Based Spectrum Sensing
2.4.7 Cyclostationarity Based Spectrum Sensing
2.5 Euclidean Space Based Detection
2.5.1 Geographical Space Detection
2.5.2 Angle of the RF Beam Detection
2.6 Other Sensing Techniques
2.7 Concluding Remarks
Exercises
Appendix 2A: The Difference Between Signal Power and Signal Energy
Bibliography
Notes
Chapter 3 Receiver Operating Characteristics and Decision Fusion
3.1 Basic ROC Model Adaptation for DSA
Example: Evaluation Metrics and ROC Design for Different Applications
3.2 Adapting the ROC Model for Same‐channel in‐band Sensing
3.3 Decision Fusion
3.3.1 Local Decision Fusion
3.3.1.1 Local Decision Fusion for Same‐channel in‐band Sensing
3.3.1.2 Local Decision Fusion with Directional Energy Detection
3.3.2 Distributed and Centralized Decision Fusion
3.4 Concluding Remarks
3.5 Exercises
Appendix 3A: Basic Principles of the ROC Model
The ROC Curve as Connecting Points
3A.2 The ROC Curve Classifications
Bibliography
Notes
Chapter 4 Designing a Hybrid DSA System
4.1 Reasons for Using Hybrid DSA Design Approaches
Example
4.2 Decision Fusion Cases
4.3 The Role of Other Cognitive Processes
4.4 How Far can Distributed Cooperative DSA Design go?
4.5 Using a Centralized DSA Arbitrator
4.6 Concluding Remarks
Exercises
Bibliography
Notes
Chapter 5 DSA as a Set of Cloud Services
5.1 DSA Services in the Hierarchy of Heterogeneous Networks
5.2 The Generic DSA Cognitive Engine Skeleton
5.2.1 The Main Thread in the Central Arbitrator DSA Cognitive Engine
5.2.2 A Critical Thread in the Gateway DSA Cognitive Engine
5.2.3 The Gateway Cognitive Engine Propagation of Fused Information to the Central Arbitrator Thread
5.3 DSA Cloud Services Metrics
5.3.1 DSA Cloud Services Metrics Model
5.3.2 DSA Cloud Services Metrology
5.3.3 Examples of DSA Cloud Services Metrics
5.3.3.1 Response Time
5.3.3.2 Hidden Node
5.3.3.3 Meeting Traffic Demand
5.3.3.4 Rippling
5.3.3.5 Co‐site Interference Impact
5.3.3.6 Other Metrics
5.3.3.7 Generalizing a Metric Description
5.4 Concluding Remarks
Exercises
Bibliography
Notes
Chapter 6 Dynamic Spectrum Management for Cellular 5G Systems
6.1 Basic Concepts of 5G
6.2 Spatial Modeling and the Impact of 5G Dense Cell Deployment
6.2.1 Spatial Modeling and SIR
6.2.2 SIR and Connectivity
6.2.3 General Case Connectivity and Coverage
6.2.3.1 Transmission Capacity
6.2.3.2 5G Cell Overlay
6.3 Stages of 5G SI Cancellation
6.4 5G and Cooperative Spectrum Sensing
6.4.1 The Macrocell as the Main Fusion Center
6.4.2 Spectrum Agents Operate Autonomously
6.4.3 The End User as its Own Arbitrator
6.5 Power Control, Orthogonality, and 5G Spectrum Utilization
6.6 The Role of the Cell and End‐User Devices in 5G DSM
6.7 Concluding Remarks
Exercises
Bibliography
Notes
Chapter 7 DSA and 5G Adaptation to Military Communications
7.1 Multilayer Security Enhancements of 5G
7.2 MIMO Design Considerations
7.2.1 The Use of MU MIMO
7.2.2 The Use of MIMO Channel Training Symbols for LPD/LPI
7.2.3 The Use of MIMO Channel Feedback Mechanism for LPD/LPI
7.2.4 The Use of MU MIMO for Multipath Hopping
7.2.5 The Use of MU MIMO to Avoid Eavesdroppers
7.2.6 The Use of MU MIMO to Discover Jammers
7.2.7 Beamforming and LPI/LPD
7.3 Multifaceted Optimization of MU MIMO Channels in Military Applications
7.4 Other Security Approaches
7.4.1 Bottom‐up Deployment Approach
7.4.2 Switching a Network to an Antijamming Waveform
7.5 Concluding Remarks
Exercises
Bibliography
Notes
Chapter 8 DSA and Co‐site Interference Mitigation
8.1 Power Spectral Density Lobes
8.2 Co‐site Interference between Frequencies in Different Bands
8.3 Co‐site Interference From Unlicensed Frequency Blocks
8.4 Adapting the Platform's Co‐site Interference Analysis Process for DSA Services
8.5 Adapting the External System's Co‐site Interference Analysis for DSA
8.6 Considering the Intersystem Co‐site Interference Impact
8.7 Using Lookup Tables as Weighted Metrics
8.8 Co‐site Interference Incorporation in Decision Fusion and Fine‐Tuning of Co‐site Impact
8.9 DSA System co‐site Interference Impact on External Systems
8.10 The Locations Where Co‐site Interference Lookup Tables and Metrics are Utilized
8.11 Concluding Remarks
Exercises
Bibliography
Notes
Chapter 9 Overview
9.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum
9.1.1 Constrained Environment
9.1.2 Spectrum Dependent Devices
9.2 Definition
9.3 Objective
9.4 Core Functions
9.5 Army Spectrum Management Operations Process
9.5.1 Planning
9.5.2 Coordinating
9.5.3 Operating
Chapter 10 Tactical Staff Organization and Planning
10.1 Spectrum Management Operations for Corps and Below
10.1.1 Corps Spectrum Operations
10.2 Division, Brigade and Battalion Spectrum Operations
10.3 Spectrum Managers Assigned to Cyber Electromagnetic Activity Working Group
10.4 Cyber Electromagnetic Activities Element
10.4.1 Electronic Warfare Staff
10.4.2 Spectrum Manager
10.5 Tips for Spectrum Managers
10.6 The Military Decisionmaking Process
10.7 Support to the MDMP Steps
10.8 The Common Operational Picture
Chapter 11 Support to the Warfighting Functions
11.1 Movement and Maneuver
11.2 Intelligence
11.3 Fires
11.4 Sustainment
11.5 Mission Command
11.6 Protection
Chapter 12 Joint Task Force Considerations
12.1 Inputs and Products of Joint Task Force Spectrum Managers
12.2 Joint Frequency Management Office
12.3 Joint Spectrum Management Element
12.4 Spectrum Management Support to Defense Support of Civil Authorities
Chapter 13 Spectrum Management Operations Tools
13.1 Tool Considerations
13.1.1 Spectrum Situational Awareness System
13.1.2 Global Electromagnetic Spectrum Information System
13.1.3 Coalition Joint Spectrum Management Planning Tool
13.1.4 Systems Planning, Engineering, and Evaluation Device
13.1.5 Afloat Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations Program
13.1.6 Spectrum XXI
13.1.6.1 Spectrum XXI Key Components
13.1.7 Host Nation Spectrum Worldwide Database Online
13.1.8 Automated Communications Engineering Software and Joint Automated Communications Engineering Software
13.1.8.1 General Purpose Module
13.1.8.2 Area Common User System Module
13.1.8.3 Resource Manager Module
13.1.8.4 Master Net List Module
13.1.8.5 SOI Module
13.1.8.6 Combat Net Radio Module
13.1.8.7 ARC‐220 Module
13.1.8.8 Satellite Communications Module
13.2 Joint Spectrum Interference Resolution Online
13.3 Joint Spectrum Data Repository
Appendix A Spectrum Management Task List
A.1 Tasks
A.1.1 Plan the Use of the Electromagnetic Spectrum for all Spectrum Dependent Devices
A.1.2 Conduct Electromagnetic Interference Analysis
A.1.3 Assign Frequencies Within the Operational Parameters of SDD and Available Resources
A.1.4 Obtain Requests and Provide Electromagnetic Spectrum Resources to Requesting Unit
A.1.5 Provide Electromagnetic Operational Environment Information in Either a Networked or Stand‐Alone Mode
A.1.6 Perform Modeling and Simulation of the emoe Via User Selected Data Fields of the Impact of the emoe on Projected Spectrum Plans
A.1.7 Monitor and Use Spectrum Common Operational Picture Information in Support of Unified Land Operations
A.1.8 Prioritize Spectrum Use Based on Commanders Guidance
A.1.9 Utilize Electronic Warfare Reprogramming During the Nomination, Assignment, and Deconfliction Processes
A.1.10 Import Satellite Access Authorization
A.1.11 Generate and Distribute SOI and JCEOI
A.1.12 Create, Import, Export, Edit, Delete, Display, and Distribute the Joint Restricted Frequency List
A.1.13 Access and Use Spectrum Operations Technical Data
A.1.14 Manage, Store, and Archive Spectrum Use Data (Frequency Management Work History) and Utilize Host Nation Comments in the Spectrum Nomination and Assignment Process
A.2 Sub‐task List
A.3 SMO to EW Flow Charts
Appendix B Capabilities and Compatibility between Tools
B.1 Capabilities and Compatibility
B.1.1 Compatibility between SMO Tools
B.1.2 SMO Tool Capabilities
Appendix C Spectrum Physics
C.1 Radio Frequency
C.1.1 Harmonics and Intermodulation Products
C.1.2 Transmission, Propagation and Reception
Appendix D Spectrum Management Lifecycle
D.1 Spectrum Management Lifecycle
D.1.1 Step 1. Define Command Specific Policy and Guidance
D.1.2 Step 2. Gather Requirements
D.1.3 Step 3. Develop the Spectrum Requirements Summary
D.1.4 Step 4. Define the EMOE
D.1.5 Step 5. Obtain Spectrum Resources
D.1.6 Step 6. Develop the Spectrum Management Plan
D.1.7 Step 7. Nominate and Assign Frequencies
D.1.8 Step 8. Generate a Communications‐Electronic Operating Instructions
D.1.8.1 Distribution and Development
D.1.8.2 Call Words, Call Signs, Suffixes and Expanders
D.1.8.3 Security Classification
D.1.9 Step 9. Develop Joint Restricted Frequency List
D.1.10 Step 10. Perform Electronic Warfare Deconfliction
D.1.11 Step 11. Resolve Interference
D.1.12 Step 12. Report Interference
D.1.12.1 Joint Spectrum Interference Report
D.1.12.2 Types of Jamming Signals
D.1.12.3 Recognizing Jamming
D.1.12.4 Overcoming Jamming
D.1.12.5 Improve the Signal‐to‐Jamming Ratio
Appendix E Military Time Zone Designators
E.1 Overview
E.1.1 Military Time Zone Considerations
References. Required Publications
Related Publications
Joint Publications
Army Publications
Other Publications
Prescribed Forms
Referenced Forms
Websites
Chapter 14 IEEE Standard for Definitions and Concepts for Dynamic Spectrum Access: Terminology Relating to Emerging Wireless Networks, System Functionality, and Spectrum Management. 14.1 Overview. 14.1.1 Scope
14.1.2 Purpose
14.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations
14.3 Definitions of Advanced Radio System Concepts. 14.3.1 Adaptive Radio
14.3.2 Cognitive Radio
14.3.3 Hardware‐defined Radio
14.3.4 Hardware Radio
14.3.5 Intelligent Radio
14.3.6 Policy‐based Radio
14.3.7 Reconfigurable Radio
14.3.8 Software‐controlled Radio
14.3.9 Software‐defined Radio
14.4 Definitions of Radio System Functional Capabilities. 14.4.1 Adaptive Modulation
14.4.2 Cognition
14.4.3 Cognitive Control Mechanism
14.4.4 Cognitive Process
14.4.5 Cognitive Radio System
14.4.6 Frequency Agility
14.4.7 Geolocation Capability
14.4.8 Location Awareness
14.4.9 Policy‐based Control Mechanism
14.4.10 Policy Conformance Reasoner
14.4.11 Policy Enforcer
14.4.12 Radio Awareness
14.4.13 Software Controlled
14.4.14 Software Defined
14.4.15 System Strategy Reasoning Capability
14.4.16 Transmit Power Control
14.5 Definitions of Decision‐making and Control Concepts that Support Advanced Radio System Technologies. 14.5.1 Coexistence Policy
14.5.2 DSA Policy Language
14.5.3 Formal Policy
14.5.4 Meta‐policy
14.5.5 Model‐theoretic Computational Semantics
14.5.6 Policy Language
14.5.7 Reasoner
14.6 Definitions of Network Technologies that Support Advanced Radio System Technologies. 14.6.1 Cognitive Radio Network
14.6.2 Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks
14.6.3 Reconfigurable Networks
14.7 Spectrum Management Definitions. 14.7.1 Allocation
14.7.2 Clear Channel Assessment Function
14.7.3 Coexistence
14.7.4 Coexistence Mechanism
14.7.5 Cognitive Interference Avoidance
14.7.6 Collaboration
14.7.7 Collaborative Decoding
14.7.8 Cooperation
14.7.9 Data Archive
14.7.10 Distributed Radio Resource Usage Optimization
14.7.11 Distributed Sensing
14.7.12 Dynamic Channel Assignment
14.7.13 Dynamic Frequency Selection
14.7.14 Dynamic Frequency Sharing
14.7.15 Dynamic Spectrum Access
14.7.16 Dynamic Spectrum Assignment
14.7.17 Dynamic Spectrum Management
14.7.18 Electromagnetic Compatibility
14.7.19 Frequency Hopping
14.7.20 Frequency Sharing
14.7.21 Hierarchical Spectrum Access
14.7.22 Horizontal Spectrum Sharing
14.7.23 Interference
14.7.24 Opportunistic Spectrum Access
14.7.25 Opportunistic Spectrum Management
14.7.26 Policy Authority
14.7.27 Policy Traceability
14.7.28 Radio Environment Map
14.7.29 RF Environment Map
14.7.30 Sensing Control Information
14.7.31 Sensing Information
14.7.32 Sensor
14.7.33 Spectral Opportunity
14.7.34 Spectrum Access
14.7.35 Spectrum Broker
14.7.36 Spectrum Efficiency
14.7.37 Spectrum Etiquette
14.7.38 Spectrum Leasing
14.7.39 Spectrum Management
14.7.40 Spectrum Overlay
14.7.41 Spectrum Owner
14.7.42 Spectrum Pooling
14.7.43 Spectrum Sensing
14.7.44 Cooperative Spectrum Sensing
14.7.45 Collaborative Spectrum Sensing
14.7.46 Spectrum Sharing
14.7.47 Spectrum Underlay
14.7.48 Spectrum Utilization
14.7.49 Spectrum Utilization Efficiency
14.7.50 Vertical Spectrum Sharing
14.7.51 White Space
14.7.52 White Space Database
14.7.53 White Space Frequency Band
14.7.54 White Space Spectrum Band See: White Space Frequency Band
14.8 Glossary of Ancillary Terminology. 14.8.1 Air Interface
14.8.2 Digital Policy
14.8.3 Domain
14.8.4 Interference Temperature
14.8.5 Interoperability
14.8.6 Machine Learning
14.8.7 Machine‐understandable Policies
14.8.8 Ontology
14.8.9 Policy
14.8.10 Quality of Service
14.8.11 Radio
14.8.12 Radio Node
14.8.13 Radio Spectrum
14.8.14 Receiver
14.8.15 Software
14.8.16 Transmitter
14.8.17 Waveform
14.8.18 Waveform Processing
Annex 14A Implications of Advanced Radio System Technologies for Spectrum
14A.1 Regulatory Issues to Which Advanced Radio System Technologies and New Spectrum‐sharing Concepts are Applicable
14A.2 New Spectrum Management Concepts
14A.3 Frequency Band Consideration in the Application of Advanced Radio System Technologies
14A.4 Radio Network Control Considerations in the Application of Advanced Radio System Technologies
14A.5 Progressing Toward Regulatory Harmonization
Annex 14B Explanatory Notes on Advanced Radio System Technologies and Advanced Spectrum Management Concepts. 14B.1 Relationship of Terms
14B.2 Explanatory Note on Software‐defined Radio
14B.3 Explanatory Note on Cognitive Control and Cognitive Functionality
14B.4 Explanatory Note on Adaptive Radios that Employ a Policy‐based Control Mechanism
14B.5 Explanatory Note on Dynamic Spectrum Access
14B.6 Explanatory Note on Collaborative Spectrum Management
14B.7 Explanatory Note on Spectrum Efficiency
14B.8 Definition of Informative Terms. 14B.8.1 Cognitive Engine
14B.8.2 Primary Users
14B.8.3 Secondary Users
14B.8.4 Knowledge
14B.8.5 Radio Access Technology (RAT)
14B.8.6 Radio Access Network (RAN)
14B.8.7 Reasoning
14B.8.8 Waveform Specification
14B.8.9 Wireless Sensor Networks
14B.9 Explanatory Notes on Wireless Virtualization. 14B.9.1 Introduction
14B.9.2 Defining Entities in Wireless Virtualization
14B.9.3 NFV Features and Topics that Arise in Communication Including Wireless Networks
Annex 14C (informative) List of Deleted Terms from the Previous Versions of IEEE Std 1901.1
14C.1 Composite Network
14C.2 Collaborative Spectrum Usage
14C.3 Communications Mode
14C.4 Prioritized Spectrum Access
14C.5 Interference Event
14C.6 Negotiated Spectrum Access
14C.7 Noncollaborative Coexistence Mechanism
14C.8 Performance Metric
14C.9 Precedence Assertion
14C.10 Protocol Agility
14C.11 Quality‐of‐service Management
14C.12 Radio Quiet Zone
14C.13 Restricted Dynamic Spectrum Access Etiquette
14C.14 Spatial Awareness
14C.15 Spectrum Access Behavior
14C.16 Spectrum Availability Beacon
14C.17 Unrestricted Dynamic Spectrum Access Etiquette
14C.18 Wireless Network Efficiency
14C.19 Firmware
14C.20 Quality of Spectral Detection
14C.21 Vision and Roadmap for Application of Advanced Radio System Technologies
14C.22 Spectrally Aware Networking
Annex 14D (informative) Bibliography
Notes
Chapter 15 IEEE Recommended Practice for the Analysis of In‐Band and Adjacent Band Interference and Coexistence Between Radio Systems
15.1 Overview. 15.1.1 Relationship to Traditional Spectrum Management
15.1.2 Introduction to this Recommended Practice
15.1.3 Scope. 15.1.3.1 Formal Scope2
15.1.3.2 Discussion of Scope
15.1.4 Purpose. 15.1.4.1 Formal Purpose4
15.1.4.2 Discussion of Purpose
15.1.5 Rationale
15.2 Normative References
15.3 Definitions, Acronyms, And Abbreviations. 15.3.1 Definitions
15.3.1.1 Adaptive Radio
15.3.1.2 Co‐channel
15.3.1.3 Coexistence
15.3.1.4 Cognitive Radio/Cognitive Radio Node
15.3.1.5 Cooperative (Device or System)
15.3.1.6 Dynamic Spectrum Management
15.3.1.7 Electromagnetic Compatibility
15.3.1.8 Interference Event
15.3.1.9 Noncooperative (Device or System)
15.3.1.10 Recipient Device
15.3.1.11 Recipient System
15.3.1.12 Software‐controlled Radio
15.3.1.13 Software‐defined Radio (SDR)
15.3.1.14 Source Device
15.3.1.15 Source System
15.3.1.16 Spectrum Utilization
15.3.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations
15.4 Key Concepts. 15.4.1 Interference and Coexistence Analysis
15.4.2 Measurement Event
15.4.3 Interference Event
15.4.4 Harmful Interference
15.4.5 Physical and Logical Domains
15.5 Structure of Analysis and Report. 15.5.1 Structure for Analysis
15.5.1.1 Scenario Definition
15.5.1.2 Establishment of Interference and Coexistence Criteria
15.5.1.3 Selection of Relevant Variables or Behaviors
15.5.1.4 Modeling, Analysis, Measurement, and Testing
15.5.2 Process Flow—divergence, Reduction, and Convergence
15.5.3 Report Structure. 15.5.3.1 Quick Reference Guide
15.5.3.2 Introductory Material
15.6 Scenario Definition. 15.6.1 General
15.6.2 Study Question
15.6.3 Benefits and Impacts of Proposal
15.6.4 Scenario(s) and Usage Model
15.6.4.1 Frequency Relationships
15.6.4.2 Usage Model
15.6.4.3 Characteristics of Usage Model
Spatial and Power Characteristics
Temporal Characteristics
Frequency Characteristics
Other Orthogonal Variables
15.6.4.4 System Relationships. Systems Considered
15.6.4.4.1.1 Categories of System Cooperation
15.6.4.4.1.2 Non‐radio Equipment and Non‐antenna Coupling
Protection Distance
Geographic Area for Analysis
Impact of Interference
Interference Mitigation
Baseline
15.6.5 Case(s) for Analysis
15.7 Criteria for Interference. 15.7.1 General
15.7.2 Interference Characteristics
15.7.2.1 Impacted Level
15.7.3 Measurement Event
15.7.4 Interference Event
15.7.5 Harmful Interference Criteria
15.8 Variables. 15.8.1 General
15.8.1.1 Relationship with Advanced Radio Technologies
15.8.1.2 Analytical Framework for Selecting Relevant Variables
15.8.2 Variable Selection
15.9 Analysis—modeling, Simulation, Measurement, and Testing. 15.9.1 General
15.9.2 Selection of the Analysis Approach, Tools, and Techniques
15.9.3 Matrix Reduction
15.9.4 Performing the Analysis
15.9.5 Quantification of Benefits and Interference
15.9.6 Analysis of Mitigation Options
15.9.7 Analysis Uncertainty
15.9.7.1 Uncertainty Distribution
15.9.7.2 Reduction of Uncertainty
15.10 Conclusions and Summary. 15.10.1 Benefits and Impacts
15.10.2 Summation
Annex 15A (informative) Propagation Modeling. 15A.1 General
15A.2 Scale
15A.3 Terrain and Environment
15A.3.1 Terrain‐based Models
15A.3.2 Advanced Refractive Effects Prediction System (AREPS)
15A.3.3 Okumura‐Hata Propagation Model
15A.3.4 JTC Path Loss Model
15A.4 Relationship of Outage Probability and Radio Coverage
15A.5 Signal
15A.5.1 Frequency
15A.5.2 Bandwidth
15A.6 Mobility
Annex 15B (informative) Audio interference. 15B.1 General
15B.2 Relative Amplitude of Audio RF Interference
15B.3 Absolute Amplitude of Audio RF Interference
15B.4 Model of Audio RF Interference
15B.5 Other Considerations for Audio Interference
Annex 15C (informative) Spectrum Utilization Efficiency. 15C.1 Spectrum Utilization Efficiency
15C.1.1 ITU‐R Method 1 for Calculation of SUE
15C.1.2 ITU‐R Method 2 for Calculation of SUE
15C.2 Relative Spectrum Efficiency
Annex 15D (informative) Sample Analysis—selection of Listen‐before‐talk Threshold. 15D.1 Executive Summary
15D.2 Findings
15D.3 Scenario Definition. 15D.3.1 Study Question
15D.3.2 Benefits and Impacts of Proposal
15D.3.3 Scenario(s)
15D.3.3.1 Frequency Relationships
15D.3.3.2 Usage Model
15D.3.3.3 Characteristics of Usage Models
Spatial and Power Limits
Temporal Limits
Frequency Characteristics
Other Orthogonal Variables
15D.3.3.4 System Relationships. Systems Considered
Protection Distance
Geographic Area for Analysis
Impact of Interference
Interference Mitigation
Baseline
15D.3.4 Case(s) for Analysis
15D.4 Criteria for Interference. 15D.4.1 Interference Characteristics
15D.4.1.1 Impacted Level
15D.4.2 Measurement Event
15D.4.3 Interference Event
15D.4.4 Harmful Interference Criteria
15D.5 Variables
15D.6 Analysis—modeling, Simulation, Measurement, and Testing. 15D.6.1 Selection of the Analysis Approach, Tools, and Techniques
15D.6.2 Matrix Reduction
15D.6.3 Performing the Analysis
15D.6.4 Quantification of Benefits and Interference
15D.6.5 Analysis of Mitigation Options
15D.6.6 Analysis Uncertainty
15D.7 Conclusion and Summary
15D.7.1 Benefits and Impacts
15D.7.2 Summation
Annex 15E (informative) Sample Analysis—effect of Out‐of‐band Emissions on a LBT Band
15E.1 Executive Summary
15E.2 Findings
15E.3 Scenario Definition. 15E.3.1 Study Question
15E.3.2 Benefits and Impacts of Proposal
15E.3.3 Scenario and Usage Model
15E.3.3.1 Frequency Relationships
15E.3.3.2 Usage Model
15E.3.3.3 Characteristics of Usage Model
Spatial and Power Characteristics
Temporal Characteristics
Frequency Relationships
Other Orthogonal Variables
15E.3.3.4 System Relationships. Systems Considered
Protection Distance
Geographic Area for Analysis
Impact of Interference
Interference Mitigation
Baseline
15E.3.4 Case(s) for Analysis
15E.4 Criteria for Interference. 15E.4.1 Interference Characteristics
15E.4.1.1 Impacted Level
15E.4.2 Measurement Event
15E.4.3 Interference Event
15E.4.4 Harmful Interference Criteria
15E.5 Variables
15E.6 Analysis—modeling, Simulation, Measurement, and Testing. 15E.6.1 Selection of the Analysis Approach, Tools and Techniques
15E.6.2 Matrix Reduction
15E.6.3 Performing the Analysis
15E.6.4 Quantification of Benefits and Interference
15E.6.5 Analysis of Mitigation Options
15E.6.6 Analysis Uncertainty
15E.7 Conclusion and Summary. 15E.7.1 Benefits and Impacts
15E.7.2 Summation
Annex 15F (informative) Sample Analysis—low‐power Radios Operating in the TV Band. 15F.1 Executive Summary
15F.2 Findings
15F.3 Scenario Definition. 15F.3.1 Study Question
15F.3.2 Benefits and Impacts of Proposal
15F.3.3 Scenario(s) and Usage Model
15F.3.3.1 Frequency Relationships
15F.3.3.2 Usage Model
15F.3.3.3 Characteristics of Usage Model
Spatial and Power Characteristics
Temporal Characteristics
Frequency Characteristics
Other Orthogonal Variables
15F.3.3.4 System Relationships. Systems Considered
Protection Distance
Geographic Area for Analysis
Impact of Interference
Interference Mitigation
Baseline
15F.3.4 Case(s) for Analysis
15F.4 Criteria for Interference. 15F.4.1 Interference Characteristics
15F.4.1.1 Impacted Level
15F.4.2 Measurement Event
15F.4.3 Interference Event
15F.4.4 Harmful Interference Criteria
15F.5 Variables
15F.6 Analysis—modeling, Simulation, Measurement, and Testing. 15F.6.1 Selection of the Analysis Approach, Tools, and Techniques. 15F.6.2 Matrix Reduction
15F.6.3 Performing the Analysis
15F.6.4 Quantification of Benefits and Interference
15F.6.5 Analysis of Mitigation Options
15F.6.6 Analysis Uncertainty
15F.7 Conclusion and Summary. 15F.7.1 Benefits and Impacts
15F.7.2 Summation
Annex 15G (informative) Sample Analysis—RF Test Levels for ANSI C63.9 [B3]
15G.1 Executive Summary
15G.2 Findings
15G.3 Scenario Definition. 15G.3.1 Study Question
15G.3.2 Benefits and Impacts of Proposal
15G.3.3 Scenario(s) and Usage Model
15G.3.3.1 Frequency Relationships
15G.3.3.2 Usage Model
15G.3.3.3 System Relationships. Systems Considered
Protection Distance
Geographic Area for Analysis
Impact of Interference
Interference Mitigation
Baseline
15G.3.4 Case(s) for Analysis
15G.4 Criteria for Interference. 15G.4.1 Interference Characteristics
15G.4.1.1 Impacted Level
15G.4.2 Measurement Event
15G.4.3 Interference Event
15G.4.4 Harmful Interference Criteria
15G.5 Variables
15G.6 Analysis—modeling, Simulation, Measurement, and Testing
15G.6.1 Selection of the Analysis Approach, Tools, and Techniques. 15G.6.2 Matrix Reduction
15G.6.3 Performing the Analysis. 15G.6.3.1 Field Strength at Recipient Circuit
15G.6.3.2 Modulation Characteristics
15G.6.4 Quantification of Benefits and Interference
15G.6.5 Analysis of Mitigation Options
15G.6.6 Analysis Uncertainty
15G.7 Conclusions and Summary. 15G.7.1 Benefits and Impacts
15G.7.2 Summation
Annex 15H (informative) Glossary
Annex 15I (informative) Bibliography
Notes
16 IEEE Standard for Architectural Building Blocks Enabling Network‐Device Distributed Decision Making for Optimized Radio Resource Usage in Heterogeneous Wireless Access Networks
16.1 Overview. 16.1.1 Scope
16.1.2 Purpose
16.1.3 Document Overview
16.2 Normative References
16.3 Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations. 16.3.1 Definitions
16.3.1.1 Base Station
16.3.1.2 Composite Wireless Network (CWN)
16.3.1.3 Context Information
16.3.1.4 Distributed Radio Resource Usage Optimization
16.3.1.5 Dynamic Spectrum Assignment
16.3.1.6 Dynamic Spectrum Sharing
16.3.1.7 IEEE 1900.4 compliant terminal
16.3.1.8 Multi‐homing Capability
16.3.1.9 Network Reconfiguration Manager
16.3.1.10 Operator Spectrum Manager
16.3.1.11 Radio Access Network (RAN)
16.3.1.12 Radio Access Network (RAN) Context Information
16.3.1.13 Radio Access Network (RAN) Measurement Collector
16.3.1.14 Radio Access Network (RAN) Reconfiguration Controller
16.3.1.15 Radio Enabler
16.3.1.16 Radio Interface
16.3.1.17 Radio Resource Selection Policy
16.3.1.18 Reconfigurable Terminal
16.3.1.19 Spectrum Assignment Policy
16.3.1.20 Terminal
16.3.1.21 Terminal Context Information
16.3.1.22 Terminal Measurement Collector (TMC)
16.3.1.23 Terminal Reconfiguration Controller (TRC)
16.3.1.24 Terminal Reconfiguration Manager (TRM)
16.3.1.25 User Preferences
16.3.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations
16.4 Overall System Description. 16.4.1 System Overview
16.4.2 Summary of use Cases
16.4.3 Assumptions. 16.4.3.1 General
16.4.3.2 Dynamic Spectrum Assignment
16.4.3.3 Dynamic Spectrum Sharing
16.4.3.4 Distributed Radio Resource Usage Optimization
16.5 Requirements. 16.5.1 System Requirements. 16.5.1.1 Decision Making
16.5.1.2 Context Awareness
16.5.1.3 Reconfiguration
16.5.2 Functional Requirements. 16.5.2.1 NRM Functionality
16.5.2.2 TRM Functionality
16.5.3 Information Model Requirements
16.6 Architecture. 16.6.1 System Description
16.6.1.1 Entities
16.6.1.2 Interfaces Between Entities
Interface Between the NRM and the TRM
Interface Between the TRM and the TRC
Interface Between the TRM and the TMC
Interface Between the NRM and the RRC
Interface Between the NRM and the RMC
Interface Between the NRM and the OSM
Interface Between Several NRMs
16.6.1.3 Reference Model
16.6.2 Functional Description
16.6.2.1 NRM Functions
16.6.2.2 TRM Functions
16.6.2.3 Interfaces of NRM and TRM Functions. NRM Interfaces
TRM Interfaces
16.7 Information Model. 16.7.1 Introduction
16.7.2 Information Modeling Approach
16.7.3 Information Model Classes
16.7.3.1 Common Base Class
16.7.3.2 Policy Classes
16.7.3.3 Terminal‐related Classes
16.7.3.4 CWN‐related Classes
16.8 Procedures. Introduction
16.8.2 Generic Procedures. 16.8.2.1 Collecting Context Information. Single Operator
Multiple Operator 1 (NRM is Inside Operator)
Multiple Operator 2 (NRM is Outside Operators)
16.8.2.2 Generating Spectrum Assignment Policies. Single Operator
Multiple Operator 1 (NRM is Inside Operator)
Multiple Operator 2 (NRM is Outside Operators)
16.8.2.3 Making Spectrum Assignment Decision. Single Operator
Multiple Operator 1 (NRM is Inside Operator)
Multiple Operator 2 (NRM is Outside Operators)
16.8.2.4 Performing Spectrum Access on Network Side. Single Operator
Multiple Operator 1 (NRM is Inside Operator)
Multiple Operator 2 (NRM is Outside Operators)
16.8.2.5 Generating Radio Resource Selection Policies. Single Operator
Multiple Operator 1 (NRM is Inside Operator)
Multiple Operator 2 (NRM is Outside Operators)
16.8.2.6 Performing Reconfiguration on Terminal Side. Single Operator
Multiple Operator 1 (NRM is Inside Operator)
Multiple Operator 2 (NRM is Outside Operators)
16.8.3 Examples of use Case Realization. 16.8.3.1 Dynamic Spectrum Assignment
16.8.3.2 Dynamic Spectrum Sharing
16.8.3.3 Distributed Radio Resource Usage Optimization
Annex 16A (informative) Use Cases. 16A.1 Dynamic Spectrum Assignment
16A.1.1 Single Operator Scenario
16A.1.2 Multiple Operator Scenario 1 (NRM is Inside Operator)
16A.1.3 Multiple Operator Scenario 2 (NRM is Outside Operators)
16A.2 Dynamic Spectrum Sharing
16A.3 Distributed Radio Resource Usage Optimization
Annex 16B (informative) Class Definitions for Information Model. 16B.1 Notational Tools
16B.2 Common Base Class
16B.3 Policy Classes
16B.4 Terminal Classes
16B.5 CWN Classes
16B.6 Relations Between Terminal and CWN Classes
Annex 16C (informative) Data Type Definitions for Information Model. 16C.1 Function Definitions
16C.2 ASN.1 Type Definitions
Annex 16D (informative) Information Model Extensions and Usage Example. 16D.1 Functions for External Management Interface
16D.2 Additional Utility Classes
16D.3 Additional ASN.1 Type Definitions for Utility Classes
16D.4 Example for Distributed Radio Resource Usage Optimization Use Case
Annex 16E (informative) Deployment Examples. 16E.1 Introduction
16E.2 Deployment Examples for Single Operator Scenario
16E.3 Multiple Operator Scenario 1 (NRM is Inside Operator)
16E.4 Multiple Operator Scenario 2 (NRM is Outside Operator)
Annex 16F (informative) Bibliography
Notes
17 IEEE Standard for Policy Language Requirements and System Architectures for Dynamic Spectrum Access Systems
17.1 Overview. 17.1.1 Scope
17.1.2 Purpose
17.1.3 Document Overview
17.2 Normative References
17.3 Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations
17.3.1 Definitions
17.3.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations
17.4 Architecture Requirements for Policy‐based Control of DSA Radio Systems
17.4.1 General Architecture Requirements
17.4.1.1 Accreditation
17.4.1.2 Policy Conformance Reasoner (PCR)
17.4.1.3 System Strategy Reasoning Capability (SSRC)
17.4.2 Policy Management Requirements. 17.4.2.1 Policy Management
17.4.2.2 Revocability
17.4.2.3 Effectivity
17.4.2.4 Non‐repudiation of Policy Traceability
17.4.2.5 Policies and Policy Messaging
17.4.2.6 Policy Matching and Comparison
17.4.2.7 Logging
17.4.2.8 Security Requirements
17.4.2.9 Notification Feedback Channels
17.5 Architecture Components and Interfaces for Policy‐based Control of DSA Radio Systems
17.5.1 Policy Management Point
17.5.1.1 Functions Performed
17.5.1.2 Inputs
17.5.1.3 Outputs
17.5.1.4 Interfaces
17.5.2 Policy Conformance Reasoner
17.5.2.1 Functions Performed
17.5.2.2 Inputs
17.5.2.3 Outputs
17.5.2.4 Interfaces
17.5.3 Policy Enforcer (PE)
17.5.3.1 Functions Performed
17.5.3.2 Inputs
17.5.3.3 Outputs
17.5.3.4 Interfaces
17.5.4 Policy Repository
17.5.4.1 Functions Performed
17.5.4.2 Inputs
17.5.4.3 Outputs
17.5.4.4 Interfaces
17.5.5 System Strategy Reasoning Capability (SSRC)
17.5.5.1 Functions Performed
17.5.5.2 Inputs
17.5.5.3 Outputs
17.5.5.4 Interfaces
17.6 Policy Language and Reasoning Requirements
17.6.1 Language Expressiveness. 17.6.1.1 General Expressiveness Requirements
Declarative Language
Natural Language Annotations to Formal Statements of the Policy Language
Machine‐understandable Syntax
Permissive and Restrictive Policies
Inheritance
Capable of Specifying the Dynamics
Capable of Defining New Functions
Language Features
Two Types of Negation
Types of Policies
Meta‐policies
Policy Composition
Policy Templates
Nested Policies
17.6.1.2 Ontology Language Requirements
Domain Ontologies
Domain Concepts
17.6.1.3 Expressions
17.6.1.4 Policy Language Support of Data Types
17.6.2 Reasoning About Policies
17.6.2.1 Formal Language System Requirements
17.6.2.2 Negation
17.6.2.3 Policy Language Semantics
17.6.2.4 Types of Reasoning
17.6.2.5 Reflection and Awareness
Annex 17A (informative) Use Cases. 17A.1 Example DSA Policy Management Architecture
Annex 17B (informative) Illustrative Examples of DSA Policy‐based Architecture
Annex 17C (informative) Relation of IEEE 1900.5 Policy Architecture to Other Policy Architectures
Annex 17D (informative) Characteristics of Imperative (procedural) and Declarative Languages for Satisfying Language Requirements for Cognitive Radio Systems. 17D.1 Types of Languages
17D.1.1 Imperative (or Procedural)
17D.1.2 Declarative
Annex 17E (informative) Example Sequence Diagrams of IEEE 1900.5 System. 17E.1 Overview
17E.2 Assumptions
17E.3 Sequence Diagram Organization
Annex 17F (informative) Bibliography
Notes
Chapter 18 IEEE Standard for Spectrum Sensing Interfaces and Data Structures for Dynamic Spectrum Access and Other Advanced Radio Communication Systems
18.1 Overview
18.1.1 Scope
18.1.2 Purpose
18.1.3 Interfaces and Sample Application Areas. 18.1.3.1 IEEE 1900.6 Interfaces
18.1.3.2 Reporting Data Format of the Sensing‐related Information
18.1.3.3 Single‐device Sensing and Multiple‐device Sensing
18.1.3.4 Usage of Spectrum Sensing Cognitive Radio (CR) for the Investigation of Policy Violations
18.1.4 Conformance Keywords
18.2 Normative References
18.3 Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations. 18.3.1 Definitions
18.5.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations
18.4 System Model
18.4.1 Scenario 1: Single CE/DA and Single Sensor
18.4.2 Scenario 2: Single CE/DA and Multiple Sensors
18.4.3 Scenario 3: Multiple CE/DA and Single Sensor
18.5 The IEEE 1900.6 Reference Model. 18.5.1 General Description
18.5.2 An Implementation Example of the IEEE 1900.6 Reference Model
18.5.3 Service Access Points
18.5.3.1 Measurement Service Access Point
Measurement Capabilities Discovery Services
Get_Supported_Spectrum_Measurement_Description.request
Get_Supported_Spectrum_Measurement_Description.response
Measurement Configuration Discovery Services
Get_Sensor_PHY_Description.request
Get_Sensor_PHY_Description.response
Get_Sensor_Antenna_Description.request
Get_Sensor_Antenna_Description.response
Get_Sensor_Location_Description.request
Get_Sensor_Location_Description.response
Measurement Configuration Services
Set_Sensor_Measurement_Obj.request
Set_Sensor_Measurement_Obj.response
Set_Sensor_Measurement_Profile.request
Set_Sensor_Measurement_Profile.response
Set_Sensor_Measurement_Performance.request
Set_Sensor_Measurement_Performance.response
Information Services
Get_Sensor_ Manufacturer_Profile.request
Get_Sensor_Manufacturer_Profile.response
Get_Sensor_ Power_Profile.request
Get_Sensor_Power_Profile.response
Get_Sensor_Measurement_Profile.request
Get_Sensor_Measurement_Profile.response
Get_Measurement_Location_Information.request
Get_Measurement_Location_Information.response
Get_Signal_Measurement_Value.request
Get_Signal_Measurement_Value.response
Get_Channel_Measurement_Value.request
Get_Channel_Measurement_Value.response
Get_RAT_ID_Value.request
Get_RAT_ID_Value.response
Notify
18.5.3.2 Communication Service Access Point
Sensing‐related Information Send Service
Sensing_Related_Information_Send.request
Sensing_Related_Information_Send.response
Sensing‐related Information Receive Service
Sensing_Related_Information_Receive.request
Sensing_Related_Information_Receive.response
Information Services
Get_CommSubsys_Profile.request
Get_CommSubsys_Profile.response
Notify
18.5.3.3 Application Service Access Point
Sensor discovery service
Get_ Sensor_Logical_ID.request
Get_Sensor_Logical_ID.response
Get_CommSubsys_ID.request
18.7 Get_CommSubsys_ID.response
Sensing‐related Information Access Services
Read_Sensing_Related_Info.request
Read_Sensing_Related_Info.response
Write_Sensing_Related_Info.request
Write_Sensing_Related_Info.response
Management and Configuration Services
Lock.request
Lock.response
Unlock. Unlock.request
Unlock.response
BreakLock.request
BreakLock.response
Trigger.request
Trigger.response
Comm_Management.request
Comm_Management.response
Information services
Get_ Client_Profile.request
Get_Client_Profile.response
Notify
18.6 Information Description
18.6.1 Information Categories
18.6.1.1 Sensing Information
18.6.1.2 Sensing Control Information
18.6.1.3 Control Commands
Structure of Control Commands
Control Command Parameters
18.6.1.4 Sensor Information
18.6.1.5 Requirements Derived from Regulation
18.6.2 Data Types
18.6.2.1 Primitive and Simple Data Types
Boolean
Integer
Unsigned Integer
Float
String
Vector
Array
18.6.2.2 Complex and Derived Data Types
Enumeration
Fixed‐point
Unsigned Fixed‐point
Structured
18.6.3 Description of Sensing‐related Parameters
18.6.3.1 Frequency
18.6.3.2 Second
18.6.3.3 Time Reference (RSecond)
18.6.3.4 Microsecond
18.6.3.5 Angle
18.6.3.6 Reference Geolocation (RGeolocation)
18.6.3.7 Power
18.6.3.8 Time Stamp (TimeStamp)
18.6.3.9 Time Duration (TimeDuration)
18.6.3.10 Channel List (ChList)
18.6.3.11 Bandwidth
18.6.3.12 Total Measurement Duration (TotMeasuDur)
18.6.3.13 Channel Order (ChOrder)
18.6.3.14 Reporting Rate (ReportRate)
18.6.3.15 Reporting Mode (ReportMode)
18.6.3.16 Performance Metric (PerfMetric)
18.6.3.17 Route
18.6.3.18 ClientPriorityFlag
18.6.3.19 SensorPriority
18.6.3.20 Security Level (SecLevel)
18.6.3.21 DataKey
18.6.3.22 ClientLogID
18.6.3.23 Time Synchronization (TimeSync)
18.6.3.24 Scan
18.6.3.25 Absolute Sensor Location (AbsSensorLocation)
18.6.3.26 Relative Sensor Location (RelSensorLocation)
18.6.3.27 Measurement Range (MeasuRange)
18.6.3.28 SensingMode
18.6.3.29 SensorID
18.6.3.30 Sensor Logical ID (SensorLogID)
18.6.3.31 BatteryStatus
18.6.3.32 DataSheet
18.6.3.33 ConfidenceLevel
18.6.3.34 Measurement Bandwidth (MeasuBandwidth)
18.6.3.35 NoisePower
18.6.3.36 SignalLevel
18.6.3.37 Modulation Type (ModuType)
18.6.3.38 TrafficPattern
18.6.3.39 TrafficInformation
18.6.3.40 SignalType
18.6.3.31 SignalDesc
18.6.3.32 RATID
18.6.4 Data Representation
18.6.4.1 ControlInformation Class
18.6.4.2 SensorInformation Class
18.6.4.3 SensingInformation Class
18.6.4.4 RegulatoryRequirement Class
18.7 State Diagram and Generic Procedures
18.7.1 State Description. 18.7.1.1 Initialization State
18.7.1.2 Idle State
18.7.1.3 Data Gathering State
18.7.1.4 Communication State
18.7.1.5 Simultaneous Communication and Data Gathering State
18.7.2 State Transition Description. 18.7.2.1 Initialization State→Idle State
18.7.2.2 Idle State→Data Gathering State
18.7.2.3 Idle State←Data Gathering State
18.7.2.4 Idle State→Communication State
18.7.2.5 Idle State←Communication State
18.7.2.6 Data Gathering State→Communication State
18.7.2.7 Data Gathering State←Communication State
18.7.2.8 Idle→Simultaneous Communication and Data Gathering State
18.7.2.9 Idle←Simultaneous Communication and Data Gathering State
18.7.2.10 Simultaneous Communication and Data Gathering State→Communication State
18.7.2.11 Simultaneous Communication and Data Gathering State←Communication State
18.7.2.12 Simultaneous Communication and Data Gathering State→Data Gathering State
18.7.2.13 Simultaneous Communication and Data Gathering State←Data Gathering State
18.7.3 Generic Procedures. 18.7.3.1 Purpose
18.7.3.2 Generic Procedure and Notations
18.7.4 Example Procedures for Use Cases
18.7.4.1 CE–Sensor Procedure
18.7.4.2 DA–Sensor Procedure
18.7.4.3 CE–DA Procedure
18.7.4.4 CE–CE Procedure
18.7.4.5 Sensor–Sensor Procedure
Annex 18A (informative) Use cases
18A.1 Use Cases from the Perspective of Spectrum Usage
18A.1.1 SPOLD
18A.1.1.1 Emergency Services (SPOLD1)
18A.1.1.2 Load Sharing to reduce blocking at Peak Traffic Times (SPOLD2)
18A.1.1.3 Sharing of Spectrum to reduce blocking at Peak Traffic Times (SPOLD3)
18A.1.1.4 Self‐management of Uncoordinated Spectrum (SPOLD4)
18A.1.1.5 Introduction of New Users or Services (SPOLD5)
18A.1.1.6 Worldwide Mobility (SPOLD6)
18A.1.2 SPOSD
18A.1.2.1 Tamper‐resistant Services (SPOSD1)
18A.1.2.2 Ad hoc licensee service—virtual spectrum coordination model (SPOSD2)
18A.1.2.3 Ad hoc licensee service—underlay spectrum coordination model (SPOSD3)
18A.1.2.4 Self‐management of Uncoordinated Spectrum (SPOSD4)
18A.1.3 Service Enhanced Models (SEM)
18A.1.3.1 Network Extension (SEM1)
18A.1.3.2 Dynamic Access Additional Spectrum (SEM2)
18A.1.3.3 Temporary Reconfiguration (SEM3)
18A.1.3.4 Interface to Non‐first Responders (SEM4)
18A.1.3.5 Policy Investigation (SEM5)
18A.1.3.6 An ad hoc network model composed of multimode virtual AP/BS in several primary service areas (SEM6)
18A.1.4 IEEE 1900.4‐enabled Dynamic Spectrum Access use Cases
18A.1.4.1 Dynamic Spectrum Assignment (DS Assignment)
18A.1.4.2 Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS)
18A.1.4.3 Distributed Radio Resource Usage Optimization (DRRUO)
18A.2 Perspective of Spectrum Sensing
18A.2.1 Distributed Sensing Models (DSMs)
18A.2.1.1 CR System with Distributed Sensors (DSM1)
18A.2.1.2 Peer‐to‐peer CRs (DSM2)
18A.2.2 Sensing Enhanced Models (SeEM)
18A.2.2.1 Faulty Sensing Prevention (SeEM1)
18A.2.2.2 Power Constrained Sensing (SeEM2)
18A.2.2.3 Priority based Sensing Information Provision (SeEM3)
18A.2.3 Sensing Models for Spectrum Coordination
18A.2.3.1 Network Node Spectrum Coordination Model
18A.2.3.2 Mobile Node Spectrum Coordination Model
18A.2.3.3 Extension Models
Annex 18B (informative) Use case classification
Annex 18C (informative) Implementation of distributed sensing. 18C.1.1 General Description
18C.1.2 Assumptions/Requirement
18C.1.3 Examples. 18C.1.3.1 Embedded/Plugged Sensor Type I (Spectrum Sensor Collocated with CE)
18C.1.3.2 Embedded/Plugged Sensor Type II (Spectrum Sensor not Collocated with CE)
18C.1.3.3 Distributed Standalone Sensor Type I (Information Exchange between CE or DA and a Sensor)
18C.1.3.4 Distributed Standalone Sensor Type II (Information Exchange between CE or DA and Smart Sensor)
18C.1.3.5 Distributed Standalone Sensor Type III (Information Exchange between Sensor and Smart Sensor or between Smart Sensors)
Annex 18D (informative) IEEE 1900.6 DA: Scope and usage. 18D.1 Introduction
18D.2 Scope and Usage of the DA
18D.2 Categories of Information Stored at DA
18D.2.1 Sensing‐related Information
18D.3.2 Regulatory and Policy Information
18D.4 DA Requirements
18D.5 Necessary Interfaces
18D.6 DA Services
18D.7 Deployment Examples
Annex 18E (informative) Analysis of available/future technologies
Annex 18F (informative) Bibliography
Notes
Annex 19A IEEE Standard for Radio Interface for White Space Dynamic Spectrum Access Radio Systems Supporting Fixed and Mobile Operation
19.1 Overview. 19.1.1 Scope
19.1.2 Purpose
19.2 Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations. 19.2.1 Definitions
19.2.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations
19.3 Reference Model
19.4 MAC Sublayer. 19.4.1 Architecture of the MAC Sublayer
19.4.2 Type Definition
19.4.3 MAC Frame Formats
19.4.3.1 Frame Format Convention
19.4.3.2 General MAC Frame Format
MAC Header. FrameControl
DestAddr
SrcAddr
MAC Payload
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)
19.4.3.3 Beacon Frame
19.4.3.4 Request to Send (RTS) Frame
19.4.3.5 Clear to Send (CTS) Frame
19.4.3.6 Data Frame
19.4.3.7 ACK Frame
19.4.4 MAC Sublayer Service Specification. 19.4.4.1 MAC Data Service. Data Service Message Sequence Chart
MAC‐DATA.request
MAC‐DATA.confirm
MAC‐DATA.indication
19.4.4.2 MAC Management Service
Association Message. MLME‐ASSOCIATE.request
MLME‐ASSOCIATE.confirm
MLME‐ASSOCIATE.indication
MLME‐ASSOCIATE.response
Association Message Sequence Chart
Disassociation Primitives
MLME‐DISASSOCIATE.request
MLME‐ DISASSOCIATE.indication
MLME‐DISASSOCIATE.confirm
Disassociation Message Sequence Charts
MLME‐BEACON‐NOTIFY.indication
Primitives for Resetting the MAC Sublayer
MLME‐RESET.request
MLME‐RESET.confirm
Primitives for Channel Scanning
MLME‐SCAN.request
MLME‐SCAN.confirm
Communication Status Primitive
Primitive for Updating the Superframe Configuration
MLME‐START.request
MLME‐START.confirm
Primitives for Synchronizing with a Coordinator
MLME‐SYNC.request
MLME‐SYNC‐LOSS.indication
MAC Enumeration Description
19.4.5 MAC Functional Description
19.4.5.1 Channel Access. Timing Structure
CSMA‐CA Algorithm
Network Allocation Vector
Medium Status
Parameters
Obtaining a TXOP
Using a TXOP
Invoking a Backoff Procedure
Decrementing a Backoff Counter
Frame Processing
19.4.5.2 Starting and Maintaining Network
Scanning
Starting a Network
Beacon
Device Discovery
19.4.5.3 Synchronization
Synchronization with Beacons
Orphaned Device Realignment
19.4.5.4 Association and Disassociation
Association
Disassociation
19.4.5.5 Transmission, Reception, and Acknowledgment
Transmission
Reception and Rejection
Acknowledgment
Retransmissions
Transmission Scenarios
19.4.5.6 MAC Sublayer Parameters
19.5 PHY Layer. 19.5.1 PHY Layer Service Specification
19.5.1.1 PHY Data Service
PD‐DATA.request
PD‐DATA.confirm
PD‐DATA.indication
19.5.1.2 PHY Management Service
PLME‐CCA.request
PLME‐CCA.confirm
PLME‐SET‐TRX‐STATE.request
PLME‐SET‐TRX‐STATE.confirm
19.5.1.3 PHY Enumerations Description
19.5.2 CRC Method
19.5.3 Channel Coding (Including Interleaving and Modulation) 19.5.3.1 Scrambling
19.5.3.2 Convolutional Coding
19.5.3.3 Puncturing
19.5.3.4 Bit Interleaving
19.5.3.5 Bit Padding
19.5.3.6 Modulation and Coding Scheme
19.5.4 Mapping Modulated Symbols to Carriers. 19.5.4.1 Payload. In the Case of the Data
In the Case of the Beacon
In Both Cases
19.5.4.2 Preamble
19.5.5 Transmitter Requirements
Annex 19A (informative) Coexistence Considerations
Note
Index
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